Eyebrow reconstruction with intermediate hair from the hairline of the forehead on the pedicled temporoparietal fascial flap

Although various reconstructive procedures for the eyebrow have been reported, few have proved satisfactory for large-tissue defects. The authors describe two cases of eyebrow reconstruction with intermediate hair from the hairline of the forehead on the pedicled temporoparietal fascial flap (TPF flap) after malignant tumor resection. The first patient was a 24-year-old man with an adnexal carcinoma of the left eyebrow. An intermediate hair flap was prepared at the hairline of the forehead in accordance with the defect. The second patient was a 48-year-old woman with Bowen's disease of the left eyebrow. Tumor resection was performed on the frontal muscle with a 5-mm surgical margin. An intermediate hair flap was prepared at the hairline of the forehead in accordance with the defect. Both reconstructed eyebrows have maintained their shapes well. There have been several reports of the use of a TPF flap for eyebrow reconstruction, but none have used intermediate hair from the hairline. The authors are convinced that use of intermediate hair from the hairline of the forehead on the pedicled TPF flap is effective for reconstruction of the eyebrow and large defects extending to nonhairy subbrow skin.     

Long-term follow-up and unusual findings after microvascular transfer of hair-bearing skin for pubic hair restoration

Alopecia in the pubic area can be restored successfully with hair transplantation using minigrafts and micrografts or with free tissue transfer of a hair bearing flap. In this report the authors present the successful transfer of hair bearing tissue from the temporoparietal scalp for the correction of a congenital form of alopecia of the pubic region. In addition, they present long term results of this transfer. Auxiliary procedures such as tissue expansion before or after transferring the flap, hair epilation and minigraft and micrograft transplantation could help to achieve a more natural result. Tissue expansion of the donor site could also be performed to enhance the outcome of the procedure. Of note is the rapid rate of hair growth in the transplanted tissue. This type of reconstruction using a hair bearing temporoparietal flap for restoration of hair to the pubic region is a useful method that can yield good results.     

激光脱毛在头皮扩张穿支皮瓣制备过程中的应用

目的 探讨在头皮扩张皮瓣的扩张期进行激光脱毛的安全性及疗效。方法 2014年1月到2015年4月,选择22例应用头皮扩张穿支皮瓣修复面部软组织缺损的患者,在注水扩张期使用半导体激光进行脱毛治疗。结果 22例患者均完成了扩张器置入-注水扩张-激光脱毛-转移修复的序贯疗程。转移修复术后皮瓣均存活,19例皮瓣表面无明显粗长毛发,2例皮瓣仍有少量毛发残留,1例发际边缘小面积秃发。1例患者在激光治疗后出现水疱,1周后自愈,未观察到长期并发症。结论 激光脱毛技术可安全有效地应用于头皮扩张穿支皮瓣的制备过程,改善皮瓣修复术后患者面部外观,提高手术满意率。     

The Expanded “Flying-Wings” Scalp Flap for Aesthetic Hemiscalp Alopecia Reconstruction in Children

Background  For a large lesion of the scalp (e.g., up to 50% scalp loss), restoration of the scalp with a hair-bearing scalp flap to achieve a pleasing aesthetic outcome and hair growth matched to the direction of the lesion, especially for a hemiscalp defect in children, often becomes very difficult and challenging for plastic surgeons. Methods  Treatment was performed for 18 children with severe hemiscalp losses after burns. The technique was carried out by initially positioning a tissue expander in the subgaleal pocket of the scalp and serially inflating it with normal saline in 5- to 7-day intervals for about 3 months. Thereafter, a “flying-wings” expanded scalp flap was designed by combining advancement and rotation flap transplantation principles. This design was based on at least one nominated vascular system of the scalp used as the pedicle, with the wings often working to correct the distant part of the lesion in which the hair direction is greatly changed. After the lesion was excised, the expanded hair-bearing flap was advanced and rotated to the recipient site when the expander was removed. Results  For the 18 patients, the flap used for hemiscalp reconstruction could be transferred to repair the hemiscalp loss totally (for 17 patients) or mostly (for 1 patient) in a single-tissue expansion process without flap necrosis. The patient with a remaining lesion was treated completely with a secondary tissue expansion in the postauricular area. All the patients showed good aesthetic results, with the hair growth direction matching the recipient site well. Conclusions  The described technique strongly indicates that tissue expansion is a simple, safe, and efficient technique for large scalp restoration. The “flying-wings” design of the expanded scalp flap can properly distribute the expanded hair-bearing scalp in the recipient site.     

The submental island flap in head and neck reconstruction

BACKGROUND: The submental island flap (SIF) is a new alternative in the reconstruction of various head and neck defects. We present our preliminary experience in the use of this flap and describe the surgical technique. METHODS: Nine patients underwent reconstruction with the SIF between January 1998 and July 1999. The SIF has been used for the reconstruction of the cervical esophageal stenosis in 2 patients, floor of mouth and tongue defects in 6 patients, and a hemilaryngectomy defect in 1 patient. RESULTS: With the exception of one partial flap loss caused by arterial insufficiency, no flap failures were observed. All the donor site defects but one were closed primarily. One patient who underwent reconstruction of a hemilaryngectomy defect underwent revision surgery because of intractable hair growth on the transferred skin paddle. Marginal mandibular nerve function was intact in all the cases. CONCLUSIONS: When combined with the reported experience of other surgeons, our preliminary experience showed that the SIF was an excellent alternative in the reconstruction of head and neck defects because of its reliability, versatility, and relative ease of application.     

Hair transplantation using a freely transferred nonhair-bearing skin flap

Cicatricial alopecia is a common sequela of burns involving the head region. The authors present a case of an extensive form of cicatricial alopecia in an 18-year-old female patient who sustained a burn to the head at 2 years of age. The patient was treated with combined scalp reduction with the aid of tissue expanders and micrografting of the freely transferred, preexpanded deep inferior epigastric artery nonhair-bearing skin flap. The aim of this article is to show that hair transplantation on the freely transferred nonhair-bearing skin flap may be associated with infection and fat necrosis, and the end result is not satisfactory, as in the cases of hair transplantation on a normal bald scalp.     

Nasal reconstruction using the Washio retroauricular temporal flap.

Reconstruction of an external nasal defect presents a challenge to the reconstructive surgeon. Transferring retroauricular tissue on a temporal pedicle was first described by Washio as a means to repair the central portion of the face. This paper describes our experience with the Washio retroauricular temporal flap for nasal reconstruction in twelve patients, together with our modifications to simplify the planning and raising of the flap. There was one patient with a stitch abscess, one case of hair loss from the pedicle which recovered within one month and one elderly patient who developed thromboembolic complications. There was no instance of flap necrosis. Our results confirm that the Washio retroauricular flap is an excellent technique for difficult nasal reconstruction in young patients.     

额部扩张皮瓣鼻再造术后光子脱毛的临床治疗体会

目的：探讨光子脱毛在额部扩张皮瓣鼻再造术后多毛患者中的临床应用及治疗体会。方法：28名患者，采用Alma工作平台，选择不同能量密度和相应脉宽，行鼻部皮瓣脱毛治疗，进行治疗前后毛发减少量对比,评估光子脱毛有效率及患者满意度。结果：28名患者经5～8次治疗，25例治愈，治愈率为89.29%；3例显效，显效率为10.71%；无一例无效患者。结论：光子脱毛治疗额部扩张皮瓣鼻再造术后多毛患者，疗效明显、方法简便，可广泛应用于临床。     

Bilateral eyebrow reconstruction using a unilateral extended superficial temporal artery flap

In cases of the bilateral eyebrow reconstruction in men, two superficial temporal artery (STA) flaps are usually designed for both temporal regions according to the flap movable range and the direction of hair growth. Recently, the authors have successfully reconstructed bilateral eyebrows with normal directions of hair growth using a unilateral STA flap, extended by anastomosis of the STA and the occipital artery, with two hair-bearing skin islands. Using this method, the direction of the hair growth can be optimally selected by changing the direction of the skin islands for each eyebrow. The authors were able to reconstruct symmetric eyebrows with the hair growing laterally and a little upward. The invasiveness, bleeding, and operating time required for this method are less than those for the bilateral STA flap method. For cases in which one temporal scalp could not be used, bilateral eyebrow reconstruction remains possible with this method.     

颞筋膜蒂乳突发际皮瓣修复前额发际皮肤缺损

目的 探讨额颞部发际内外皮肤缺损的修复方法.方法 近十年间,应用耳后发际颞筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣转移修复前额颞部发际皮肤缺损5例.结果 皮瓣全部成活,5～7 d可见头发生长,发际内外界限清楚,额颞部形态佳.结论 应用耳后发际颞筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣转移修复颞额部发际皮肤缺损是一种可行的方法.     

Traumatic skin loss from the mail genitalia

The authors present the case-report of a 35-year-old patient with traumatic losses of the scrotum and penis. For acute and final treatment, they used a free transfer of a fasciocutaneous flap. They selected a sensitive Chinese flap for reconstruction of the scrotum; the penis was treated by transplantation using dermoepidermal grafts. The patient recovered without major complications. In the authors' opinion, the advantage of this method, as compared with other methods, is the almost normal appearance of the scrotum and the normal physiological site of the testes. Sexual intercourse was resumed after less than four months.     

有胃切除手术史的食管癌患者术后食道重建的现状与进展

带蒂空肠瓣及结肠移植是有胃切除或胃食管切除史食管癌患者术后食道重建的两种常用的手术方法。虽然两种方式选择比例相当,但是空肠移植使用的比例在逐渐增加;两者在移植物丢失及吻合口瘘发生率上相当,但结肠移植的病死率似乎高于空肠移植。因此,目前对于选择最佳重建方式仍存在争议,笔者就此进行综述。     

A new skin flap method for total auricular reconstruction: extended scalp skin flap in continuity with postauricular skin flap and isolated conchal flap: four skin flaps and temporoparietal fascia flap

A sufficient skin envelope of good quality as well as definite auricular framework is a prerequisite for a successful auricular reconstruction. Various surgical techniques, such as recruitment of mastoid skin, skin graft, tissue expansion, and so on, have been used to get the necessary skin for covering of the auricular framework. However, debates about the drawbacks of these techniques have continued. In this article, I report on a new skin flap method for total auricular reconstruction, which is an extended scalp skin flap in continuity with postauricular skin flap and isolated conchal flap. Between January 2009 and March 2010, a total of 20 patients underwent an auricular reconstruction using a Medpor framework (Porex Surgical, Inc, Newnan, GA) and the new skin flap method. Follow-up time range was 4 to 17 months. The reconstructed ear showed no definite true hair growth except for some fine hair, which can be ignored. More favorable results such as a good color matched skin, well-formed ear convolution, no other donor site scars can now be achieved using this new method.     

Avulsion of vascular anastomosis in free-flap breast reconstruction.

We report a case of anastomotic avulsion following a free deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap reconstruction immediately after mastectomy for carcinoma of the breast. This occurred on the 5th postoperative day when the patient was allowed a shower and abducted her shoulders to wash her hair. The aim of this report is to make readers aware of such a possibility, and we suggest exercising caution in early mobilisation of the upper limb after free-flap breast reconstruction.     

两种方法修复拇趾皮肤软组织缺损的比较

目的比较第1跖背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣和足底内侧动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复拇趾皮肤软组织缺损的成功率和功能效果．探索和优化拇趾皮肤软组织缺损修复的技术方法。方法分别采用第1跖背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣（n=12）和足底内侧逆行岛状皮瓣（n=15）修复拇趾软组织缺损,对比两组的手术成功率和术后并发症。以足行走负重功能、皮瓣外形、颜色、抗压耐磨、皮肤感觉为参数评价和对比两组病例术后2年的疗效．结果第1跖背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣组12例全部成活,无手术并发症发生：足底内侧动脉逆行岛状皮瓣组15例发生静脉危象导致皮瓣坏死1例,皮瓣边缘部分缺血坏死造成延迟愈合1倒,无其他手术并发症：两组病例术后2年在行走负重功能、皮瓣外形、颜色方面无显著性差异．P〉0．05;皮肤感觉：两组有显著性差异,P〈O．05;抗压耐磨性：两组有显著性差异,P〈0．05。结论第1跖背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣和足底内侧动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复拇趾软组织缺损均有较高的成功率和较低并发症发生率,前者皮肤感觉好,后者抗压耐磨性强。     

足趾移植拇指与手指再造的临床研究

目的探讨足趾移植拇指与手指再造的方法和疗效。方法采用部分坶趾移植拇指部分再造22例,躅甲瓣或带足背皮瓣船甲瓣移植拇指再造13例,第2足趾移植再造拇指4例,再造手指3例,及带足背皮瓣的第2足趾移植再造拇指7例,带足背皮瓣的第2,3足趾移植再造手指7例,带足背皮瓣的躅甲瓣或第2趾和第2,3趾组合移植再造拇手指10例,双足第2足趾移植全手缺失二指再造2例,共68例97指。结果再造拇手指和皮瓣全部成活,成活率为100％,术后经3月～10年的随访和信访,按中华医学会手外科学会拇、手指再造功能评定试用标准评定：优62指,良24指,可9指,差2指,优良率达88．66％。结论采用部棚趾、第2足趾棚甲瓣移植再造拇手指,带足背皮瓣的躅甲瓣、第2趾或第2,3趾组合移植行合并手部皮肤缺损的拇手指再造,效果满意。     

A new flap design for monitoring the circulation of a buried free radial forearm flap in pharyngoesophageal reconstruction

The viability of a free radial forearm flap which is used in pharyngoesophageal reconstruction is difficult to monitor because it is hidden by skin. As the most reliable method for monitoring, exteriorization of a small island flap has been reported. The authors used a skin paddle which is placed ulnar to the radial forearm reconstruction flap at the ulnar side of the distal part of the forearm as a monitor flap in one patient. Flap viability was assessed by observing tissue color, turgor, capillary refill, and bleeding of the monitor flap. This monitor flap is easy to elevate. The perfusion of the flap is good because it has a wide pedicle. It permits a long vascular pedicle for the radial forearm reconstruction flap and does not reduce available forearm skin for pharyngoesophageal reconstruction.     

手部复杂组织缺损的急诊显微外科修复

目的 探讨应用显微外科技术急诊一期修复手部复杂组织缺损的手术方法及临床效果，方法 自2000年1月至2005年8月，对手部复杂组织缺损的49例，应用再植、再造、游离皮瓣或组合皮瓣技术进行急诊一期修复重建，其中手部小组织块再植与再造21例，再植组合吻合血管的皮瓣移植15例，再植同时进行再造并组合皮瓣移植8例，多指组合再造联合皮瓣移植5例。吻合血管的游离皮瓣移植包括股前外侧皮瓣、背阔肌皮瓣、足背皮瓣、足内侧皮瓣及足底内侧皮瓣等。结果 除1例冉植手指坏死外，其余皮瓣及再植与再造手指全部成活。创口一期愈合45例，二期愈合4例。随访6个月～3年，手部功能及修复部位外形恢复良好，按中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准，优良率为85．7％．结论 应用显做外科技术修复手部复杂组织缺损具有疗程短、功能效果好的优点，根据缺损部位、范围以及术者的技术水平，在急诊再植与再造的同时组合不同的显微外科皮瓣或组织瓣进行一期修复，可获得理想的临床效果。     

Androgenetic Alopecia: Combining Medical and Surgical Treatments

BACKGROUND: Medical treatment or surgical reconstruction is used separately to treat androgenetic alopecia. Two drug molecules (5% minoxidil solution and oral finasteride 1 mg) have proven efficacy to stabilize hair loss and promote hair regrowth. Microtransplant of one to three hair follicular unit grafts can provide a definitive hair restoration with a natural appearance. OBJECTIVES: Aesthetic results can be optimized with a combination of drugs and transplantation of follicular unit grafts. The Dynamic Multifactorial Classification is used to select suitable candidates for this combined approach and also to assess follow-up results. RESULTS: Dynamic Multifactorial Classification assists the evaluation of the natural history of androgenetic alopecia evolution and also the effects of treatment. Regression of male androgenetic alopecia from Hamilton type V to type III can be achieved by combining drugs with hair grafts. CONCLUSION: Improvement of investigative methods and especially the Dynamic Multifactorial Classification makes it easier for a patient to follow the results of treatment adapted to their case.     

带血管腓骨移植及游离股前外侧皮瓣再造跟骨1例并文献复习

【】 目的 探讨应用带血管腓骨移植及游离股前外侧皮瓣再造跟骨治疗中所遇到的困难及处理方法。方法 分析1例足跟部复合组织缺损病例的治疗(一期采用逆行带血管蒂腓骨移植重建修复跟骨,游离带神经股前外侧皮瓣修复足跟部皮肤缺损,吻合皮瓣皮神经与近侧腓浅神经重建足跟感觉功能)的基础上,回顾相关文献。 结果 本例皮瓣一期成活,再造足跟外形良好,术后８月移植腓骨与受区骨骼完全愈合并取除内固定,开始部分负重行走,术后1年开始完全负重行走,经随访4年皮瓣两点辨别觉达到1.5cm,负重行走皮瓣无磨破现象,能满足日常生活需要。结论 足跟部复合组织缺损通过组织移植能得到很好的修复,后期足部功能相对较为满意,但手术方法复杂,仍存在较大改进空间。