我国临床药师与医师协作关系模型的构建

目的:构建适用于我国医疗服务现状的临床药师与医师协作关系模型,为我国相关领域研究提供指导与借鉴。方法:以协作关系相关理论为指导,结合现有药师与医师协作相关理论与实践,通过文献归纳形成原始模型,结合专家访谈法进行修正、完善,最终完成整个模型的理论构建。结果:构建出由五个协作水平和三大类协作影响因素构成的我国临床药师与医师协作关系模型。其中五个协作水平为协作需求萌芽期、协作价值认同期、协作关系磨合期、协作模式强化期和协作关系形成期,三大类协作影响因素为临床药师与医师的个人特征、从业环境特征和交互特征。结论:构建的我国临床药师与医师协作关系模型可为促进二者协作关系、推动相关研究发展提供参考和依据。     

国外药师与医师协作实践及其对我国的启示

目的：研究国外药师与医师协作实践现状,为提升我国药师与医师的协作提供借鉴。方法：查阅文献,梳理国外药师与医师协作实践经验,总结出对我国的启示。结果：美国、英国、加拿大等国家在药师与医师协作方面取得较大进展,采取有效的激励措施,形成了较为完善的协作模式,建立了较为健全的法律规章,对我国有重要的参考意义。结论：我国应从优化药学课程设置、设置协作药物治疗管理项目、拓展药师工作职能、运用财务激励、健全相关法律法规等方面着手促进我国药师与医师协作。     

医师对临床药学服务的态度及其影响因素的实证研究

目的:了解当前医师对医院开展临床药学服务的态度,并为临床药学服务的发展提供实证依据。方法:运用便利抽样法对南京市二级以上的医院医师进行问卷调查。通过描述性统计分析、探索性因子分析和Logistic回归分析等方法分析受访医师对临床药学服务的态度及其影响因素。结果:回收有效问卷209份,回收有效率为83.6%,73.2%的受访医师赞同开展临床药学服务。性别、所在医院的类型、学历与学位、在日常工作中因合理用药问题与药师接触的频率和医院的等级是影响医师支持程度的主要因素。结论:临床药学服务能获得大部分受访医师的支持,但对授予临床药师独立医疗决策权的支持程度较低。应采取一系列针对性措施逐步建立医师与临床药师之间的职业协作关系。     

医院临床药师药学服务能力及影响因素研究

目的:为提高医院药学服务水平提供参考。方法:采用方便抽样法,选取我国17省市38家"三甲"医院的712名临床药师进行药学服务能力及影响因素调查,并将调查结果进行单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析。结果:单因素分析结果显示,临床药师与患者及医护人员的交流情况、患者的倾听态度、对工作前景的态度、对药学服务内涵的了解程度、医院药品供应及时性、渠道顺畅与否、药品协调流程是否及时对药学服务工作能否顺利开展有显著影响(P<0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,与医师交流越好[OR=1.819,95%CI(1.469,2.253)]、越能理解药学服务的定义和内涵[OR=2.263,95%CI(1.722,2.973)]、对药师工作前景越看好[OR=1.506,95%CI(1.309,1.733)]的男性[OR=0.558,95%CI(0.382,0.813)]临床药师认为能开展好药学服务工作。结论:本次调查能在一定程度上反映我国目前医院药学服务现状。建议医院通过加强药学资源配置及增加医师与药师的协作,提高药师的药学服务能力。     

我国临床药师与医师协作概念的探讨

目的 弥补我国临床药师与医师协作概念的研究空白，为进一步提高我国临床药师与医师协作水平提供理论基础。方法 使用文献分析法梳理现有协作概念，结合我国临床药师与医师协作的实践现状及发展趋势，对概念基本要素进行解构，并阐释概念各要素的内涵。结果与结论 立足上述理论研究与实际情况分析，整合得到我国现有医疗卫生政策背景下临床药师与医师协作的概念，即临床药师与医师在临床药物治疗环节中坚持以患者为中心，以合理用药为核心，在沟通、尊重、信任、共享的基础上就药品管理与药物治疗问题共同决策，保障临床药学服务有效性、安全性、经济性，完善疾病综合治疗体系的协调与配合过程。     

医护群体对"药师临床服务模式"认识及要求的调查

目的：调查临床医师及护士对药师服务模式的意见和建议，通过相互了解，开展切实可行的临床药学服务。方法：通过问卷调查的形式，探索医师及护士对药师工作模式的需求特点，及对药师具体工作内容的意见和态度。结果：医师和护士对药师的工作提出了希望和要求，药剂师可参考调查结果，发现问题，改进工作。结论：药师应在实际工作中不断积累知识和经验，加强与临床科室的沟通，通过提高自身的专业水平，努力开展临床药学服务。     

全国63家“三甲”医院静脉用药调配中心对临床药师职能需求的调研

目的:为本省乃至我国静脉用药调配中心(PIVAS)临床药师工作制度的建立和完善提供参考。方法:采用问卷调查方法,对全国65家"三甲"医院PIVAS负责人进行调查,并就收集的问卷数据进行统计和分析。结果:本次调研共发放问卷65份,回收有效问卷63份,有效回收率为96.9%。其中,98.4%的受访者认为PIVAS需要配备临床药师,但受访者所在医院PIVAS临床药师实际配备情况并不理想;100%的受访者认为PIVAS临床药师需要具备医嘱审核及评价职能;超过95%的受访者认为PIVAS临床药师需要具备用药宣传教育职能及与临床沟通协作职能;仅42.9%的受访者认为PIVAS临床药师需要具备参与其他日常药品调配工作的职能。结论:医院PIVAS配备经过专业培训的临床药师是十分必要的。PIVAS临床药师的主要职能应集中在医嘱审核及评价、用药宣传教育、与临床沟通协作三方面。     

驻店执业药师与医院医师优势合作的SWOT分析

目的 :促进我国驻店执业药师与医院医师的合作。方法 :运用SWOT分析方法 ,分别对驻店执业药师和医院医师各自的优、劣势以及各自所处环境的机会、威胁进行分析。结果与结论 :我国驻店执业药师和医院医师应各司其职、相互交流、共同协作 ,一起服务于我国的卫生保健事业。     

上海医院医师对临床药师开展临床药学工作的态度分析

目的为临床药师从事临床药学工作提供可行性依据.方法对本市二、三级综合性医院的神经科与泌尿科医师关于临床药师工作的看法进行调查问卷,并经统计学处理.结果被调查者对临床药学工作基本持肯定态度,但就其专业能力存有疑虑,并在发展临床药学方面提出了期望与要求.结论临床药学的重要性须在实践中体现;政府和医院应加强临床药师工作的管理;医师应当重视临床药学工作;临床药师必须提高专业水平;培养医师成为临床药师也是目前的好办法.     

临床药师与问诊

问诊(inquistion)是临床医生的基本技能之一,临床诊断所依据的资料除了来源于体格检查、实验室检查和各种特殊检查外,还直接并首先来源于问诊。可以说,问诊是医生接触病人的开始和取得病人信任、合作的第一步。在药师深入临床,参与临床合理用药和提供药学服务的过程中,笔者认为:问诊也应成为临床药师所具备的基本技能和可依赖的有力工具。本文结合我们深入临床实践的体会,初步探讨问诊对于临床药师的重要意义,临床药师问诊的基本内容、方法、注意事项及其与医师问诊之间的异同之处。1 临床药师问诊的重要性1.1 有利于全面掌握病史和用药史,合理地进行药物治疗 临床药师应积极参与临床药物治疗,配合医师制订合理的给药方案,首先与医师一起全面了解病人的病史和诊断情况,尤其要重点了解其用药史及药物过敏史,配合医师     

Process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation of two Australian instruments to evaluate the physician-pharmacist collaboration in Germany

BackgroundBuilding interprofessional working relationships between physicians and pharmacists is essential to ensure high-quality patient care. To assess which factors influence the performance and success of their collaboration, validated instruments should be used, such as the Australian “Attitudes Toward Collaboration Instrument (ATCI)” and the “Frequency of Interprofessional Collaboration Instrument (FICI)”. Both instruments were already translated in a previous German study, but not pretested for comprehensibility or cultural appropriateness to ensure that the target group is able to adequately answer the translated items.ObjectivesTo translate and particularly cross-culturally adapt two Australian instruments measuring physicians' and pharmacists’ attitudes towards interprofessional collaboration and the frequency of their interactions for use in Germany.MethodsThe ATCI and FICI were translated following internationally recognised guidelines. Two-step cognitive interviewing was performed with physicians and pharmacists working in ambulatory care in Germany. The “Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research” were used to report this study.ResultsOverall, 2 forward and 2 back translations, and 38 cognitive interviews, i.e. cognitive probing (N = 10) and behaviour observation (N = 28), with 18 physicians and 20 pharmacists were performed. Experts discussed all potential changes. The ATCI and FICI were translated introducing 15 minor (e.g. paraphrasing, item order) and 6 major (e.g. 2 more items in FICI, additional response options) adaptations. The ATCI-P/GP-German and FICI-P/GP-German were found to be easy to answer and clearly-phrased.ConclusionThis study shows the importance of using recognised methods to translate and adapt questionnaires, consisting of at least four steps: forward translation, back translation, cognitive interviewing and finalisation (each reviewed by an expert panel making their decisions by consensus). A profoundly pretested German-speaking instrument is now available to evaluate and describe interprofessional collaboration between physicians and pharmacists. However, collecting further sociodemographic and contextual information seems necessary for enhanced interpretation of future results.     

Development and validation of a measure and a model of general practitioner attitudes toward collaboration with pharmacists

BackgroundCollaboration between general practitioners (GPs) and community pharmacists has been shown to be effective in improving patient outcomes. However, little is known about GP attitudes toward collaborating with their pharmacist counterparts and variables that influence this interprofessional collaboration.ObjectivesTo develop and validate, in the context of primary care in Australia 1) an instrument to measure GP attitudes toward collaborating with pharmacists and 2) a model that illustrates how GP attitudes (and other variables) influence GP-pharmacist collaborative behavior.MethodsThe “Attitudes Toward Collaboration Instrument for GPs” (ATCI-GP) was developed to measure GP attitudes toward GP-pharmacist collaboration based on existing literature and qualitative interviews with GPs and community pharmacists. The ATCI-GP and a previously validated behavioral measure “Frequency of Interprofessional Collaboration Instrument for GPs” (FICI-GP) were included in a survey and administered to a sample of 1145 GPs in 12 divisions of general practice across Australia. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess the structure of the ATCI-GP. Structural equation modeling was used to determine how attitudes (measured by the ATCI-GP) and other variables, influence collaborative behavior (measured by the FICI-GP).ResultsThree hundred and seventy-six surveys were completed and returned for a response rate of 33%. PCA of the ATCI-GP suggested a two factor (“interactional and practitioner determinants” and “role for pharmacist in medication management”) solution accounting for 66.2% of the variance. The model for GP-pharmacist collaboration demonstrated adequate fit (χ²/df = 2.27, CFI = .99, RMSEA = .060, 90% CI [.052–.069]). Factors found to predict collaboration included: 1) Interactional and practitioner determinants 2) environmental determinants and 3) GP perception of the pharmacists' role in medication management.ConclusionsThe study provides evidence for the validity of the ATCI-GP for measuring GP-pharmacist collaboration from the GPs perspective and supports a model for collaboration in which collaborative behavior is influenced by a number of variables.     

Critical Thinking and Reflection Exercises in a Biochemistry Course to Improve Prospective Health Professions Students’ Attitudes Toward Physician-Pharmacist Collaboration

Objective. To determine the impact of performing critical-thinking and reflection assignments within interdisciplinary learning teams in a biochemistry course on pharmacy students’ and prospective health professions students’ collaboration scores.Design. Pharmacy students and prospective medical, dental, and other health professions students enrolled in a sequence of 2 required biochemistry courses. They were randomly assigned to interdisciplinary learning teams in which they were required to complete case assignments, thinking and reflection exercises, and a team service-learning project.Assessment. Students were asked to complete the Scale of Attitudes Toward Physician-Pharmacist Collaboration prior to the first course, following the first course, and following the second course. The physician-pharmacist collaboration scores of prospective health professions students increased significantly (p<0.001).Conclusions. Having prospective health professions students work in teams with pharmacy students to think and reflect in and outside the classroom improves their attitudes toward physician-pharmacist collaboration.     

Interprofessional Workshop to Improve Mutual Understanding Between Pharmacy and Medical Students

Objective. To measure changes in pharmacy and medical students’ physician-pharmacist collaboration scores resulting from a workshop designed to promote understanding of the others’ roles in health care. Methods. More than 88% of first-year pharmacy (n = 215) and medical (n = 205) students completed the Scale of Attitudes Toward Physician-Pharmacist Collaboration on 3 occasions in order to establish a baseline of median scores and to determine whether the scores were influenced by an interprofessional workshop.Results. Participation in the interprofessional workshop increased pharmacy students’ collaboration scores above baseline (p=0.02) and raised the scores of medical students on the education component of the collaboration survey instrument (p=0.015). The collaboration scores of pharmacy students greatly exceeded those of medical students (p<0.0001).Conclusion. A workshop designed to foster interprofessional understanding between pharmacy and medical students raised the physician-pharmacist collaboration scores of both. Crucial practical goals for the future include raising the collaboration scores of medical students to those of pharmacy students.     

Development and initial validation of the Pharmacist Frequency of Interprofessional Collaboration Instrument (FICI-P) in primary care

BackgroundExisting validated measures of pharmacist-physician collaboration focus on measuring attitudes toward collaboration and do not measure frequency of collaborative interactions.ObjectiveTo develop and validate an instrument to measure the frequency of collaboration between pharmacists and general practitioners (GPs) from the pharmacist’s perspective.MethodsAn 11-item Pharmacist Frequency of Interprofessional Collaboration Instrument (FICI-P) was developed and administered to 586 pharmacists in 8 divisions of general practice in New South Wales, Australia. The initial items were informed by a review of the literature in addition to interviews of pharmacists and GPs. Items were subjected to principal component and Rasch analyses to determine each item’s and the overall measure’s psychometric properties and for any needed refinements.ResultsTwo hundred and twenty four (38%) of pharmacist surveys were completed and returned. Principal component analysis suggested removal of 1 item for a final 1-factor solution. The refined 10-item FICI-P demonstrated internal consistency reliability at Cronbach’s alpha = 0.90. After collapsing the original 5-point response scale to a 4-point response scale, the refined FICI-P demonstrated fit to the Rasch model. Criterion validity of the FICI-P was supported by the correlation of FICI-P scores with scores on a previously validated Physician-Pharmacist Collaboration Instrument. Validity was also supported by predicted differences in FICI-P scores between subgroups of respondents stratified on age, colocation with GPs, and interactions during the intern-training period.ConclusionThe refined 10-item FICI-P was shown to have good internal consistency, criterion validity, and fit to the Rasch model. The creation of such a tool may allow for the measure of impact in the evaluation of interventions designed to improve interprofessional collaboration between GPs and pharmacists.     

Health care professionals’ and students’ attitude toward collaboration between pharmacists and physicians in Croatia

Background As traditional roles of pharmacists and physicians seem nowadays insufficient to ensure patient safety and therapy effectiveness, interprofessional collaboration has been suggested to improve health outcomes. Objective To assess and compare the attitudes of physicians and pharmacists, as well as medical and pharmacy students in Croatia, toward interprofessional collaboration in primary health care. Methods The study included 513 pharmacists and physicians, and 365 students of pharmacy and medicine from Croatia. The validated questionnaire, Scale of Attitudes Toward Physician–Pharmacist Collaboration, was translated in Croatian and completed, anonymously and voluntarily, by all participants. Results Pharmacists showed a more positive attitude toward collaboration than physicians (53.8 ± 4.8 vs. 50.7 ± 5.0). Pharmacy students expressed the most positive attitude (56.2 ± 4.9), while medical students showed the remarkably lowest attitude toward collaboration (44.6 ± 6.2). Conclusion Pharmacists and physicians in Croatia expressed a relatively positive attitude toward their collaboration, comparable with their colleges in the USA. On the other hand, medical students expressed a 21 % less positive attitude than pharmacy students which could have an effect on interprofessional collaboration in the future when those students start working as health care professionals. Future studies, focusing on the promotion of this collaboration, on both under-graduated and post-graduated level, are warranted.     

Utility of a questionnaire to measure physician-pharmacist collaborative relationships.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the sensitivity and criterion validity of the 14-item Physician/Pharmacist Collaboration Index (PPCI). DESIGN: Substudy of an unblinded, randomized trial of pharmacist interventions with patients with uncontrolled hypertension. SETTING: 6 intervention and 6 control pharmacies in eastern Iowa. PARTICIPANTS: 25 community pharmacists. INTERVENTIONS: Pharmacists completed the PPCI at baseline and at a 3-month follow-up for each patient's physician. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Respondents' perceptions about their relationships with each patient's physicians as measured through scores in three domains, Trustworthiness (TW; score range, 6-42), Role Specification (RS, 5-35), Relationship Initiation (RI, 3-21), and compared using nonparametric tests. RESULTS: Pharmacists' mean scores of their relations with 38 different physicians (54 completed PPCIs) in the intervention group were 33.8 for TW, 23.2 for RS, and 16.4 for RI at baseline. At 3 months, the scores had improved significantly to 35.5, 25.0, and 17.4, respectively. Pharmacists' scores for 43 different physicians (49 completed PPCIs) in the control group did not change significantly between baseline and 3 months (TW, 30.7 at each time point; RS, 20.3 and 19.7, respectively; RI, 14.3 at each time point). CONCLUSION: Improved scores in the intervention group suggest that collaborative relations improved between the physician and pharmacist during the 3-month study, while no such improvement was found in the control group. Since the intervention was designed to promote collaboration between pharmacists and physicians, these results support the PPCI as a tool to measure pharmacist-physician collaboration and could be used by pharmacists to benchmark collaborative relationships. Additional research is needed to corroborate the results of this study.