锁定加压接骨板微创治疗下肢长骨干粉碎性骨折

目的探讨应用锁定加压接骨板（LCP）微创治疗下肢长骨粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法2004年12月～2006年10月，采用LCP内固定治疗42例下肢长管状骨粉碎性骨折患者，其中股骨干骨折18例，胫骨干骨折24例。通过透视下闭合复位，在骨折两端骨皮质完整处行小切口，将钛板导入，不显露骨折断端。术后定期随访复查X线片，观察骨折愈合情况。结果39例患者术后经平均16个月（4～22个月）随访，均获骨性愈合，平均愈合时间为5．5个月，患肢功能满意。根据Johner-wruhs评分评估患者膝、踝关节功能：优29例，良6例，可4例，优良率为89．7％。所有患者术后无一例发生并发症。结论LCP治疗下肢长管状骨粉碎性骨折具有微创、操作简单、固定牢固的特点，对骨质疏松、髓腔较细或干骺端骨折患者的治疗比普通钢板及交锁髓内钉更具有优势。     

限制接触型动力加压钢板骨膜外固定治疗长管状骨骨折

目的:观察限制接触型动力加压钢板,对四肢长管状骨骨折骨膜外固定骨折愈合情况。方法:对47例股骨骨折、14例胫骨干骨折、15例肱骨干骨折病人应用限制接触型加压钢板骨膜外固定,观察术后并发症及骨折愈合情况。结果:经10～16个月随访,除1例股骨干近端粉碎骨折过早负重导致螺钉松动,再行内固定外,余53例钢板折弯、拔钉、断钉、感染等并发症,骨折均愈合。结论:限制接触型动力加压钢板是骨膜外固定治疗长管状骨骨折的比较理想的内固定材料。     

镍钛形状记忆合金锯齿环抱器治疗管状骨折分析

寻找早期具有良好固定作用，后期较少骨质疏松的骨折内固定方法。方法：采用镍钛形状记忆合金锯齿环抱器治疗管状骨骨折40例，股骨干骨折l0例，尺骨骨折6例，桡骨骨折8例，掌骨骨折ll例。结果：采用综合评定标准：优34例，占85％，良6例，占15％。结论：镍钛形状记忆合金锯齿环抱器具有良好的抗弯、抗扭作用，有利于骨性愈合并减少术后骨质疏松，为管状骨骨折手术提供了一种较好的方法。     

单臂外固定支架治疗下肢长管状骨骨折的回顾性分析

单臂外固定支架因其结构简单 ,实用 ,灵巧 ,手术操作简单 ,创伤小 ,特别在治疗下肢长管状骨骨折中具有很多优点 ,且疗效满意 ,为了总结经验 ,提高疗效 ,对自 1994年以来应用单臂外固定支架治疗下肢长管状骨骨折 5 6例进行回顾分析 ,现总结如下。临床资料一、一般资料　本组 5 6例 ,男 37例 ,女 19例 ;年龄 2 1～76岁 ,平均 41.7岁。左侧股骨干骨折 11例 ,右侧股骨干骨折9例 ;左胫腓骨骨折 15例 ,右胫腓骨骨折 2 1例。开放性骨折18例 ,闭合性骨折 38例。横断骨折 13例 ,粉碎性骨折 34例 ,斜形骨折 9例。其中 8例为股骨干骨折合并同侧胫腓骨骨…     

微创经皮接骨板技术治疗胫骨骨折

目的：经皮微创内固定（minimally invasive percutaneou plate osteosynthesis，MIPPO）结合普通国产DCP钢板治疗胫骨干骨折31例的临床疗效，并探讨胫骨干骺端骨折27例的经皮接骨板技术的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析了2002年7月-2004年7月收治的85例胫骨干骨折临床治疗的随访结果，并前瞻性研究2004年7月。2005年1月胫骨干骺端骨折54例的经皮接骨板技术的临床疗效。胫骨干骨折85例随访82例，随访时间1．5-4年，平均随访2年。胫骨干骺端骨折全部随访10月。2．5年，平均1．5年。结果：胫骨干82例均愈合，术后疼痛轻，无感染，无延迟愈合及骨不连的病例，胫骨干骺端骨折治疗54例伤口无感染，骨折均愈合，功能恢复良好。结论：对于胫骨干骨折，经皮微创固定结合普通国产DCP钢板与带锁髓内钉具有相似的结果。对于胫骨干骺端骨折，经皮微创内固定结合普通国产解剖钢板具有创伤小，局部组织干扰较小，骨折愈合快，功能恢复好的特点。     

持续闭式引流治疗下肢长骨骨折术后感染

感染是下肢长骨骨折钢板内固定术后常见并发症。由于内固定钢板螺钉的存在,常使感染迁延不愈,影响骨愈合。我科自1998年6月-2005年6月,采用加压接骨钢板内固定治疗下肢长骨骨折683例,其中34例术后发生感染,采用病灶清除,闭式滴注引流术,配合中药内服,感染得到控制,骨折愈合,取得满意的效果。1临床资料本组34例,男28例,女6例;年龄22~61岁,平均36岁。伤因:车祸伤16例,砸压伤7例,跌伤11例。开放性骨折23例,闭合性骨折11例;单纯股骨干骨折9例,股骨干合并同侧胫腓骨骨折2例,股骨干合并对侧胫腓骨骨折1例,单纯胫骨骨折5例,胫腓骨双骨折17例。病史2…     

同侧股骨干、胫骨多段骨折的治疗

目的同侧股骨干、胫骨多段骨折固定的意义。方法本组32例分别采用加压钢板、带锁髓内钉、单边外固定架固定。结果随访6个月～3年，骨折愈合，肢体功能恢复参照HSS计分方法，优25例，占80．6％；良4例，占12．9％；差2例，占6．4％。结论同侧股骨干、胫骨多段骨折采用急诊手术固定，选择对骨折端扰乱较小的外固定架和加压钢板、带锁髓内钉固定治疗，是防止并发症，降低致残率，早期功能锻炼，恢复肢体功能的较好方法。     

经皮钢板固定技术在胫骨远端骨折中的应用

目的：探讨经皮微创钢板固定技术（MIPPO）治疗胫骨远端骨折的方法和临床效果。方法：采用MIPPO治疗65例胫骨远端骨折的患者，其中男42例，女23例；年龄13-75岁。按AO胫腓骨远端骨折分型：A1型5例．A2型22例，A3型32例，C1型6例。结果：本组随访6—18个月，平均11个月，Ⅰ期愈合59例，胫骨远端切口感染6例。手术时间45-90min，术中无输血，出血约100ml。X线片示骨痂出现时间4-12周，平均8周。骨愈合时间3-6个月．平均4-5个月，无再骨折发生。根据Mazur踝关节评分系统评价功能：优40例，良19例，中6例，差0例。以优良为满意标准，满意率90．7％。结论：经皮微创钢板固定技术创伤小、并发症少、骨愈合率高，是治疗胫骨远端骨折的最佳选择之一.     

结合外支架复位经皮钢板固定治疗胫骨远端骨折疗效分析

目的胫骨远端骨折是一种比较常见的高能量骨折,我们采用外固定支架临时复位,经皮钢板内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折,并评价其疗效。方法以2004年10月至2005年4月来我院治疗胫骨远端骨折的患者为研究对象,开放性胫骨远端骨折不在本次的研究范围之内。所有患者入院后均行择期手术,手术时先利用外固定支架复位,维持下肢力线,后通过内踝远端小切口逆行将钢板插入皮下,进行固定。关闭切口后去除外固定支架。术后要求患者早期负重锻炼。结果平均手术时间74．9min,其中外支架固定时间10．6min。钢板平均9．4孔;使用螺钉7．8枚。住院平均时间7．5d。所有患者均未出现切口感染及皮肤坏死。本组患者的随访时间为8～24个月,平均15．4个月。在32例骨折中．24例（75％）6月内骨折愈合,平均愈合时间4．7个月。5例（15．6％）骨延迟愈合,平均愈合时间为8．6个月。3例（9．4％）出现骨不连,其中2例通过髂骨植骨在植骨后6个月骨折愈合,1例未愈。8例患者出现踝关节活动受限：8例患者诉小腿前内侧钢板放置处疼痛不适。结论结合外固定支架经皮钢板固定是一种治疗胫骨远端骨折的有效且可靠的方法。     

下肢骨折钢板内固定拆除后再骨折11例分析

骨折愈合后，内固定取出后发生再骨折的发生率既往甚低。但是随着加压钢板内固定的应用增多，发生率已大幅度地增加，如股骨干甚至达10％。本院自2001年5月至2005年2月。共收治股骨干骨折和胫骨干骨折拆内固定后再骨折患者11例。现分析如下。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.