锻炼意向对脑卒中患者锻炼行为影响的有调节的中介效应

目的 探讨脑卒中患者锻炼意向对锻炼行为的作用机制,为促进患者的锻炼行为提供参考。方法 采用便利抽样法,以一般资料调查量表、锻炼意向量表、锻炼计划量表、锻炼自我效能量表、国际体力活动问卷-短卷对299例脑卒中患者进行问卷调查。结果 脑卒中患者的锻炼意向得分为(14.41±3.48)分,锻炼自我效能(41.68±10.95)分,锻炼计划(30.85±7.51)分,锻炼行为总代谢当量为1 108(596,1 470)MET-min/周。锻炼意向对锻炼行为有正向影响,锻炼计划在锻炼意向与锻炼行为之间起中介作用,中介效应占总效应的31.19%,锻炼自我效能调节了锻炼意向对锻炼计划的作用路径(β=0.124,P<0.05)。结论 脑卒中患者的锻炼行为有待提高,锻炼意向不仅能直接预测锻炼行为,还能通过锻炼计划间接影响锻炼行为,锻炼自我效能在这一过程中起调节作用。可通过积极心理干预,激发脑卒中患者的锻炼意愿,提高锻炼自我效能,帮助患者制定完善的个性化锻炼计划,促进锻炼行为的产生和维持。     

肾移植受者锻炼自我效能的相关因素分析

目的了解肾移植受者术后锻炼自我效能的现状并探讨其相关因素,为临床制定针对性干预措施提供参考。方法采用一般资料调查表、锻炼行为阶段量表、锻炼自我效能量表和锻炼社会支持量表对308例肾移植受者进行调查。结果锻炼自我效能量表中行动自我效能(13.47±4.31)分,保持自我效能(35.41±11.70)分,恢复自我效能(9.91±3.49)分。多元线性回归分析结果显示,行动自我效能主要受锻炼社会支持、透析时间、血糖和肾功能的影响,保持自我效能主要受行动自我效能和锻炼社会支持的影响,恢复自我效能主要受保持自我效能的影响(P0.05,P0.01)。结论肾移植受者锻炼自我效能处于中等水平,受多种因素影响。建议临床医务人员加强科学锻炼指导,以提高患者的锻炼自我效能水平,促进患者健康锻炼行为。     

肾移植受者术后锻炼意向及其影响因素调查

目的 了解肾移植受者术后锻炼意向及其影响因素,以促进其参与锻炼,改善健康状态。方法 使用锻炼意向量表、锻炼自我 效能量表和锻炼社会支持量表对门诊复诊的299例肾移植受者进行调查。结果 肾移植受者锻炼意向得分为(15.32±2.87)分。 单因素分析显示移植术后并发症、锻炼自我效能和锻炼社会支持影响肾移植受者的锻炼意向(P<0.05,P<0.01)。多元线性回 归分析显示,锻炼自我效能、移植术后并发症、移植术后时间和锻炼社会支持4个变量可解释肾移植受者的锻炼意向总变异的 16.0%(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论 肾移植受者有较高的锻炼意向,影响患者锻炼意向的因素较多。肾移植受者家属和医务人员 应提供更多的锻炼支持,提高其锻炼自我效能感,促进其积极参与锻炼。     

运动自我效能在终末期肾脏病患者运动益处及障碍感知与锻炼意向间的中介效应

目的 探讨终末期肾脏病患者运动益处及障碍感知、运动自我效能与锻炼意向的关系,为建立有效的运动康复干预方案提供参考。 方法 采用一般资料调查表、透析患者感知运动益处及障碍量表、运动自我效能量表及锻炼意向问卷对249例终末期肾脏病患者进行调查。 结果 终末期肾脏病患者锻炼意向得分为14.0（12.0,14.0）分,运动益处感知为37.0（34.0,39.0）分,运动障碍感知为33.0（30.0,35.0）分,运动自我效能为40.0（36.5,44.0）分。结构方程模型结果显示,运动障碍感知对锻炼意向有直接负向作用（β=-0.230,P＜0.05）,运动自我效能对锻炼意向有直接正向作用（β=0.246,P＜0.05）。运动自我效能在终末期肾脏病患者运动益处感知锻炼意向的影响中发挥完全中介效应,在运动障碍感知对锻炼意向的影响中发挥部分中介效应,贡献率为15.13%。 结论 运动自我效能在运动益处及障碍感知对终末期肾脏病患者锻炼意向的影响中起中介作用,医护人员应采取措施降低感知到的运动障碍对患者运动意向的影响,帮助其逐步适应运动锻炼并建立自信心,从而使患者有意向参与透析康复锻炼。     

全髋关节置换术后患者跌倒恐惧及影响因素分析

目的 了解全髋关节置换术后患者跌倒恐惧状况,以有效预防患者跌倒、提高术后康复效果.方法 选取209例全髋关节置换术后患者为研究对象,采用国际跌倒效能感量表、康复锻炼自我效能量表进行横断面研究.结果 患者跌倒恐惧得分33.44±7.88,康复锻炼自我效能得分62.83±21.15;跌倒恐惧与康复锻炼自我效能呈负相关(r=-0.520,P＜0.01);年龄、近一年跌倒次数、并存慢性病数量、康复锻炼自我效能是患者跌倒恐惧的影响因素(均P＜0.01),可解释患者跌倒恐惧总变异的47.0％.结论 全髋关节置换术后患者容易产生跌倒恐惧心理,医护人员应充分评估患者跌倒恐惧状况,实施针对性护理干预与健康教育,有效预防跌倒发生,促进患者术后功能锻炼的开展.     

脑卒中吞咽障碍患者习得性无助感现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解脑卒中吞咽障碍患者习得性无助感现状，并分析影响因素，为制订针对性干预措施提供参考。 方法 便利选取236例接受康复治疗的脑卒中吞咽障碍患者为研究对象，采用一般资料调查表、习得性无助感量表、脑卒中自我效能感问卷、领悟社会支持量表、心理一致感量表进行调查。 结果 患者习得性无助感得分为（76.07±5.63）分，自我效能、心理一致感、社会支持得分分别为60.40±7.24、62.24±8.96、52.81±6.75。分层回归分析结果显示，文化程度、家庭人均月收入、吞咽障碍程度、自我效能感、社会支持、心理一致感为习得性无助感的主要影响因素（均P＜0.05），可解释习得性无助感总变异的48.40%。 结论 脑卒中吞咽障碍患者存在较严重的习得性无助感。医护人员可通过提高患者社会支持水平、增强自我效能感与心理一致感，从而降低其习得性无助感。     

首发脑卒中患者积极度现状及影响因素

目的探讨首发脑卒中患者积极度现状及其影响因素,为制定针对性的干预措施提供参考。方法采用一般情况调查表、患者积极度量表、脑卒中健康知识问卷、脑卒中康复自我效能问卷调查212例首发脑卒中患者。结果首发脑卒中患者积极度得分为(49.44±12.75)分。多元线性回归分析显示,自我效能、文化程度、生活自理程度、家庭人均月收入、健康知识为患者积极度的主要影响因素,可解释总变异的40.4%。结论首发脑卒中患者积极度水平偏低,尤其是文化程度低、家庭人均月收入低、生活自理程度差、健康知识水平低及自我效能低的首发脑卒中患者,应给予针对性干预,以提高积极度水平。     

中青年脑卒中患者运动自我效能及锻炼计划与运动依从性的相关性研究

目的 分析中青年出血性脑卒中患者运动自我效能、锻炼计划与运动依从性的相关性。 方法 便利抽样法选择我国中、东、北部4所三甲医院的412例中青年出血性脑卒中患者为研究对象，采用一般资料调查量表、脑卒中功能锻炼依从性量表、运动自我效能量表、锻炼计划量表进行横断面调查。 结果 中青年出血性脑卒中患者运动依从性得分为43.52±9.60，运动自我效能得分为54.00（26.00，78.75），锻炼计划总分为29.45±10.18。分层线性回归分析显示,合并糖尿病、支持利用度、Barthel指数、右上肢肌力是中青年脑卒中患者运动依从性的影响因素（均P＜0.05），自变量纳入运动自我效能、行动计划后对运动依从性总变异的解释率提升47.5%。 结论 中青年出血性脑卒中患者的运动自我效能越高、锻炼计划越完善，运动依从性越高。医护人员应重视患者的自我效能水平，帮助其完善锻炼计划，进而提高运动依从性。     

脑卒中患者赋能护理现状及影响因素研究

目的 了解脑卒中患者赋能护理现状,并分析其影响因素,为临床护理人员采取有效赋能护理措施提供依据.方法 采用自行设计的一般资料问卷、脑卒中患者赋能调查问卷及一般自我效能感量表,对120例脑卒中患者进行调查.结果 脑卒中患者赋能护理总均分3.02±0.81;影响因素包括一般自我效能、婚姻状况、年龄、陪护类型（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）.结论 脑卒中患者对赋能护理的感知程度不高,护理人员应对不同自我效能、婚姻状况、年龄和陪护类型的患者,给予针对性的赋能措施,鼓励其参与疾病治疗和护理,促进其康复.     

脑卒中偏瘫患者独立轮椅转移技术训练

目的 探讨独立轮椅转移技术在脑卒中偏瘫患者康复中的应用效果.方法 对72例脑卒中偏瘫患者实施轮椅转移的康复训练,66例完成8周训练.其中对照组31例实施常规训练方法;观察组35例实施独立轮椅转移技术干预.于干预前,干预4周、8周后分别采用Barthel指数、脑卒中自我效能感量表及徒手肌力评定法评价患者的训练效果.结果 两组Barthel指数、脑卒中自我效能感评分及肌力等级比较、时间效应及交互效应差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 独立轮椅转移技术训练,能有效提高脑卒中偏瘫患者日常生活能力和自我效能感,改善肌力,促进患者康复.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.