苯唑西林钠细菌内毒素检查法的建立

目的: 建立苯唑西林钠细菌内毒素检查法.方法: 参照中国药典2000年版二部附录XIE 细菌内毒素检查法和附录XIXF 细菌内毒素检查法应用指导原则,采用凝胶法进行干扰试验.结果: 本品的最大不干扰浓度为2.5mg*ml-1.结论: 本品适用于细菌内毒素检查法.     

硫酸罗通定注射液细菌内毒素检查法的研究

目的:建立硫酸罗通定注射液细菌内毒素检查方法.方法:按<中国药典>2005年版二部附录Ⅺ E细菌内毒素检查法,对不同生产厂家的样品进行了干扰试验和细菌内毒素检查.结果:本品最大不干扰浓度为0.94 g·L-1.结论:可采用细菌内毒素检查法对硫酸罗通定注射液进行质量控制.     

米力农注射液细菌内毒素检查法标准修订

目的 修订米力农注射液细菌内毒素检查法质量标准.方法 按《中国药典》2010年版二部,修改本品细菌内毒素限值,并研究米力农注射液对细菌内毒素检查试验的干扰情况.结果 本品用1M NaOH调节pH值近中性后对细菌内毒素检查无干扰作用.结论 修订了本品细菌内毒素检查法质量标准,修订后的标准适用于本品细菌内毒素检查.     

动态浊度法检查注射用血凝酶的细菌内毒素

目的：建立注射用血凝酶细菌内毒素检查法质量标准,并采用动态浊度法对其细菌内毒素检查进行方法学研究。方法：按《中国药典》2010年版二部,计算本品细菌内毒素限值。使用动态浊度法,研究注射用血凝酶对细菌内毒素检查试验的干扰情况,并定量测定样品中细菌内毒素含量。结果：标准曲线回归方程相关系数绝对值为0.9886,标准曲线成立。本品在0.25 KU·ml-1浓度时细菌内毒素回收率在50%~200%范围内,表明此浓度供试品对细菌内毒素检查法无干扰作用。结论：建立了本品细菌内毒素检查法质量标准,本品可采用动态浊度法进行细菌内毒素检查。     

注射用头孢哌酮钠他唑巴坦钠细菌内毒素检查法的研究

目的:建立注射用头孢哌酮钠他唑巴坦钢细菌内毒素检查法.方法:凝胶法鲎试验.结果:本品细菌内毒素限位为0.15Eu·ml~(-1),在3.333至0.400mg·ml~(-1)的浓度范围内,不干扰细菌内毒素试验.结论:细菌内毒素凝胶法较家兔热原法具有灵敏度高、快速、简便、重现性好等优点,本品可用细菌内毒素检查凝胶法代替家兔热原法.     

注射用盐酸托泊替康的细菌内毒素检查法研究

目的建立注射用盐酸托泊替康的细菌内毒素检查法。方法按中国药典2010年版二部附录ⅪE细菌内毒素检查法。结果本品稀释为0.04 mg.mL-1的溶液对细菌内毒素检查无干扰作用。按拟定标准检验,该品种3批样品细菌内毒素检查结果均符合规定。结论本品可用细菌内毒素检查法代替家兔热原检查法,其细菌内毒素的限值（L）为50 EU.mg-1。     

注射用盐酸大观霉素细菌内毒素检查法标准修订

目的修订注射用盐酸大观霉素细菌内毒素检查法质量标准。方法按《中国药典》2005年版二部,修改本品细菌内毒素限值,并研究注射用盐酸大观霉素对细菌内毒素检查试验的干扰情况。结果3.333mg.mL^-1的供试品稀释液对试验无干扰作用。结论本品可采用细菌内毒素检查法,并修订了本品细菌内毒素检查法质量标准。     

利巴韦林注射液细菌内毒素检查法质量标准的建立

目的 建立利巴韦林注射液细菌内毒素检查法质量标准以替代热原检查法。方法 按中国药典2000年版二部，制定本品细菌内毒素限值，并研究利巴韦林注射液对细菌内毒素检查试验的干扰情况，以确定本品是否适用细菌内毒素检查法。结果 3．33mg．mL^-1的供试品稀释液对试验无干扰作用。结论 本品可采用细菌内毒素检查法，并建立了本品细菌内毒素检查法质量标准。     

注射用阿奇霉素细菌内毒素检查方法学验证

目的 验证采用细菌内毒素检查法替代热原检查法用于注射用阿奇霉素质量检测的方法可行性.方法 参照〈中国药典〉2010年版二部附录中细菌内毒素检查法干扰试验要求,用两个不同厂家生产的鲎试剂对3批注射用阿专霉素进行干扰试验.结果 本品对细菌内毒素检查法有抑制作用,但将注射用阿奇霉素稀释至1.67mg·mL-1浓度时可有效地排除其对鲎试剂的干扰作用.结论 注射用阿专霉素采用细菌内毒素检查法进行检测是可行的.     

奥沙利铂注射制剂细菌内毒素检查法研究

目的建立奥沙利铂注射制剂细菌内毒素检查法质量标准.方法按中国药典2000年版二部,确定合理的奥沙利铂注射液和注射用奥沙利铂细菌内毒素限值,并研究两种注射制剂对细菌内毒素与鲎试剂反应的干扰情况,以确定其最大不干扰试验浓度.结果根据临床实际应用情况,将注射用奥沙利铂和奥沙利铂注射液的内毒素限值定为1 EU·mL-1较为合适,研究证明本品最大不干扰浓度为0.5mg·mL-1,最佳实验浓度为不大于0.25mg·mL-1.结论注射用奥沙利铂和奥沙利铂注射液均可以采用细菌内毒素检查法替代热原检查法.     

对临床试验中显著性检验、区间检验及置信区间检验之间关系一致性的认识

显著性检验是最基本的统计假设检验,它的基本思想是小概率原理;区间检验是传统显著性检验的延伸,它用来检验两个总体的差异是否在某范围之内;置信区间检验是先找到药物疗效差值的置信区间,通过置信区间下限或(和)上限与界值的关系来判断两种药物非劣效、等效、优效的关系。通过公式推导发现,区间检验与显著性检验的主要区别是前者的假设中包含了有临床意义的界值△,而区间检验和置信区间检验是一致的,可以用置信区间检验实现区间检验的目的。     

谈谈两总体比较的非参数检验方法

针对不同的数据类型,探讨选用不同的非参数检验方法,并通过实例说明这些非参数检验方法的应用。     

A Comparison of Two-Sample Tests of Significance When Used With Variable Treatment Effects

This article compares the performance of many two-sample tests of significance that might be used to test the equality of means when the effect of the treatment is variable. Of the 19 tests that were compared, the normal scores test is recommended for general use in testing the null hypothesis of no treatment effect against the alternative that the distributions are stochastically ordered when the ratio of the larger standard deviation to the smaller standard deviation does not exceed 1.3. The Baumgartner-Weiß-Schindler tests and an adaptive test also have higher power than the pooled t-test, the unequal variance t-test, and the rank-sum test for many distributions. In the simulation studies, data in the first sample are generated from nine distributions, including long-tailed and skewed distributions. Data in the second sample are generated by adding a random treatment effect to a random variable that was generated from the same distribution that was used in the first sample. Because we restricted our power studies to treatment effects that are positive or zero, the population distributions will be stochastically ordered. The results of these studies demonstrate that the normal scores test is often more powerful than the t-tests and the rank-sum test. If the ratio of the standard deviations does exceed 1.3, then one of the t-tests is recommended.     

Testing equality of proportions for correlated binary data in ophthalmologic studies

In ophthalmologic studies, bilateral correlated data often arise when information involving paired organs (e.g., eyes) are measured from each subject. Adjusted chi-square approach for testing the equality of proportions has been proposed in the literature. In this article, we investigate and derive three alter- native testing procedures for the problem. Our simulation results show the score testing procedure usually produces satisfactory type I error control with higher power, and therefore is recommended. Examples from ophthalmologic studies are used to illustrate our proposed methods.     

中国药品上市后抽验模式现状及问题

目的在综合分析中国药品上市后抽验模式现状及问题的基础上,提出药品上市后抽验的建议。方法通过文献研究的方法,发现中国药品上市后抽验模式中存在的问题,并提出相关建议。结果与结论在药品抽验中引入以风险为基础的抽验模式,将药品上市后抽验结果与药品监管相衔接。     

Mutagenicity testing of quinine with submammalian and mammalian systems

Quinine hydrochloride was assayed for genotoxic activity by using 4 different test systems with distinct genetic endpoints. No indications for point mutations were observed in the Ames system. In 3 cytogenetic tests performed on small rodents, Chinese hamsters showed no genotoxic activity, while inbred strains of mice revealed a dose dependent increase of SCEs, enhanced incidence of micronuclei and elevated chromatid breaks.     

刹毒草口服液的药理作用研究

目的:研究刹毒草口服液对小鼠的药理作用。方法:用小鼠分别进行爬杆实验、炭粒廓清实验、耳肿胀实验和墨汁推进实验,观察刹毒草口服液对小鼠的抗疲劳作用、非特异性免疫功能的影响、抗炎作用和抗腹泻作用。结果:刹毒草口服液能显著延长小鼠爬杆时间,有较好的抗疲劳作用;高剂量刹毒草口服液能显著提高小鼠对惰性炭粒的吞噬指数及吞噬活性,可提高小鼠免疫功能;刹毒草口服液3个剂量组均对二甲苯致小鼠耳炎症有较好的抑制作用,且能显著降低墨汁推进的速率,有较好的抗腹泻作用。结论:刹毒草口服液具有一定抗疲劳、抗炎、提高非特异性免疫功能和抗腹泻作用。     

Simultaneous Test for Superiority and Noninferiority Hypotheses in Active-Controlled Clinical Trials∗

The primary objective of the dose-escalation trial for NGX267 was to estimate the maximally tolerated dose (MTD) and to gather detailed clinical and pharmacokinetic observations near the MTD. The MTD was defined based on the weighted average of moderate and severe adverse events. An adaptive design was employed to concentrate dosage assignments at or near the MTD. Favoring the acquisition of data near the MTD, at the expense of information at lower dosage levels, resulted in a shorter trial and no loss of the type of information required to inform subsequent studies where larger normal volunteer or patient samples are evaluated.     

氢溴酸山莨菪碱注射液细菌内毒素检查法的建立

目的:建立氢溴酸山莨菪碱注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法:按《中国药典》2010年版(二部)附录相关方法确定本品细菌内毒素限值,分别进行细菌内毒素检查凝胶法和动态浊度法的干扰试验。结果:凝胶法结果表明,样品稀释2倍(5 mg/ml)时对试验无干扰作用;动态浊度法结果表明,本品稀释2倍(5 mg/ml)时外加内毒素的回收率在50%²00%之间。每1 mg氢溴酸山莨菪碱中含内毒素应小于0.35 EU。结论 :本文初步建立的氢溴酸山莨菪碱注射液细菌内毒素检查方法,可为《中国药典》增订该制剂的细菌内毒素检查项提供参考。     

Bootstrap inference in a linear equation estimated by instrumental variables

Summary We study several tests for the coefficient of the single right‐hand‐side endogenous variable in a linear equation estimated by instrumental variables. We show that writing all the test statistics—Student's t, Anderson–Rubin, the LM statistic of Kleibergen and Moreira (K), and likelihood ratio (LR)—as functions of six random quantities leads to a number of interesting results about the properties of the tests under weak‐instrument asymptotics. We then propose several new procedures for bootstrapping the three non‐exact test statistics and also a new conditional bootstrap version of the LR test. These use more efficient estimates of the parameters of the reduced‐form equation than existing procedures. When the best of these new procedures is used, both the K and conditional bootstrap LR tests have excellent performance under the null. However, power considerations suggest that the latter is probably the method of choice.