超声内镜对胰神经内分泌肿瘤的诊断价值

目的 评价超声内镜对胰神经内分泌肿瘤的诊断价值.方法 回顾性总结26例行内镜超声检查术(EUS)和内镜超声引导下针吸活检术(EUS-FNA)检查且最终确诊为胰神经内分泌肿瘤病例的资料.结果 胰神经内分泌肿瘤在EUS下表现为内部回声均匀或不均匀、边界清晰的低回声肿块,血流信号丰富;肿瘤位于胰腺头部3例,钩突部2例,胰腺颈部2例,胰腺体部11例,胰腺尾部8例;其中有功能的胰神经内分泌肿瘤16例,瘤体平均直径9 mm,无功能的内分泌肿瘤10例,瘤体平均直径29 mm.EUS-FNA检查22例结果阳性,4例结果阴性.23例患者进行了外科手术治疗,其术前EUS定位准确率为100％.结论 EUS能对病变进行准确的术前定位,还可以通过EUS-FNA提供病变的病理学资料,在胰神经内分泌肿瘤的诊断中具有一定优势.     

胰腺囊腺瘤与囊腺癌39例的CT影像学特征

目的 探讨胰腺囊腺瘤与囊腺癌的CT影像学特征.方法 回顾性分析经过病理证实的21例浆液性囊腺瘤、12例黏液性囊腺瘤、6例黏液性囊腺癌的CT影像学资料,分析肿瘤部位、单(多)囊、最大囊直径、囊壁特征、囊内分隔、肿瘤边界、肿瘤与胰管关系等影像学征象.结果 21例浆液性囊腺瘤中17例位于胰头颈部,5例位于胰体尾部,其中1例为多发;均为多囊,平均最大囊直径为1.8 cm;4例囊壁或分隔有钙化,7例分隔可见软组织成分;10例胰管轻度增宽.12例黏液性囊腺瘤中6例位于胰头颈部,6例位于胰体尾部;4例为多囊,平均最大囊直径为4.5 cm;1例分隔可见钙化,6例囊壁可见软组织成分;2例胰管扩张,3例胰管轻度增宽.6例黏液性囊腺癌中5例位于胰体尾部,1例位于胰头颈部;4例为多囊,平均最大囊直径为5.1 cm;1例分隔可见钙化,5例囊壁可见软组织成分;1例胰管扩张,1例胰管轻度增宽.所有病灶与胰管均不相通,增强后病灶软组织成分及分隔均有不同程度强化.结论 胰腺囊腺瘤与囊腺癌的CT表现具有一定的特征性,但对于少数不典型表现病例,诊断仍存在困难.     

低频小探头超声内镜对胰腺内分泌肿瘤术前定位诊断的价值

目的 评价低频小探头超声内镜检查(LFMPS)在胰腺内分泌肿瘤术前定位诊断中的临床价值。方法 2000年6月至2002年6月期间21例临床拟诊为胰腺内分泌肿瘤的患者术前行腹部 B超、螺旋 CT、磁共振(MRI)及 LFMPS探查(Fujinon 7.5 MHz低频小探头超声及超声系统),检查结果与外科术中定位和病理结果对照,评估LFMPS对胰腺内分泌肿瘤的术前定位诊断价值。结果21例患者中17例经外科手术及术后病理证实为内分泌肿瘤,4例未手术。其中胰岛素瘤16例(头部9例、体部 3例、尾部4例),胰腺外血管活性肠肽瘤1例,检出病灶的平均直径 2.02 cm。LFMPS确诊14例(82.4％),B超确诊9例(52.9％),螺旋CT确诊15例(88.2％),MRI确诊12例(70.6％),其中LFMPS对位于胰腺头、体部肿瘤以及直径<1cm病灶的确诊率优于其他常规影像方法。结论LFMPS对胰腺内分泌肿瘤的术前定位诊断准确率较高,且与肿瘤的位置与大小有关。     

胰岛素瘤17例临床诊治分析

目的探讨胰岛素瘤的诊断和治疗方法.方法回顾性地分析我院自1966年～2000年收治的17例胰岛素瘤.结果胰腺B超、腹部CT、选择性腹腔动脉造影检查准确率分别为82.4%、72.7%、60%.2例未手术,15例肿瘤切除.肿瘤位于胰头钩突3例,胰颈1例,胰体尾11例;80%肿瘤直径＜3 cm;行单纯肿瘤摘除术8例,胰体尾切除术4例,胰体尾加脾脏切除者2例,胰腺节段性切除(捆绑式胰体尾空肠吻合空肠端侧吻合术)1例.结论血糖、血胰岛素水平测定结合胰腺B超、CT检查能有效提高功能性胰岛素瘤的诊断.治疗多为单纯性肿瘤切除,恶性肿瘤应行根治性切除,腹腔镜微创手术正处于尝试阶段,药物治疗仍然在探讨阶段.     

胰岛素瘤17例临床诊治分析

目的　探讨胰岛素瘤的诊断和治疗方法。　方法　回顾性地分析我院自 196 6年 ～ 2 0 0 0年收治的 17例胰岛素瘤。　结果　胰腺 B超、腹部 CT、选择性腹腔动脉造影检查准确率分别为 82 .4 %、72 .7%、6 0 %。2例未手术 ,15例肿瘤切除。肿瘤位于胰头钩突 3例 ,胰颈 1例 ,胰体尾 11例 ;80 %肿瘤直径 <3cm;行单纯肿瘤摘除术 8例 ,胰体尾切除术 4例 ,胰体尾加脾脏切除者 2例 ,胰腺节段性切除(捆绑式胰体尾空肠吻合空肠端侧吻合术 ) 1例。　结论　血糖、血胰岛素水平测定结合胰腺 B超、CT检查能有效提高功能性胰岛素瘤的诊断。治疗多为单纯性肿瘤切除 ,恶性肿瘤应行根治性切除 ,腹腔镜微创手术正处于尝试阶段 ,药物治疗仍然在探讨阶段。     

19例胰腺原发少见肿瘤的临床特征及诊治分析

目的总结分析胰腺原发少见肿瘤的临床特征和诊治方法,以提高对胰腺原发少见肿瘤的认识。方法回顾性分析湖北省襄阳市中心医院2012年1月-2015年3月经手术或超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)下穿刺病理证实的19例胰腺原发少见肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果肿瘤位于胰头部9例,胰体4例,胰尾部5例,胰体尾部2例(其中1例患者胰头和胰体各有1个肿块)直径2.5~25.0 cm,平均(8.0±5.2)cm;临床表现为腹痛12例,反复发作低血糖1例,体表触及包块1例,无明显症状影像学发现占位3例,纳差1例,腹痛脂肪泻伴血糖升高1例;14例行手术完整切除,1例行姑息性手术,1例仅行剖腹探查肿块活检,2例放弃治疗,1例转院;17例患者完成随访,其中1例死亡,2例失访。结论胰腺原发少见肿瘤的早期临床症状不典型,影像学检查对其诊断有辅助意义,治疗以手术为主,部分需辅以放化疗。     

内镜超声诊断胰腺癌的准确性评价

目的 通过回顾性研究,评价内镜超声检查术(EUS)诊断胰腺癌的准确性,并分析EUS 评价胰腺癌的肿块大小、TNM分期和EUS引导下进行胰腺占位性病变穿刺的价值。方法 总结北京 协和医院1997年至2003年行EUS且资料完整的病例资料,其中胰腺癌88例(病理确诊56例,手术 诊断10例,临床诊断22例),胰腺良性疾病47例。结果 EUS鉴别胰腺癌和胰腺良性疾病的敏感性 95.50％(84／88)、特异性59.6％(28／47)、准确性83.0％(112／135),阳性预测值81.6％(84／103),阴 性预测值87.5％(28／32) EUS描述的胰腺癌肿块直径(2.8±1.0)cm,明显小于手术探查发现的肿 块直径(6.5±2.9)cm。在对肿瘤TNM分期评价中,EUS与手术探查结果比较,对T分期判断的符合 率43.1％,对N分期判断的符合率为61.1％。EUS引导胰腺占位性病变穿刺活检细胞学检查的成功 率89.5％,诊断准确率76.5％(13／17)。 结论 EUS诊断胰腺癌的敏感性高,EUS对胰腺癌肿块大小 的判断偏小。     

31例胰岛素瘤临床及定位诊断分析

目的提高对胰岛素瘤的认识、诊断和治疗。方法对31例胰岛素瘤患者的临床资料和定位诊断进行总结分析。结果患者病程3周~14年,23例手术治疗,术后病理诊断为胰岛细胞瘤,其中2例多发内分泌腺瘤(MEN-1型)。8例未行手术治疗,经临床检查诊断为胰岛素瘤。31例中有28例有典型的Whipple三联症,住院期间低血糖发作,血糖在0.57~2.7mmol/L之间。23例INS(血浆胰岛素)/G(血糖)>0.3。影像学检查阳性率:超声检查为53.3%,CT为50%,血管造影(DSA)为78.9%,内镜超声(EUS)为91.6%。结论胰岛素瘤患者常反复发作低血糖、有各种交感神经兴奋及神经精神症状,影像学检查以EUS、DSA检出率为高。尤其EUS检查创伤小,阳性率高,应作为临床胰岛素瘤定位诊断的主要手段之一。     

EUS并ESD在直径≤1 cm的直肠神经内分泌肿瘤中的应用

[目的]回顾性分析超声内镜(EUS)并内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)在直径≤1 cm的直肠神经内分泌肿瘤(rNENs)中的应用价值。[方法]纳入经结肠镜及EUS检查诊断为rNENs、直径≤1 cm的68例患者行ESD治疗。[结果]ESD后病理检查结果示68例为神经内分泌肿瘤;免疫组化分型35例为G1型,无G2型;病理结果切缘报告63例切缘阴性,完整切除率为92.6%;肠镜随访未发现有复发病例。[结论]直径≤1 cm的rNENs患者经EUS评估后,行ESD剥离,具有较高的完整切除价值及较好的预后。     

胰岛素瘤

引起胰岛细胞功能亢进的疾病有胰岛细胞增生、散在性腺瘤、弥漫性腺瘤病及腺癌,其中以散在性腺瘤为最常见。胰岛细胞又分为α、β、δ和EC4种,β细胞分泌胰岛素引起器质性胰岛素分泌过多,又称胰岛β细胞瘤或胰岛素瘤。胰岛素瘤在胰腺头、体、尾部的分布相似。大多为单发,也可为多发,75%之瘤体直径小于3厘米,约10%之胰岛素瘤为恶性。弥漫性胰岛增生在成人比较少见。而异位胰岛素瘤不到1%,主要位于胃、十二指肠、空肠上部、食道、肝、脾等处,多见于20～60岁成人,男多于女。一般开始发病时症状轻微,无症状间歇期较长,数月或半年发作一     

Diagnosis value preoperative localization of insulinoma by diffusion-weighted imaging: A pilot study

Insulinoma is the most common functional neuroendocrine tumor that originates from the islet of beta cells. Insulinoma is usually an isolated benign tumor and small in size (<2 cm). Due to the small size of the lesion, it often leads to difficulty in clinical preoperative localization diagnosis. However, we have unexpectedly discovered that the diffusion-weighted-imaging (DWI) adds great value in the preoperative localization diagnosis of insulinoma in non-invasive examination technique.We verified using operative pathology data and retrospectively analyzed the clinical and imageology findings of 5 cases who reported to have an insulinoma. All the 5 cases underwent DWI examination, among non-contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 1 case, contrast-enhanced MRI in 4 cases.Five cases of DWI showed a nodular high signal <1.3 cm with pancreatic tail in 3 cases, pancreatic neck, and pancreatic head in 1 case each, respectively. Non-contrast enhanced MRI showed suspicious abnormal signals in the tail of the pancreas were detected in 1 case. MRI enhanced scans presented 2 cases with abnormal enhancement in the arterial phase and 2 cases without abnormal enhancement in arterial phase. Also, 3 cases showed mild persistence enhanced in the portal venous phase and delayed phase. However, 1 case remained normal in the portal venous phase and the delay period.DWI examination has high clinical value in the localization diagnosis of insulinoma and thus it can be used as a routine examination for preoperative localization diagnosis.     

Microcystic serous cystadenoma of the pancreas: a report of two cases with one of diffuse presentation.

Microcystic adenoma or serous cystadenoma is an uncommon tumor and accounts for 1-2% of the exocrine neoplasms of the pancreas. Usually unifocal, they present as single, large, well-demarcated multiloculated cystic tumors, ranging in size from 1 to 25 cm. Multifocal variants or diffuse serous cystadenomas are extremely rare. We present 2 cases of which 1 is a diffuse variant affecting the body, tail and part of the neck of the pancreas. In both the patients the tumors were detected incidentally. We highlight on the diffuse variant in view of its rarity and present a review of literature. In this case the entire body and tail of the pancreas was spongy replaced by multicystic lobules and hyalinized fibrocollagenous stroma. The cysts were lined by low cuboidal glycogen containing bland cells. Such a unique presentation wherein the entire body and tail of the pancreas is replaced with multiple cysts is a diffuse presentation of microcystic adenoma and a search through literature revealed only 7 such cases among the 15 cases with multifocal presentation reported.     

Prospective study of the detection and treatment of small tumors of the head of the pancreas

The size of a pancreatic ductal carcinoma is one of the factors that has the greatest impact on the prognosis of the disease. Precise measurement of tumor size in such cases can obviously be achieved only by the pathologist, but, as a result of the increasingly widespread use and refinement of imaging procedures, a fairly accurate preoperative estimate now appears feasible for identifying those lesions which measure ≤2 m in size and which are conventionally defined as “small tumors.” At tomography, 15/72 patients (20.8%) with cancer of the head of the pancreas observed in our department over the period 1991 to 1994 were prospectively identified as having tumors measuring ≤2 cm. Histology subsequently confirmed that the growths measured 2 cm or less in size in only 4 of these patients, thus revealing that the imaging technique tended to underestimate the tumor diameters. If we exclude the mean time elapsing from onset of symptoms to diagnosis, which was found to be significantly shorter in small than in non-small tumors (6.3 vs 34.2 days,P <0.01), no statistically significant differences were observed in any of the clinical and blood chemistry data evaluated (including CA 19-9 values) in patients with small vs non-small tumors who underwent radical resection. Small tumors of the pancreas are still rare and their diagnosis is often incidental (2/4 in this case series) and can only be confirmed by pathology findings. The radiological detection of a small tumor, however, is strongly suggestive of resectability (more than 70% in this series). This should prompt the surgeon to adopt an aggressive approach, even though the topographical location and biological nature of tumors measuring ≤2 cm are known to be capable of substantially undermining their potentially better prognosis.     

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in the localization of insulinoma

Objective Endoscopic ultrasonography has been accepted as a sensitive modality for preoperative tumor localization in pancreas. We have aimed to determine the performance characteristics of endoscopic ultrasonography in pancreatic insulinoma localization and evaluation of relationship between the tumor size and serum-c peptide level, lowest glucose level and insulin level. Methods Patients suspicious to insulinoma according to clinical and laboratory findings were included. Endoscopic ultrasonography was performed and if a tumor was identified, the patient was referred for surgery. Results A total of 52 patients (24 male and 28 female) with mean age of 42.4 years underwent EUS and 43 patients underwent surgery. In one patient, a tumor was identified both by transabdominal ultrasonography and abdominal CT scan. The overall sensitivity and accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography for detection of insulinoma was 89.5% and 83.7% respectively. The sensitivity of endoscopic ultrasonography for detection of lesions in pancreatic head, body and tail was 92.6%, 78.9%, and 40.0%, respectively. There was no relationship between c-peptide, lowest blood glucose, insulin blood levels and tumor size in surgery. Conclusion EUS is an accurate method for detection of insulinoma. The accuracy depends on the location of the tumor and is greatest for tumors in the pancreatic head.     

Should a standard lymphadenectomy include the No. 9 lymph nodes for body and tail pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma?

Objectives

This study aimed to use a retrospective data base to investigate whether a standard lymphadenectomy during distal pancreatectomy should include the No. 9 lymph nodes (LNs) for resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) located in the body and tail of the pancreas.

Large and asymptomatic pancreatic islet cell tumor in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

The major phenotypes of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) consist of three lesions characterized by hyperparathyroidism, pituitary tumors, and endocrine pancreatic tumors. The endocrine pancreatic tumors are a significant cause of disease-related mortality in MEN 1. Although symptomatic pancreatic tumors such as insulinoma and gastrinoma should be resected, the management of asymptomatic pancreatic tumors is not established. In asymptomatic pancreatic tumors, the most important factor is the propensity for malignant transformation of the tumors. Although there are no means to foresee it, the size of the pancreatic tumors might be predictive of malignant development in MEN 1. We report here a patient with MEN 1 who had a large asymptomatic pancreatic tumor. The patient (72-yr-old man) was diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism and underwent a total parathyroidectomy. Genetic examination showed a germline mutation of the MEN1 gene (E45G). Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large (>6 cm) tumor with a heterogeneous pattern in the tail of the pancreas. No metastases of the tumor were evident. Serum levels of insulin, gastrin, and glucagon were normal, and the patient had no symptoms. Operative resection was performed, and microscopic examination revealed that the tumor was an islet cell tumor stained with multiple hormones. This is a case indicating that asymptomatic pancreatic tumors associated with MEN 1 might be indolent independent of their size.     

A ten-year material of insulinoma: diagnosis and surgical treatment.

A 10-year series of patients operated for insulinoma at Sahlgren's Hospital, Gothenburg, is presented. Twelve patients (three men, nine women) aged 26--70 years are included in the material. The patients had a history of recurrent hypoglycemic symptoms of 1 month to 20 years. Hyperinsulinism was established by determinations of blood glucose and plasma insulin in the fasting state. Selective angiography could show the tumor in 3 out of the 12 patients. A through pancreatic mobilization and palpation was performed during operation. Solitary pancreatic tumor was found in 10 patients, and 1 of them had also metastases in the liver. One patient had two tumors, one in the head and one in the tail of the pancreas. In one patient it was not possible to find any tumor at operation. Distal pancreatic resection and splenectomy were performed when the tumor was localized in the body or tail or when no tumor was found. Tumours in the head were excised locally. Microscopy showed insulinoma without malignancy in 10 patients, malignant tumor in insulae with metastases in the liver in 1 patient, and multiple adenomatosis of insulae in the patient without any palpable tumor. The 11 patients with benign disease were examined 1--10 years after the operation and had no signs of hyperinsulinism or of diabetes.     

胰岛细胞瘤的外科诊治经验——附19例报告

目的：探讨胰岛细胞瘤的外科诊断与治疗。方法：回顾分析近5年我院手术的治疗胰岛细胞瘤的经验，总结胰岛细胞瘤临床特征，诊治方法及其效果。结果：本组19例病例中，无功能性胰岛细胞瘤8例，胰岛素瘤11例，其中2例为多发性内分泌瘤瘤，前恶变率62．5％（5／8），平均年龄40岁，后恶变率9．8％（1／11），平均年龄39岁，肿瘤位于胰头8例，胰体6例，胰尾5例，术前影像诊断明确肿瘤定位15例（78．9％），其余4例定位可疑或不能定位经术中超声和触摸探查到定位，对肿瘤行局部切除术11例，胰体尾切除＋胰空肠吻合术5例，肿瘤＋脾脏切除术2例，Whipple手术1例，术后胰瘘发生率为31．6％（6／19），是最常见的并发症，无手术死亡病例。结论：无功能性胰岛细胞瘤恶变率显高于胰岛素瘤（P＜0．01）。术前不能确定肿瘤位置的，应联合应用于中超声和术触摸以探查肿瘤部位。胰岛素瘤手术方式多为单纯肿瘤切除，无功能性胰岛细胞瘤，术中常规冰冻切片检查，对可疑恶性应尽量采取根治性手术。