不同孕期铅暴露对大鼠妊娠结局及胎盘TIMP-1表达的影响

目的:观察孕期不同时段铅暴露对妊娠结局及胎盘TIMP-1表达的影响,探讨孕早期、孕后期及孕全程铅暴露的毒性特点及毒性机制。方法:采用原子吸收光谱仪测定孕期不同阶段低水平铅暴露后的大鼠孕末期血铅水平。0.025%醋酸铅对实验组孕鼠染毒,根据大鼠孕期3周推算足月剖宫产,观察异常分娩情况,记录胎盘质量、仔鼠数、仔鼠质量。免疫组化法测定胎盘滋养细胞TIMP-1的表达。结果:孕早期染铅对孕末期血铅水平及胎盘质量的影响较大,孕晚期染铅对仔鼠重量的影响较明显,孕全程染铅对孕末期血铅水平、胎盘质量及仔鼠质量均有明显影响。孕全程染铅组其胎盘TIMP-1表达最强。结论:铅具有生殖毒性及胚盘毒性,孕期不同时段铅暴露导致不同的妊娠结局。胎盘TIMP-1表达增强可能是铅致胎盘损伤的病理机制之一。     

不同孕期铅暴露对大鼠妊娠结局及胎盘MMP-9、TIMP-1表达的影响

[目的]通过观察Wistar大鼠孕期不同时段铅暴露对妊娠结局及胎盘基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）、基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-1（TIMP-1）的表达影响,评价孕早期、孕后期及孕全程铅暴露的毒性特点及毒性机制。[方法]108只Wistar大鼠随机分为4组,每组27只（雌雄为21）,用0.025%醋酸铅对各实验组的孕鼠通过自由饮服的方式染：：毒。实验A组：孕早期（1～10d）饮服0.025%醋酸铅,孕后期（11～20d）饮服蒸馏水;实验B组：孕早期（1～10d）饮服蒸馏水,孕后期（11～20d）饮服0.025%醋酸铅;实验C组：孕期全程（1～20d）饮服0.025%醋酸铅。根据大鼠孕期3周推算,足月进行麻醉剖腹取胎,观察胎盘及仔鼠体重、身长、尾长、仔鼠数等;同时采集腹腔静脉血,用原子吸收光谱仪测定各组大鼠孕末期血铅水平。免疫组化法测定胎盘滋养细胞MMP-9、TIMP-1的表达。[结果]实验组孕末期血铅水平与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。各组胎盘重量及仔鼠体重、身长、尾长差异也有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,其中实验C组最低,分别为（0.31±0.13）g、（2.08±0.88）g、（2.37±0.32）cm、（0.98±0.09）cm。血铅水平与胎盘重量呈负相关（r=-0.652,P〈0.01）。孕全程染铅组胎盘MMP-9表达下降,TIMP-1表达增强。[结论]孕期不同时段铅暴露导致不同的妊娠结局。孕全程染铅的孕末期血铅水平最高,对胎盘及仔鼠影响最大。胎盘MMP-9表达下降、TIMP-1表达增强可能是铅致胎盘损伤的病理机制之一。     

妊娠期MRI静磁场暴露对仔鼠学习记忆能力的影响

[目的]胚胎期脑发育对内外界环境（包括母体环境）的变化极为敏感,本研究旨在探讨妊娠期静磁场暴露对不同月龄仔鼠学习记忆的影响.[方法]将孕鼠置于1.5 T的静磁场中,连续7 d（孕期12～18 d）,每次10 min;将仔鼠根据年龄及性别分为6组：即1、2、5月龄雌性和雄性组;采用Morris水迷宫（Morris Water Maze,MWM）的方法检测各组大鼠的空间学习记忆能力.[结果]与对照组相比,5月龄雌性仔鼠的空间学习与记忆能力均降低,表现为寻找站台的潜伏期明显延长（F=12.609,P＜0.01）,穿越站台次数减少（F=7.680,P＜0.05）;其它各组与对照组相比差异无显著性.[结论]妊娠期静磁场暴露可以降低5月龄雌性仔鼠的空间学习记忆能力.     

妊娠期母体低水平铅暴露对大鼠子代学习记忆能力的影响

目的探讨大鼠妊娠期间低水平铅暴露对其子代学习记忆能力的影响.方法孕鼠随机分为4组,3个处理组自怀孕第1天起分别给予醋酸铅含量为125、250和500 mg/L的饮水,对照组给予不含铅的双重蒸馏水,采用流动注射氢化物发生-原子吸收光谱法测定仔鼠血铅、脑海马组织铅含量,以避暗穿梭箱试验、Morris水迷宫试验测定仔鼠的学习记忆能力.结果各处理组的1、21 d龄仔鼠血铅、海马组织铅水平明显高于对照组仔鼠,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,至60 d龄,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;Morris水迷宫试验显示,各处理组21、60 d龄仔鼠连续4 d训练期间,第2、3、4天潜伏期均高于同期对照组仔鼠,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;避暗穿梭箱试验显示,各处理组21、60 d龄仔鼠连续5 d训练期间,主动回避次数低于同期对照组仔鼠,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;主动回避潜伏期、被动回避潜伏期高于同期对照组仔鼠,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论母体妊娠期低水平铅暴露可以影响仔鼠的空间学习记忆能力,且影响至少可持续至仔鼠成熟期.     

孕期不同阶段铅暴露对大鼠胎盘和仔鼠的影响

目的探讨孕期不同阶段铅暴露对大鼠胎盘和子代的影响。方法108只大鼠随机分为4组,于孕期不同阶段饮服0.025%醋酸铅。对照组孕期全程饮服蒸馏水;实验1组孕早期染毒,孕后期饮服蒸馏水;实验2组孕早期饮服蒸馏水,孕后期染毒;实验3组孕期全程染毒。孕末期腹腔静脉取血,原子吸收光谱法测定血铅,检测仔鼠数目、体重、身长和尾长。从大体、光镜和电镜等不同水平观察铅对大鼠胎盘结构的影响。结果实验组大鼠孕末期血铅水平均高于0.483μmol/L;孕期全程染毒组的胎盘重量[(0.31±0.13)g]和仔鼠的体重[(2.08±0.88)g]、身长[(2.37±0.32)cm]、尾长[(0.98±0.09)cm]均最低,与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义。血铅水平与胎盘重量呈负相关,与仔重无相关性。实验组胎盘海绵带滋养叶巨细胞和空泡化细胞增多,迷路带及海绵带滋养细胞呈退行性改变,绒毛周围纤维蛋白沉积增多。胎盘超微结构显示胎盘滋养细胞周围微绒毛短小、稀疏,线粒体肿胀、数目减少,粗面内质网扩张,膜上核糖体数量减少。结论孕期不同阶段铅暴露可能对胎盘滋养细胞有损伤作用,从而妨碍胎盘的血液供应及母子间营养物质及氧气的交换,导致胎盘重量减低和仔鼠生长发育不良。     

Smad4在孕期不同阶段铅暴露大鼠胎盘中的表达

目的观察孕期不同阶段铅暴露对大鼠胎盘中信号蛋白Smad4表达的影响。方法将72只健康清洁级Wistar妊娠大鼠随机分为4组,分别为孕早期铅暴露组[孕早期(妊娠1～10 d)饮用0.25g/L乙酸铅溶液染毒,孕晚期(妊娠11～20 d)饮用蒸馏水],孕晚期铅暴露组(孕早期饮用蒸馏水,孕晚期饮用0.25g/L乙酸铅溶液染毒),孕全期铅暴露组[孕期全程(妊娠1～20 d)饮用0.25 g/L乙酸铅溶液染毒],对照(蒸馏水)组,每组18只。测定孕末期腹腔静脉血铅水平;足月剖宫取胎盘并称重,统计不同妊娠结局。并测定大鼠胎盘中Smad4的表达。结果剔除自然分娩与异常妊娠结局大鼠后,最终入组大鼠分别为:孕早期铅暴露组16只,孕晚期铅暴露组15只,孕全期铅暴露组15只,对照组17只。大鼠孕末期血铅水平由低至高依次为对照组<孕晚期铅暴露组<孕早期铅暴露组<孕全期铅暴露组,胎盘重量由高至低依次为对照组>孕早期铅暴露组>孕晚期铅暴露组>孕全期铅暴露组,任意两组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。大鼠胎盘重量与孕末期血铅水平呈显著负相关(r=-0.652,P<0.01)。与对照组比较,各实验组大鼠胎盘中Smad4的表达均升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与孕早期铅暴露组比较,孕晚期及孕全期铅暴露组大鼠胎盘中Smad4的表达均下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论铅暴露使得胎盘中Smad4的表达升高,早期铅暴露时Smad4的表达水平明显高于晚期铅暴露组及全程铅暴露组,血铅水平增高导致Smad4表达的异常可能是致胎盘损伤的毒性机制之一。     

S100B蛋白在不同孕期铅暴露大鼠胎盘中的表达

目的观察S100B蛋白在孕期不同阶段铅暴露下大鼠胎盘中的表达特征。方法 108只大鼠随机分为4组,于孕期不同时期饮服0.025%醋酸铅溶液;原子吸收光谱法测定孕末期血铅水平;免疫组化法测定胎盘组织中S100B蛋白的表达。计量资料组间比较采用单因素方差分析,计数资料组间比较采用卡方检验。结果实验组血铅水平均高于0.483μmol/L,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(F=12.10,P=0.000);S100B蛋白主要表达于大鼠胎盘细胞滋养层细胞、蜕膜细胞及血管壁细胞胞质中,实验组阳性表达率高于对照组(52.94%),且孕期全程铅暴露组(93.33%)高于孕早期(87.50%)和孕晚期铅暴露组(80.00%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=18.62,P=0.029)。结论 S100B蛋白的表达与孕期铅暴露大鼠血铅水平相关,推测其在铅致胎盘的损伤中起重要作用。     

孕期铅暴露对子代大鼠情感行为及学习记忆变化的实验研究

[目的]观察孕期铅暴露对子代大鼠脑海马区神经元、细胞器超微结构及神经突触形态学参数变化,探讨孕期铅暴露对子代大鼠学习记忆损害的可能机制. [方法] 通过孕鼠自由饮用0.1％及0.2％醋酸铅溶液的方法建立模型,其雄性子代分别为低剂量铅暴露组(LG)及高剂量铅暴露组(HG),同时设立正常对照组(NG),每组9～12只大鼠.子代大鼠出生后36日龄应用透射电镜分别观察海马CA1区神经元、细胞器的病理超微结构改变和神经突触参数变化特征. [结果]铅暴露仔鼠脑海马区出现显著病理超微结构改变.HG组在神经元变性坏死、线粒体肿胀、内质网脱颗粒及高尔基体扩张等方面较对照组程度严重,差异有高度统计学意义(P＜0.05或＜0.01).三组在突触后致密物质厚度、突触活性带长度、突触界面曲率及突触间隙等方面的差异有高度统计学意义(P均＜0.01),提示铅暴露仔鼠脑海马CA1区突触后致密物质厚度减小、突触活性带长度缩短、突触界面曲率下降及突触间隙增宽.铅暴露组与对照组在突触数密度及面密度方面差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05). [结论]孕期铅暴露可导致子代大鼠脑海马区严重的神经元和细胞器超微病理改变,同时伴有神经突触可塑性变化,推测孕期铅暴露对子代学习记忆的损害与以上病理改变有关.     

不同孕期铅暴露对大鼠妊娠结局及胎盘MMP-9、TIMP-1表达的影响

通过观察Wistar大鼠孕期不同时段铅暴露对妊娠结局及胎盘基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）、基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-1（TIMP-1）的表达影响,评价孕早期、孕后期及孕全程铅暴露的毒性特点及毒性机制。研究人员将108只Wistar大鼠随机分为4组,每组27只（雌：雄为2：1）,用0.025%醋酸铅对各实验组的孕鼠通过自由饮服的方式染毒。     

腺苷蛋氨酸对发育期铅暴露大鼠的保护作用及其长时程增强机制研究

目的 探讨S-腺苷L-蛋氨酸(S-adenosyl-L-methionine,SAM)对发育期慢性铅暴露大鼠血铅浓度、肝脏、脑、海马组织氧化损伤的影响,及其对铅暴露引起的长时程增强(long-term potentiation,LTP)和双脉冲易化(paired-pulse facilitation,PPF)的损伤的修复作用.方法 采用抽签法将受孕Wistar大鼠按每组3只随机分为3组:对照组,全程饮用自来水,仔鼠断乳后每天腹腔注射生理盐水;染铅组,孕期与哺乳期染铅,仔鼠断乳后每天腹腔注射生理盐水;铅+SAM注射组,孕期与哺乳期染铅,仔鼠断乳后每天腹腔注射20 mg/kg的SAM,22 d后测定各组仔鼠血铅浓度和肝脏、脑、海马组织氧化指标,并在位记录各组大鼠海马齿状回PPF和LTP.结果 对照组、染铅组和铅+SAM组血铅浓度分别为(27.5±3.8)、(159.3±10.9)、(33.1±9.5)μg/L,铅+SAM组与染铅组比较差异有统计学意义(F=213.5,P＜0.01);SAM能提高染铅组肝脏、脑组织的谷胱苷肽(GSH)水平、降低丙二醛(MDA)水平,与染铅组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与对照组兴奋性突触后电位(field excitatory postsynaptic potential,EPSP)LTP幅度[(131±4.5)%]相比,染铅组LTP[(112±2.1)%]明显下降,而铅+SAM组能修复LTP至(120±2.6)%,差异有统计学意义(F=26.1,P＜0.05).结论 SAM对临床上慢性铅中毒儿童尤其是学习记忆损伤的修复可能具有一定作用.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.