地衣芽胞杆茵在食品中的分布及引起食品变质的实验研究

滨州地区卫生防疫站自1989年以来．对送检样品进行了需氧菌和嗜热菌检验，在多种食品中检出了地衣芽胞杆菌，作者对该菌耐热、耐糖、耐酸碱、药敏试验、厌氧等进行了试验研究，现报告如下：1材料和方法：1．1菌种来源：通过送检食品55℃培养筛选而得。1．2培养基：含糖营养琼脂，肉汤培养基1．3方法：将样品以无菌操作接种于无菌平皿中，倒入含糖营养琼脂，放入37℃和55℃各一个平皿，48h取出细菌汁数，挑取可疑菌落分离、接种生化等试验。2结果2．1地衣芽胞杆菌在不含糖的营养琼脂上菌落不透明、干燥、边缘不整齐、扁平、菌落表面有皱折，…     

-20℃冷冻损伤大肠杆菌修复的研究

目的：建立-20℃冷冻损伤大肠杆菌的最佳修复方法。方法：研究不同介质、温度、时间对-20℃冷冻损伤大肠杆菌的修复作用，筛选最佳介质、温度、时间，以此建立修复法。结果：在营养肉汤(NB)中37℃培养2h可最大程度修复-20℃冷冻损伤大肠杆菌。结论：-20℃冷冻大肠杆菌的损伤是可以修复的，在NB中37℃培养2h是其最佳修复条件。     

天然污染兽医样品中沙门氏菌鉴定的快速培养法的评价

著者以传统方法和他们创造的快速培养法比较如下。1 传统方法 毙体组织先行选择性增菌。1份样品:10份亚硒酸盐胱氨酸肉汤,在37℃孵育48h后,以10μl铂环划线于2只煌绿琼脂平板上,在37℃孵育24h,挑不发酵乳糖的菌落经用血清学及生化试验证实的。2 环境来源 动物饲料与动物蛋白质样品以1:10在     

金黄色葡萄球菌-20 ℃冷冻损伤修复

目的建立-20℃冷冻损伤金黄色葡萄球菌的最佳修复方法.方法研究不同介质、温度、时间对-20℃冷冻损伤金黄色葡萄球菌修复的影响,筛选最佳介质、温度、时间.结果冷冻损伤金黄色葡萄球在非选择性培养基(TSYA、NA)上,经37℃培养一段时间后可以修复,在营养介质(BP、NB、TSYB)中经25℃、37℃培养一段时间后亦可被修复,其修复时间均为2 h,且0～1 h内修复最快、1～2 h内修复减慢.方差分析表明:不用修复介质、不同时间、不同温度的存活率差别有统计学意义,其顺序为:25℃＜37℃;1 h＜2 h;BP＜TSYB＜NB.结论-20℃冷冻损伤金黄色葡萄球菌的损伤是可以修复的,在NB中37℃培养2 h是其最佳修复条件.     

三种用于血液透析和相关治疗用水微生物学监测方法的评价

目的评价三种方法用于监测血液透析和相关治疗用水微生物检测的效果。方法在某次飞行检查中采集36所受检单位的血液透析液和透析用水72份,分别采用血琼脂平皿(35℃,72 h)、胰蛋白酶大豆琼脂(TSA)平皿(35℃,72 h)、R2A营养琼脂(23℃,168 h)三种方法进行培养,比较三种方法菌落计数、菌落和超干预值(≥50 CFU/mL)检出率的差异。结果采用三种方法对透析液和透析用水进行检测,血琼脂平皿、TSA平皿、R2A营养琼脂菌落检出率分别为40.28%、63.89%和69.44%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=14.16,P0.05);两两比较结果显示,R2A营养琼脂和TSA平皿检出率高于血琼脂平皿。血琼脂平皿与R2A营养琼脂、TSA与R2A营养琼脂检出菌落计数比较,差异有统计学意义(Z值分别为-4.515、-6.970,均P0.05)。血琼脂平皿、TSA平皿、R2A营养琼脂法检测透析液和透析用水菌落数,超干预值检出率分别为1.39%、4.17%和20.83%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=19.83,P0.05),R2A营养琼脂检出率高于其他两种方法。结论 R2A营养琼脂和TSA平皿检出率优于血琼脂平皿,R2A营养琼脂超干预值检出率高于TSA平皿和血琼脂平皿,R2A营养琼脂(23℃,168 h)用于血液透析和相关治疗用水微生物监测优于其他两种方法。     

常见致食物中毒病原菌在不同培养基上菌落形态分析

目的:了解常见致食物中毒的病原菌在不同培养基上生长的菌落情况,供细菌性食物中毒病原菌检测挑取疑似菌落时参考。方法:将已知病原菌分别接种于血平皿、营养琼脂平皿以及各选择性平皿,(36±1)℃培养20 h后,观察菌落形态。结果:获得了不同致病菌在相应选择性平皿上所生长的菌落形态,同时获得了像副溶血性弧菌在WS,沙门氏菌在TCBS等非选择性培养基上所生长的菌落形态。结论:所获得各种病原菌在不同培养基上所生长的菌落形态详细情况,对细菌性食物中毒病原菌的检测检验具有指导意义。     

应用平皿法测定冷冻饮品中的大肠菌群

冷冻饮品的大肠菌群检验具有非常重要的卫生学意义.我们应用平皿法[1]和发酵法[2]对36份冷冻饮品进行了大肠菌群的检测比较,现将结果报告如下.     

幼儿园物体表面染菌状况调查

1992年，我们对石家庄市辖区22所工厂、学校和医院办的幼儿园的室内空气、餐饮具、毛巾、玩具等的卫生状况进行了监测。1采样与检验方法[1]1.1物体表面用灭菌生理盐水棉拭子涂抹法。检验时将装有涂抹棉扶子的10毫升灭菌生理盐水作10信送次稀释，每个稀释度分别取1毫升放灭菌平皿内，用普通营养琼脂作倾注培养。平行样品2－3个，取菌落数30－300个的平板计数，求出菌落数／厘米2。1．2室内空气采用平板暴露法。将普通营养琼脂平板放在室内四角及中央各一个。将平皿盖打开，扣放平板穷，暴露15分钟盖好。将平皿置37℃温箱培养24小时观察结果计…     

弯曲菌分型抗血清制备法

<正> 一、制法:因干燥或冻干菌种菌体可能受损害,用前应传代10次,使稳定后应用。1、菌液:将菌种接种于 MullerHiuton 血琼脂皿上,37℃孵48小时,在解剖镜下检查生长情况;取一扁平的单独菌落传至含3—4 mIMuellerHiuton 肉汤中,37℃孵育过夜;传一接种环肉汤培养物至新鲜湿润的 MuellerHiuton 血琼脂皿上,孵48小时;取一滴,在相显微镜下观察典型动力。粗糙观察:取菌苔一小白金环乳化于一滴2%     

胆盐抑制冷冻保存大肠杆菌生长的研究

目的：在灭菌的冷饮中加入大肠杆菌（ATCC8099），观察大肠杆菌经冷冻（-20℃）后在3种培养基上的生长情况。方法：将经过不同时间冷冻后的大肠杆菌用倾注法在胰化大豆琼脂（TSA），单倍乳糖胆盐培养基（以下简称单料）和双倍乳糖胆盐培养基（以下简称双料）上培养，进行菌落计数，并计算出单料，双料培养基上菌落数减少的百分比。结果：大肠杆菌在活菌浓度为10^-3efu／ml时冷冻后与TSA相比，单料上的菌落数减少51．2％，双料减少33．4％。结论：经不同时间冷冻的大肠杆菌在3种培养基上，菌落数有明显差异。亚致死性损伤菌在TSA上能够生长，而在含胆盐的单料和双料上则菌落数明显减少。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.