血清VitB_(12)结合力升高是纤维隔型肝癌的一个标志

纤维隔型肝癌系肝细胞癌的一个亚型。其特点为,患者年青,常无肝硬化史,而且预后较好,血清甲胎蛋白(α-FP)水平正常,作组织学检查时,癌细胞胞浆嗜酸性,肿瘤组织间有显著的纤维隔,其中有平行排列的胶原纤维。作者研究了107例肝癌的临床学及病理组织学特点,并测定了血清未饱和VitB_(12)结合力(UBBC)。发现UBBC增高可作为纤维隔型肝癌的一个标志。在107例中,男87例,女20例,年龄15～75岁,所下诊断均经病理组织学检查证实。有68例合并肝硬化、78例α-FP增高。全部病人在未治疗前采血,-20℃存放,用放射性同位素     

肝癌的影像学诊断

原发性肝癌是我国常见的恶性肿瘤之一 ,近年来肝癌的发病率有上升趋势。本病可发生在任何年龄 ,多见于中老年 ,男女之比为３:１～５:１［１］。资料与方法一、临床资料１、病理学提出三型分类 :巨块型、结节型、弥漫型。巨块型 ,通常为单个巨块 ,也有密集结节融合成的巨块达１０ｃｍ以上 ,也可成两个巨块 ,直径＞５ｃｍ列为巨块。直径＜３ｃｍ为结节型。结节型有的称为小肝癌。此型多见 ,常伴有肝硬化。弥漫型肝癌的病理表现为米粒大小至黄豆大小癌结散布全肝。肝脏不大 ,有时反而缩小。２、组织学肝癌的细胞类型有肝细胞型、胆管细胞型与混…     

肝硬化的临床分类与实验室检查

１引言肝硬化（livercirrhosis）是一类由多种病因对肝脏长期损害作用引起的弥漫性肝脏病变。临床表现为营养不良，门静脉高压征，消化道出血，肝性脑病和多器官功能障碍等。病理特点是广泛性肝细胞变性、坏死、再生，结节形成，结缔组织增生及纤维隔形成，导致肝小叶结构破坏和假小叶形成，肝脏逐渐变形、变硬。临床上常对肝硬化作病因分类，可分为肝炎后肝硬化、寄生虫性肝硬化、乙醇性肝硬化、中毒性肝硬化、胆汁性肝硬化、心源性肝硬化、代谢障碍性肝硬化、营养障碍性肝硬化和隐源性肝硬化。在我国，目前最常见的是肝炎后肝硬化。２肝硬…     

肝硬化合并胆囊结石的相关因素研究现状

<正>肝硬化是一种常见的慢性进行性肝脏疾病,病理特征为广泛肝细胞坏死、残存肝细胞结节样增生、结缔组织增生与纤维隔形成,继而失代偿期引发肝脏功能损害和门脉高压症等临床表现,与此可伴发不同程度的胆道系统病变,主要表现为胆结石及非特异性炎症。临床研究证实较非肝硬化患者而言,肝硬化患者胆结石发病率升高2~3倍~([1])。与非肝硬化患者不同,肝硬     

低剂量CT对亚实性肺腺癌结节影像分期的研究

目的:评价低剂量CT(low-dose CT,LDCT)在孤立性亚实性肺腺癌结节影像分期中的价值。方法:搜集LDCT筛查发现并经病理学检查证实的亚实性肺腺癌结节53例,其中男性19例,女性34例,平均年龄55岁。采用Kappa检验回顾性分析影像与病理分期的一致性,以及不同胸部影像科医师之间影像分期的一致性。结果:LDCT对亚实性肺腺癌结节影像T和N分期的准确率分别为88.7%(47/53)和94.3%(50/53)。影像与病理分期及不同胸部影像科医师之间影像分期的一致性良好(Kappa=0.803,0.733;P0.05)。结论:亚实性肺腺癌结节多为早期肺癌,淋巴结或远处转移发生率低, LDCT适用于其术前影像分期。     

超声组织结构声学定量分析评价肝硬化的研究

目的探讨超声组织结构定量分析(ASQ)技术评价肝硬化的临床应用价值。方法对39例无肝硬化患者(无肝硬化组)和114例肝硬化患者(肝硬化组)进行超声检查,通过ASQ技术计算χ2值(Cm2值),判断有无肝硬化;并根据肝再生结节的大小分为大结节组(n=10)、小结节组(n=63)及混合性结节组(n=41)。所有患者均经术后病理学检查确诊。结果无肝硬化组与肝硬化组间Cm2值比较差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01);小结节组与混合性结节组Cm2值比较差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01),大结节组与混合性结节组、大结节组与小结节组Cm2值比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.55、P=0.11)。结论 ASQ技术能提供客观、准确的图像和数据,能对肝硬化分型进行初步定量判断,具有良好的临床应用前景。     

乙型肝炎肝硬化癌变与再生结节的血小板参数变化观察

目的观察乙型肝炎肝硬化癌变与再生结节血小板4项参数的变化。方法回顾性研究1997年9月至2007年9月本院收治的31例乙型肝炎肝硬化癌变后血小板参数变化,并与同期28例乙型肝炎肝硬化再生结节组进行比较。结果乙型肝炎肝硬化癌变后血小板3项参数明显增高,且高于乙型肝炎肝硬化再生结节组(P0.05)。结论血小板数量和功能变化是乙型肝炎肝硬化癌变的病理过程,可作为鉴别乙型肝炎肝硬化癌变和再生结节的一项重要参考指标。     

肝纤维化指标联合检测与临床意义

肝纤维化（hepatic fibrosis）是指由多种慢性疾病引起的肝脏持续的创伤修复反应而导致的细胞外基质（extra cellular matrix，ECM）过度沉积，是一切慢性肝病的共同病理学基础，是肝硬化的前期表现。肝纤维化过程中ECM过渡沉积，导致肝脏纤维结节形成并破坏正常的肝脏结构，最终发展成为肝硬化而出现肝脏功能的衰退，甚至有演变为肝细胞癌的可能性。肝纤维化阶段其病理过程是可逆的，得到早期诊断和及时有效的治疗可减缓或防止发展为肝硬化。     

早期胃癌27例组织病理学分析

目的：分析早期胃癌临床病理学特点。方法：回顾性分析电子内镜检查活检发现胃癌,手术切除后经病理学确诊早期胃癌27例,分别观察肿瘤的好发部位、肉眼分型、浸润深度、肿瘤大小、组织学分类、淋巴结转移等病理学指标。结果：电子胃镜检查活检证实早期胃癌的阳性率93．1％,好发部位以胃窦居多占74％,溃疡型多见;组织学分类以管状型腺癌为主,常与慢性萎缩性胃炎、不典型增生和肠上皮化生相伴随;全组早期胃癌淋巴结转移率59．3％。结论：早期胃癌的浸润深度、肿瘤大小、伴随疾病、淋巴结转移的数据是早期胃癌组织病理学诊断的重要指标。     

淋巴结转移指数与胃癌临床病理特征的相关性研究

目的探讨淋巴结转移指数与胃癌的临床病理特征的相关性,建立一个以淋巴结转移指数预测胃癌N分期的评分系统,为手术者选择合理的淋巴结切除范围提供一定帮助。方法回顾性分析216例胃癌患者的淋巴结转移和临床病理特征之间的相关性,单因素和多因素分析筛选出影响实际淋巴转移病理分期水平高低的临床参数,赋予各参数不同的计分分值。绘制接受者工作特征曲线,确定预测各淋巴结转移病理分期的评分标准。结果单因素分析显示不同肿瘤部位、大小、浸润深度、组织学类型的淋巴结转移病理分期差异具有统计学意义;早期胃癌与进展期胃癌淋巴结转移病理分期的差异具有统计学意义,但多因素分析结果显示肿瘤大小、浸润深度、组织学类型是淋巴结转移病理分期的独立影响因素。结论淋巴结转移指数能更加全面反映胃癌的淋巴结转移情况,是定义胃癌淋巴结转移病理分期的较好方法。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.