胆囊嵌顿结石腹腔镜手术的探讨

目的:探讨胆囊嵌顿结石腹腔镜胆囊切除术的方法.方法:527例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者中嵌顿结石58例(11%),在气管插管静脉复合麻醉下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术.结果:嵌顿结石的平均手术时间(110±31) min较非嵌顿者(60±25) min显著延长(P<0.05);平均出血量(120±100) g较非嵌顿者(30±16) g显著增加(P<0.05);中转开腹手术明显增多;术后有2例存在残留结石.结论:对于胆囊嵌顿结石,应用腹腔镜治疗要严格掌握适应症,对于三管合流部炎症较重,而解剖需要60 min以上的病例,以及嵌顿结石的位置无法确认或术野展开困难的病例,应及时中转开腹手术.     

硬质胆镜与纤维胆道镜治疗胆管结石的临床优势比较

目的:探讨硬质胆镜与纤维胆道镜在腹腔镜胆总管探查术中治疗胆管结石的应用价值。方法:将86例确诊的胆管结石患者随机分为硬质胆镜组和纤维胆道镜组2组,分别行腹腔镜联合硬质胆镜和纤维胆道镜胆总管探查治疗,比较2组患者不同胆管部位的探查成功率、取石率、残石率及巨大嵌顿结石的取出率。结果:2组患者探查成功率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。硬质胆镜组和纤维胆道镜组I期取石率分别为69.8%和58.1%,总取石率分别为90.7%和83.7%,残石率分别为9.3%和11.6%,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。硬质胆镜组和纤维胆道镜组肝内胆管巨大嵌顿石取出率分别为85.7%和45.5%,硬质胆镜组高于纤维胆道镜组(χ2=4.588,P=0.032);胆总管下段巨大嵌顿石取出率分别为90.9%和61.5%,硬质胆管镜组高于纤维胆道镜组,但差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.967,P=0.085);肝脏边缘结石取出率分别为33.3%和50.0%,纤维胆道镜组高于硬质胆镜组,差异亦无统计学意义(χ2=0.486,P=0.486)。结论:纤维胆道镜和硬质胆镜在治疗胆管结石中各有不同的优势,临床应用中2种胆道镜合理配合应用有助于提高取石成功率。     

全麻术中胆囊压力的测量及其临床价值

目的初步探讨全麻术中测量胆囊压力的临床价值。方法选择我院2014年1月至2015年12月收治的胆囊结石及息肉患者208例,分为7组:胆囊息肉组、胆囊结石组、胆囊结石并息肉组、胆囊结石伴慢性胆囊炎组、胆囊结石伴急性胆囊炎组、胆囊管结石组、胆囊管结石嵌顿组,全麻术中测量各组胆囊压力。结果胆囊息肉组28例,平均压力(11.18±4.23)cm H_2O;胆囊结石组56例,平均压力(11.82±3.29)cm H_2O;胆囊结石并息肉组31例,平均压力(9.94±3.37)cm H_2O;胆囊结石伴慢性胆囊炎组38例,平均压力(13.42±5.56)cm H_2O;胆囊结石伴急性胆囊炎组21例,平均压力(13.62±7.90)cm H_2O;胆囊管结石组10例,平均压力(19.20±4.94)cm H_2O;胆囊管结石嵌顿组16例,平均压力(45.25±26.98)cm H_2O。胆囊管结石组及胆囊管结石嵌顿组这2组的胆囊压力高于其他5组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论全麻术中胆囊压力的升高与胆囊管梗阻相关,胆囊压力超过19.2 cm H_2O提示可能存在胆囊管结石。     

输尿管镜联合取石网和经皮肾镜治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的比较输尿管镜联合镍钛合金泌尿系统取石网(URL+Stone Cone)和微创经皮肾镜碎石取石术(MPCNL)治疗输尿管上段嵌顿结石的临床疗效。方法从2014年1月至2015年11月,共选取我院78例单侧嵌顿性输尿管上段结石患者,38例接受输尿管镜联合镍钛合金泌尿系统取石网碎石术,40例接受微创经皮肾镜碎石取石术,比较两种碎石方法的手术时间、碎石成功率、结石清除率等临床指标。结果 URL+Stone Cone组2例患者结石上移,术后行体外冲击波碎石治疗,MPCNL组所有患者均顺利完成手术。两组手术平均时间分别为(55±13)min和(61±12)min,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);一次碎石成功率分别为94.7%和100%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后平均住院时间分别为(5.6±1.5)d和(7.2±1.3)d,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);术后3 d结石清除率分别为为65.8%和90%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后1个月结石清除率分别为94.7%和97.5%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者均未出现严重并发症。结论输尿管镜联合镍钛合金泌尿系统取石网治疗输尿管上段结石能够减少结石上移,提高碎石成功率,临床疗效和MPCNL的差异无明显意义,且有创伤小、住院时间短的优点,具有良好的临床价值。     

胆道镜保留胆囊治疗胆囊管嵌顿结石12例报告

目的:探讨新式硬性胆道镜微创保留胆囊治疗胆囊管嵌顿结石的可行性。方法:2006年9月至2007年7月用胆道镜行微创保留胆囊治疗胆囊管嵌顿结石12例。喉罩全麻,迷你腹腔镜直视右肋缘下小切口抓取胆囊,胆囊底部小切口,用胆道镜行胆囊探查、胆囊管取石术。镜末端套上胆囊粘膜保护装置,推开胆囊管粘膜,暴露结石。对质地松软或质脆的结石直接用取石钳钳碎;坚硬的结石则用气压弹道连续冲击或间断冲击碎石,然后清除碎石。术中B超检查确认无残余结石后,用3-0肠线连续双重锁边缝合胆囊底部切口。结果:12例手术均获成功,其中3例行胆囊造瘘术,术后6周拔除造瘘管,经窦道再次行胆道镜检查无残余结石,近期疗效好。平均手术时间65m in,术中平均出血2m l,术后胃肠功能平均恢复时间16h,术后第1天可下地活动,平均住院4d。随访1~11个月恢复良好,胆囊结石无复发。结论:新式硬性胆道镜微创保留胆囊治疗胆囊管嵌顿结石安全、有效、彻底。     

腹腔镜治疗胆结石临床观察

目的分析观察腹腔镜下治疗胆囊颈部结石嵌顿伴急性胆囊炎临床效果。方法对本院在2017年5月到2018年3月期间收治的50例胆囊颈部结石嵌顿伴急性胆囊炎患者,根据治疗方法不同将其分为研究组和对照组,各25例。其中对照组使用常规方案治疗;研究组患者,应用腹腔镜下微创疗法治疗。分析对比两组患者临床治疗实效性。结果研究组胆囊颈部结石嵌顿伴急性胆囊炎患者在腹腔镜下治疗,研究组(92%)治疗效果明显优于对照组(68%),两组对比有统计学差异(P0.05);同时,对比分析两组患者并发症发生情况,研究组患者在胆管狭窄、胆总管结石、肠梗阻并发症发生率方面,相较于对照组患者有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在临床治疗胆囊颈部结石嵌顿伴急性胆囊炎患者中,采取腹腔镜下微创疗法治疗,改善患者临床治疗效果,降低患者临床并发症发生率,发挥积极影响。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊颈管嵌顿结石的手术技巧及治疗体会

目的:总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)治疗胆囊颈管嵌顿结石的手术方法及体会。方法:回顾分析2004年8月至2009年8月为58例胆囊颈管嵌顿结石致急性胆囊炎患者施行LC的临床资料。全麻下行三孔法LC,充分游离胆囊三角,骨骼化胆囊动脉、胆囊管,暴露出胆囊管与胆总管汇合部,尝试将结石推入胆囊壶腹失败后,沿胆囊管长轴剪开0.5~1.0cm,取出结石,断端结扎或缝合。结果:53例(91.4%)成功完成LC,3例(5.2%)中转开腹,2例术后合并胆总管结石,行内镜逆行胰胆管造影取石后治愈。无胆管损伤、胆漏等手术并发症发生及死亡病例。术后住院2~9d,平均4d。56例术后随访半年无手术并发症发生。结论:正确解剖胆囊三角,必要时剪开胆囊管,完全可在腹腔镜下处理胆囊颈管嵌顿结石,并可避免胆管损伤。     

急性胆囊炎胆囊颈管结石嵌顿的腹腔镜胆囊切除术

目的总结急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)治疗急性胆囊炎胆囊颈管结石嵌顿的心得体会。方法回顾性分析急性胆囊炎胆囊颈管结石嵌顿51例的临床资料,手术采用四孔法和吸引器推吸钝性分离以及Hartmann袋或胆囊管切开取石法行腹腔镜胆囊切除术。结果 49例(96.1%)顺利完成LC,2例(3.9%)患者术中无法辨清胆囊三角的结构关系而及时中转开腹,无胆管损伤发生,切口感染3例(5.9%),51例均痊愈,术后平均4.5(2~10)d出院。结论急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除治疗急性胆囊炎胆囊颈管结石嵌顿是安全可行的,在胆囊三角解剖困难时,采用Hartmann袋或胆囊管切开取石后再行腹腔镜胆囊切除是预防胆管损伤的好方法。     

微创经皮肾镜与后腹腔镜治疗输尿管上段嵌顿结石的疗效比较

目的比较微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石与后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管上段嵌顿结石的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2011年3月~2012年12月我院收治的65例输尿管上段结石患者的临床资料。其中,35例行微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石,30例行后腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石术。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、结石清除率及平均住院日等指标。结果微创经皮肾镜组手术时间明显短于后腹腔镜组((62.2±20.2)min vs(73.5±22.4)min),术中出血量明显多于后腹腔镜组((63±12)ml vs(36±14)ml),差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);而两组结石清除率及平均住院日比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。经皮肾镜组术后出现大出血1例,发热2例,结石残留(4 mm)1例。后腹腔镜组出现发热1例,尿瘘1例。所有患者术后随访3个月,复查B超未见残留结石。结论微创经皮肾镜取石术和后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术均可有效治疗输尿管上段嵌顿结石,应根据临床具体情况选择适合的手术方法。     

微创经皮肾镜与输尿管镜治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的比较

目的对比微创经皮肾镜碎石(MPCNL)与输尿管镜碎石术(URL)治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的疗放。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2015年8月间在韶关市第一人民医院收治的嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的患者110例,其中MPCNL组和URL组各55例,比较两组的手术一般情况以及术后情况。结果两组手术时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),中转开放手术的发生率MPCNL组明显低于URL组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术后发热、肾绞痛、输尿管穿孔率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。MPCNL组术后住院时间较URL组明显延长(P0.05)。MPCNL组术后3 d、1个月的结石清除率明显高于URL组(P0.05)。结论 MPCNL治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石能够获得较高的结石清除率,可发展为嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的首选治疗方法。     

腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术联合胆道镜胆囊颈管探查在复杂胆囊手术中的应用

背景与目的:腹腔镜胆囊切除是治疗胆囊结石伴胆囊炎的金标准手术,但在胆囊三角解剖结构紊乱、与周围组织致密粘连的情况下,实施标准的腹腔镜下胆囊切除具有较大难度和风险,腹腔镜下胆囊大部切除(LSC)可降低手术难度,减少中转开腹手术率,并可有效避免胆管、血管损伤,但是这种手术方式面临的主要问题是胆囊颈管情况不明及结石残留。本研究探讨LSC联合胆道镜探查胆囊颈管在复杂胆囊切除手术中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2014年1月-2018年1月36例LSC同时进行胆囊颈管胆道镜探查患者的临床资料,其中急性化脓性胆囊炎22例,急性坏疽性胆囊炎5例,慢性萎缩性胆囊炎9例。术前所有患者均行超声及CT检查明确诊断,33例患者进行MRCP检查,其中28例提示胆囊颈管内结石或可疑结石,2例患者合并Mirriz综合征。结果:36例患者均行LSC同时进行胆囊管胆道镜探查,术中发现胆囊颈管内有胆汁流出8例,无胆汁流出28例。有胆汁流出患者经过胆囊颈管探查发现结石2例,采用超细取石网篮取出。无胆汁流出患者胆道镜探查发现结石26例,观察到胆囊管远端炎性狭窄1例,胆囊管迂曲无法进一步深入探查1例;结石的处理包括单纯采用取石网篮取出4例,采用等离子碎石+取石网篮取石16例,采用针刀剖开胆囊管螺旋瓣+等离子碎石+取石6例;取石后胆汁流出23例,3例无胆汁流出,其中1例远端炎性狭窄,考虑胆囊管炎性闭塞,另2例胆管扭曲,未能完成进一步探查明确原因。35例胆囊颈管采用倒刺线进行关闭,1例因胆囊颈管炎症水肿严重,无法缝合,颈管内放置引流管。无中转开腹患者,术中无胆管及血管损伤发生。手术时间50~170 min,出血50~120 mL,术后出院时间为5~10 d。7例患者出现并发症,其中包括胆总管结石胆管炎1例,胆汁漏2例,Trocar孔感染1例,其他非手术相关并发症4例;行ERCP胆总管取石1例。2例胆汁漏患者保持引流管通畅,分别于2周和1个月后胆汁漏停止。随访5个月至1年,无手术相关并发症出现。结论:采用LSC结合胆道镜胆囊颈管探查,可以最大程度了解胆囊颈管内情况,较好解决胆囊颈管结石嵌顿及残留问题,在复杂胆囊手术中具有一定应用价值。     

顺逆结合胆囊切除在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的 :探讨顺逆结合胆囊切除在腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)中的应用价值。方法 :对 6 0 0例结石性胆囊炎、胆囊息肉患者 ,采用顺逆结合法行LC手术。结果 :6 0 0例患者术后均顺利康复 ,无胆管损伤等并发症发生。术中将胆囊完全游离后发现 ,把 8例的胆总管误认为胆囊管夹闭 ,2例各有一与肝总管平行的副肝管汇入钛夹远端的胆囊管 ,11例在钛夹近端的胆囊管内有结石嵌顿 ,而术前B超未提示胆囊管内有结石嵌顿 ;均及时取除钛夹后 ,重新夹闭胆囊管的近端和远端 ,再切除胆囊。结论 :在LC手术中 ,采用顺逆结合法切除胆囊 ,可有效地减少胆管损伤、胆囊管残余结石等并发症的发生     

亚甲蓝示踪腹腔镜胆囊管分型的临床价值

目的:评价术中亚甲蓝示踪技术用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)预防胆管损伤的价值。方法:LC术中解剖分离胆囊三角、胆囊管前,将0.9%氯化钠注射液稀释的50%医用亚甲蓝注射液注入胆囊内,使胆囊、胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管染色,术野中胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管三者的解剖关系清晰可见,可预防LC手术过程中损伤胆管。结果:100例慢性结石性胆囊炎患者在LC时应用了亚甲蓝示踪技术,其中82例胆囊、胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管染色清晰可见;15例胆囊、胆囊壶腹部、胆囊管染色,3例仅胆囊、胆囊壶腹部染色。无一例发生胆管损伤。结论:非急性、结石嵌顿性胆囊良性疾病用此法可避免由于胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管三者关系的错误辨别所致胆管损伤的发生。     

Preoperative assessment for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: feasibility of using spiral computed tomography.

OBJECTIVE: The authors investigated the preoperative feasibility of using spiral computed tomography (SCT) after intravenous infusion cholangiography (IVC-SCT) for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: In laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the aberrant or unusual anatomy of the bile duct and severe inflammation or adhesions around the gallbladder sometimes require a conversion to open surgery. METHODS: Laparoscopic cholecystectomies (LC's) were attempted on 440 patients, and preoperative IVC-SCT also was attempted in all of these patients. Using this spiral scanning technique, the bile ducts, cystic duct, and gallbladder were assessed for contour abnormalities, relative position, and filling defects. Forty-seven patients were diagnosed with having stones in their common bile duct or common hepatic duct. RESULTS: Three-hundred eighty-seven patients out of the 440 patients (88.0%) who were subjected to IVC-SCT had the length and course of their cystic duct successfully determined. Anomalous unions of the cystic duct were seen in 59 (15.2%) of 387 patients with respect to the operative findings, and 48 of 440 patients (10.9%) had severe adhesions to Calot's triangle and the surrounding tissues. In these 48 patients, 45 patients (94%) had a nonvisualized cystic duct on IVC-SCT. The preoperative assessment of the feasibility (dense adhesions obscuring Calot's triangle) of using IVC-SCT demonstrated that the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 93%, 98%, and 94%, respectively. Five patients had to be converted to open surgery, and the overall morbidity rates for patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy was 0.9% (4 of 440). CONCLUSIONS: The most important factor in assessing the feasibility of using laparoscopic cholecystectomy is not the nonvisualized gallbladder, but the nonvisualized cystic duct on IVC-SCT. IVC-SCT may be of benefit to those patients scheduled to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

难切性胆囊的腹腔镜治疗

目的 探讨胆囊壶腹结石嵌顿伴胆囊积脓的腹腔镜胆囊切除（LC）的可行性及手术方法。方法 76例急性胆囊炎伴胆囊壶腹结石嵌顿胆囊积脓患者行LC。手术中见胆囊管增粗34例,阶梯施夹法11例,大号钛夹法9例,套扎线法4例,HOO-M-LOK结扎11例;手术中取出胆囊管结石9例,处理胆囊床出血6例;6例行胆囊前壁切除手术。结果 76例中LC全部成功,手术后均放置引流,手术后2例出现胆漏,经放置的腹腔引流管治愈,全组病例无术后出血,内脏损伤和胆道损伤等并发症发生。结论急性胆囊炎伴胆囊壶腹结石嵌顿和胆囊积脓患者LC手术可行,可达到LC的良好效果,不是LC手术的禁忌症。     

The prevention of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy from the point of view of anatomic variation

The aim of this study was to evaluate ways to prevent bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with anomalous biliary tract anatomy. The biliary tract was studied using cholangiograms of 511 patients who had gallbladder disease and was dissected in 92 cadaveric specimens. The authors classified confluent forms of the cystic duct and the bile duct into five different types, including four anomalous types. Sixteen instances (3.13%) of anatomic variation of the biliary tract were found among the patients, and four cases (4.35%) were found in the cadavers. Among the 511 patients, there were 495 cases of type C anatomy, three cases of type A, seven cases of type R, six cases of type P, and zero cases of type L; among the 92 cadaveric specimens, there were 88 cases of type C anatomy, one case of type R, two cases of type P, and one case of type L. For anatomic types A, P, and R, there is a high probability of risk of cutting the wrong duct. Therefore, it is important to clarify the anatomy of the biliary tract by preoperative examination and to carefully dissect the cystic duct close to the neck of the gallbladder during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anatomic variation of the biliary tract is common and can create a rare pitfall during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Incomplete excision of the gallbladder during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Dissection and transection of the cystic duct close to the gallbladder has been advocated as a means of avoiding common bile injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). We present three cases in which inadequate identification of the gallbladder—cystic duct junction resulted in incomplete cholecystectomy. In two patients an unsecured gallbladder infundibulum presented as cystic duct leaks and one patient developed recurrent symptomatic cholelithiasis. These cases emphasize the need for complete dissection and visualization of the cystic duct at the gallbladder prior its division and secure ligation during LC.     

急性胆囊炎的腹腔镜手术治疗体会(附212例报告)

目的总结急性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的经验。方法 2004年1月~2009年1月,对212例急性胆囊炎行LC。术中行胆囊减压,将胆囊颈部嵌顿的结石反向推至胆囊内,恢复胆囊三角的解剖关系,紧贴胆囊颈分离解剖胆囊管和胆囊动脉;对增粗的胆囊管用7号丝线结扎后再加钛夹或可吸收夹;胆囊局部病变重,胆囊三角解剖不清者,行胆囊大部切除,残余胆囊黏膜电凝破坏,缝合胆囊残端;对短胆囊管,在明确胆囊管、肝总管和胆总管的关系后用1枚钛夹夹闭胆囊管,离断时留部分胆囊颈组织以防钛夹脱落。212例术后均放置腹腔引流管。结果 201例完成LC,11例中转开腹,其中Mirizzi综合征Ⅰ型2例,胆囊与胃、十二指肠、横结肠紧密粘连2例,7例为胆囊三角粘连严重,解剖不清。4例术后胆漏,经保守治疗痊愈。186例随访1~12个月,平均4.6月,无胆总管残余结石等并发症。结论 LC治疗急性胆囊炎是安全可行的,严格病例选择,酌情处理胆囊三角、胆囊管和分离胆囊,常规放置引流管,适时中转开腹是手术成功的关键。     

EXTRAHEPATIC BILIARY ANATOMY AT LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY: IS ABERRANT ANATOMY IMPORTANT?

BACKGROUND: The prevention of major duct injury at cholecystectomy relies on the accurate dissection of the cystic duct and artery, and avoidance of major adjacent biliary and vascular structures. Innumerable variations in the anatomy of the extrahepatic biliary tree and associated vasculature have been reported from radiographical and anatomical studies, and are cited as a potential cause of bile duct injury at cholecystectomy. METHODS: A photographic study of the dissected anatomy of 186 consecutive cholecystectomies was undertaken and each photo analysed to assess the position of the cystic duct and artery, the common bile duct and any anomalous structures. RESULTS: The anatomy in the region of the gallbladder neck was relatively constant. Anatomical variations were uncommon and anomalous ducts were not seen. Vascular variations were the only significant abnormalities found in the present series. CONCLUSION: Anatomy in the region of the gallbladder neck varies mostly in vascular patterns. Aberrant ducts or duct abnormalities are rarely seen during cholecystectomy hightlighting the principle that careful dissection and identification is the key to safe cholecystectomy.