溶脂抽脂术用于乳腺癌腋淋巴结清扫可行性研究

目的 探讨溶脂、抽脂术在传统乳腺癌腋淋巴清扫中的可行性及安全性。方法 对2006年6月至2009年05月深圳市第六人民医院普外科诊治64例乳腺癌的临床资料进行对比分析。64例随机分为溶脂、抽脂组（33例）和传统腋淋巴结清扫组（31例）,对比分析两组术中出血、淋巴清扫数目、肋间臂神经保护等情况。 结果 溶脂、抽脂组手术时间长于传统组（P<0.05）, 两组术中岀血量比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,清扫淋巴结总数及阳性淋巴结数的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组随访6个月至2年,均无复发与转移。 结论 溶脂、抽脂组可明显提高肋间臂神经保护的成功率（P<0.05）,其淋巴结清除率可达到传统手术标准,是一种安全可行的方法。     

注射溶脂剂在乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫术中的应用价值

目的:探讨腋窝皮下注射溶脂剂在乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫术中的应用价值.方法:将2012年3月-2012年7月收治的26例乳腺癌患者分为常规组(行常规腋窝淋巴结清扫术)与溶脂剂组(皮下注射溶脂液后行腋窝淋巴结清扫术),每组13例.比较两组的手术时间、术中出血量、肋间臂神经的保留情况及术后并发腋窝积液等.结果:溶脂剂组肋间臂神经全部完整保留,且术中出血较少,与常规组比较差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05);两组的手术时间及术后并发腋窝积液的几率差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).结论:注射溶脂剂后行腋窝淋巴结清扫术有利于分离和保留肋间臂神经,且术中出血少,对于乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫术具有实际的应用价值.     

乳腺癌术中保留肋间臂神经的临床观察

目的探讨保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析82例行乳腺癌手术患者的临床资料,分成研究组39例（保留肋间臂神经）及对照组43例常规手术（切除肋间臂神经）,术后对两组患者的并发症,患侧上臂、腋下、肩胛区等部位感觉异常情况及患肢疼痛变化进行比较,并随访观察复发情况。结果术后上肢感觉障碍、上肢疼痛变化等的发生率,研究组明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。经随访两组均未发现局部复发。结论乳腺癌术中保留肋间臂神经可明显减少术后患侧上肢并发症的发生率,改善患者生活质量。     

乳腺癌改良根治术中保护胸肌神经和肋间臂神经疗效观察

目的探讨乳腺癌改良根治术中保护胸肌神经和肋间臂神经的效果。方法随机将74例接受乳腺癌改良根治术的患者分为2组,各37例。观察组术中保护胸肌神经和肋间臂神经,对照组不予保护胸肌神经和肋间臂神经。比较2组患者术后上臂感觉障碍、运动障碍的发生率及胸大肌萎缩程度。结果观察组患者上臂感觉和功能障碍发生率及胸大肌萎缩程度均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组并发症比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论乳腺癌改良根治术中保护胸肌神经和肋间臂神经,能够有效避免术后患者上臂感觉及运动障碍,减轻胸大肌萎缩程度,且不增加并发症发生率。     

乳腺癌Kodama根治术中保留肋间臂神经效果观察

目的探讨乳腺癌Kodama根治术中保留肋间臂神经的效果。方法随机将接受乳腺癌Kodama根治术的68例患者分为2组,每组34例。观察组术中对肋间臂神经进行解剖并予以保留;对照组不对肋间臂神经进行解剖。比较2组的手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫数及术后并发症发生率。随访6个月,比较2组患者患侧上臂感觉异常发生率。结果 2组手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫数及术后并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。随访6个月,对照组患者患侧上臂异常感觉发生率显著高于观察组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论乳腺癌Kodama根治术中对肋间臂神经进行解剖和保留,在不影响手术效果的同时,能有效降低术后患者患侧上臂的感觉异常等发生率。     

保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌改良根治术中的临床意义

目的分析保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌改良根治术中的临床效果。方法乳腺癌患者80例,随机分为观察组与对照组,每组各40例。观察组行保留肋间臂神经手术,对照组则将肋间臂神经同时清扫,比较两组患者手术时间、清扫淋巴结数量、术中出血量以及并发症发生率。随访两组患者术后上臂感觉障碍及复发转移情况。结果两组患者手术时间、手术清扫淋巴结数量及术中出血量比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组并发症发生率为12.50%,对照组率为15.00%,两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术后1周上臂感觉障碍为10.00%,术后1个月为5.00%,术后3个月为2.50%,术后6个月为2.50%,术后12个月无。对照组分别为52.50%、47.50%、45.50%、37.50%和27.50%。观察组术后上臂感觉障碍发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。随访1年,两组患者均无复发及转移。结论在乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经可以有效地降低术后患侧上臂感觉障碍发生率。     

保留肋间臂神经乳腺癌腋窝清扫术85例

目的：探讨乳腺癌腋窝清扫术保留肋间臂神经的临床意义。方法：在85例乳腺癌腋窝清扫术中，采用腋静脉下方途径保留肋间臂神经，术后观察其效果。结果：84例保留肋间臂神经成功，1例不慎切断。术后上臂内侧感觉异常发生率为4．7％(4／85)，2周后症状消失。随访均未发现局部复发。结论：乳腺癌腋窝清扫术中保留肋间臂神经，可明显减少上臂内侧感觉障碍的发生率，有利于提高患术后生活质量。     

保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫术中的临床价值

目的探讨保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫术中的临床价值。方法选择Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺瘤患者舳例,随机分为两组,实验组50例,在腋窝淋巴结清扫时完整保留肋间臂神经;对照组30例,采用常规方法切除不保留肋间臂神经。术后对两组患者进行随访,观察患侧腋窝及上臂感觉情况并作比较。结果术后3d、1个月、3个月及6个月实验组患侧腋窝及上臂感觉障碍发生率均小于对照组,且差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论在Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫术中保留肋间臂神经,能够有效地防止患侧腋窝及上臂皮肤感觉障碍,改善患者生活质量,具有较高的临床价值。     

乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经的临床意义

目的探讨保留肋间臂神经(intercostobrachial nerve,ICBN)在乳腺癌改良根治术中应用以及临床意义。方法 120例采用Auchineloss改良根治术乳腺癌患者随机分为观察组(保留肋间臂神经组)和对照组(不保留肋间臂神经组),每组55例,对比两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、检出的淋巴结数目、手术后并发症发生比例、患肢上臂内侧感觉恢复情况等。结果两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、清扫淋巴结数目、术后并发症发生比例比较差异无统计学意义,术后两组患者上臂内侧感觉障碍的发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论只要熟悉肋间臂神经解剖特点与走行,在Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌腋淋巴结清扫术中保留ICBN不增加手术难度及局部复发率,不影响患者的生存期,可以有效改善乳腺癌患者术后的生活质量,是安全、可行的,值得临床推广应用。     

保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌手术中的临床应用

目的 探讨在乳腺癌手术中保留肋间臂神经的方法及临床意义 方法 分析手术治疗的165例乳腺癌患者肋间臂神经保留情况,其中完整保留肋间臂神经102例,切除63例,术后对患者进行观察及随访 结果 保留肋间臂神经的102例中,术后患侧上臂内侧及腋部皮肤感觉障碍发生率为8.8％(9／102);切除肋间臂神经的63例中．感觉障碍发生率为95.2％ (60／63),P<0．001。两组患者术后随访均未见肿瘤局部复发。结论 保留肋间臂神经的乳腺癌手术能够有效降低患侧腋窝及上肢皮肤感觉障碍的发生率,改善生存质量。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.