新型冠状病毒感染发生危重症及死亡的危险因素及其临床干预措施研究进展

新型冠状病毒感染(COVID-19)是由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)引起的急性传染性疾病,在全球造成了前所未有的社会和经济影响。在COVID-19进展的过程中,基于循证依据明确了许多感染个体的危险因素,包括高龄、男性、吸烟、饮酒、妊娠、代谢相关的疾病(如糖尿病、高血压、心血管疾病和肝病)、慢性肺部疾病、慢性肾脏疾病、营养不良、癌症及化疗,同时指出感染病毒的株型及载量也与COVID-19严重程度相关。建议对存在危险因素的SARS-CoV-2感染者落实科学干预,通过合理的药物干预(抗病毒、抗凝、抗炎及中药方剂)及适当的非药物干预措施,如监测、营养支持和包含中医锻炼、中药香薰等中医特色疗法。本综述分析影响COVID-19病程进展的危险因素,并依据国内外诊疗方案及案例提出干预措施,强调并发症的识别及治疗。     

糖皮质激素在新型冠状病毒肺炎中的应用进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎(Corona Virus Disease 2019,COVID-19)的大流行引发了全球性的危机,危害到人们的生命与健康,迫切需要有效的治疗方法来降低COVID-19患者的并发症和病死率.但是在COVID-19的药物治疗上仍存在着争议,尤其是对糖皮质激素的应用.随着时间的推移,一些研究发现糖皮质激素的...     

新型冠状病毒感染对神经系统的影响

关于新型冠状病毒感染(COVID-19)对中枢神经系统损害的机制有很多争议。本文对近2年来COVID-19引起相关神经系统症状及疾病的研究进展进行总结和分析, 以期有助于早期识别COVID-19, 了解其神经损伤的潜在机制, 对于新型冠状病毒引起的神经系统症状、并发症进行更好的预防与处理措施。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎实验室诊断技术研究进展

 

2019年12月,湖北省武汉市发现以肺部病变为主的新型冠状病毒感染,2020年2月11日世界卫生组织（WHO）将由新型冠状病毒引发的疾病正式命名为2019冠状病毒病（coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19）,该病毒称为严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）。COVID-19短时间内扩散到全国,3月11日WHO宣布COVID-19已构成全球大流行。实验室检测是确诊COVID-19的重要依据,对于该病的治疗和防疫工作至关重要。本文对COVID-19实验室临床诊断技术相关进展进行整理综述。

     

新型冠状病毒肺炎药物治疗的研究进展

2019年12月,中国以湖北省武汉市为中心暴发了一场新型冠状病毒导致的肺炎疫情,称为新型冠状病毒肺炎（coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19）疫情。截至2020年3月1日24时,据我国31个省（自治区、直辖市）和新疆生产建设兵团报告,累计确诊病例80 026例,中国港澳台地区确诊148例。目前,COVID-19无特效抗病毒药物或疫苗,治疗药物的选择主要是基于既往严重急性呼吸综合征、中东呼吸综合征及其他一些流感病毒的治疗经验。瑞德西韦、氯喹、法匹拉韦、恢复期血浆在临床上初见疗效,但其安全性和疗效,还须要大样本量进一步验证。利巴韦林、洛匹那韦/利托那韦、干扰素-α、阿比多尔联合应用,应注意其不良反应,慎重选择。达鲁那韦目前还停留在体外实验阶段,中医辩证治疗还须进一步验证。本文围绕目前临床上治疗COVID-19药物的研究进展进行综述,为COVID-19治疗提供参考。     

新型冠状病毒感染性疾病心血管系统损害机制与治疗进展

随着确诊人数的增加,2019新型冠状病毒(2019 novel Coronoavirus,2019-nCoV)感染的表现呈现多样性,出现了继发或首发为心血管系统损害表现的临床症状。本文将结合近日来公布的2019-nCoV感染患者病例资料和最新的研究,对此次2019-nCoV感染疾病(Corona Virus Disease 2019,COVID-19)的心血管系统损害表现、可能机制及治疗进展做一概述。     

中国首例COVID-19孕妇治疗后分娩三胞胎早产儿阴性

目的 了解新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)三胞胎孕妇的疾病特点、治疗和分娩早产儿结局.方法 分析中国首例COVID-19三胞胎孕妇的临床资料、诊疗过程,以及分娩早产儿陪娩、监测方法、结局.结果 某院收治1例孕28周新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)核酸阳性13 h入院患者,病程中出现持续高热、呼吸困难等.给予CO...     

变应性鼻炎及哮喘的严重程度及用药对新型冠状病毒感染的影响

由新型严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型(SARS-CoV-2)所致的2019年冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)已造成 6.6亿人感染, 670万人死亡。目前已确定了多种与COVID-19病情严重度相关的危险因素, 但变应性鼻炎与哮喘是否会对新型冠状病毒感染造成影响尚存在争议。总体而言, 没有充足的证据支持变应性鼻炎或哮喘是增加新型冠状病毒感染率或使病情加重的危险因素, 甚至有研究显示, 特应性可能是减轻新冠病毒感染的保护因素, 这与具备特应性的个体中SARS-CoV-2 进入细胞所需的受体血管紧张素转换酶2的表达减少有关。本文就变应性鼻炎及哮喘的严重程度及用药对新型冠状病毒感染的影响进行综述, 以期为制定 COVID-19 的预防、风险分层和治疗策略提供参考依据。     

2021年河南省驻马店市新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情基因溯源

目的 对2021年河南省驻马店市发生的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情进行基因溯源分析,为制定精准的防控策略提供科学依据.方法 对2021年驻马店市发生的2例COVID-19病例的新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)阳性咽拭子样本进行高通量测序获得病毒全基因组,并构建全基因组序列系统进化(Neighbor-joi...     

新型冠状病毒疫苗研发进展及接种意愿分析

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）自2019年末爆发后迅速造成全球大流行,对公共卫生健康构成众大威胁。引发COVID-19的严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒-2（SARS-CoV-2）是高致病性病毒,各国采取多种防疫措施均未能从根本控制病毒传播,有效的疫苗对应控制疫情发生发展具有重要作用。各国通力合作,大力研发安全、有效的新型冠状病毒疫苗,本研究综述了新型冠状病毒疫苗研发的进展以及各国民众的疫苗接种意愿。     

Does Oxidative Stress Management Help Alleviation of COVID-19 Symptoms in Patients Experiencing Diabetes?

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 virus causes novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with other comorbidities such as diabetes. Diabetes is the most common cause of diabetic nephropathy, which is attributed to hyperglycemia. COVID-19 produces severe complications in people with diabetes mellitus. This article explains how SARS-CoV-2 causes more significant kidney damage in diabetic patients. Importantly, COVID-19 and diabetes share inflammatory pathways of disease progression. SARS-CoV-2 binding with ACE-2 causes depletion of ACE-2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) from blood vessels, and subsequently, angiotensin-II interacts with angiotensin receptor-1 from vascular membranes that produce NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen phosphate) oxidase, oxidative stress, and constriction of blood vessels. Since diabetes and COVID-19 can create oxidative stress, we hypothesize that COVID-19 with comorbidities such as diabetes can synergistically increase oxidative stress leading to end-stage renal failure and death. Antioxidants may therefore prevent renal damage-induced death by inhibiting oxidative damage and thus can help protect people from COVID-19 related comorbidities. A few clinical trials indicated how effective the antioxidant therapy is against improving COVID-19 symptoms, based on a limited number of patients who experienced COVID-19. In this review, we tried to understand how effective antioxidants (such as vitamin D and flavonoids) can act as food supplements or therapeutics against COVID-19 with diabetes as comorbidity based on recently available clinical, preclinical, or in silico studies.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎药物治疗研究进展

目前,尚未有确认对新型冠状病毒肺炎有效的抗病毒治疗与疫苗预防手段。结合以往冠状病毒治疗的循证证据及临床一线治疗经验制定治疗方案,现就新型冠状病毒肺炎药物治疗研究进展进行综述,具体从核苷逆转录酶抑制剂、核苷类似物等抗病毒药物,以及恢复期血浆治疗等方面进行介绍。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎药物治疗研究进展

目前，尚未有确认对新型冠状病毒肺炎有效的抗病毒治疗与疫苗预防手段。结合以往冠状病毒治疗的循证证据及临床一线治疗经验制定治疗方案，现就新型冠状病毒肺炎药物治疗研究进展进行综述，具体从核苷逆转录酶抑制剂、核苷类似物等抗病毒药物，以及恢复期血浆治疗等方面进行介绍。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎研究进展

2019年12月底,中国暴发了一场不明微生物引发的病毒性肺炎。经研究确认,该不明微生物为一种新的冠状病毒,即严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2）,2020年2月,WHO将SARS-CoV-2感染的肺炎正式命名为新型冠状病毒肺炎（coronavirus disease-2019, COVID-19）。随着对SARS-CoV-2及其引发肺炎研究的深入,SARS-CoV-2特点、COVID-19临床及流行病学特征、临床诊治技术等研究内容陆续在国内外杂志报道。本文对已开展的COVID-19研究工作梳理总结,围绕溯源分析、检测手段、临床表现、药物研发、病毒传播等5个方面进行综述,以期对临床及科研工作者提供帮助。     

一起新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情流行病学调查分析

目的 分析一起新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)聚集性疫情特征,同时探讨血清特异性抗体检测对流行病学调查的意义,为新冠肺炎疫情防控策略的进一步完善提供参考。 方法 对某县发生的一起新冠肺炎聚集性疫情进行现场流行病学调查,将管控区内所有湖北旅居史人员划归为可疑传染源。对确诊病例的密切接触者及可疑传染源采集咽拭子及血清标本,采用RT-PCR法对咽拭子进行2019-nCoV核酸检测,采用ELISA法对血清进行2019-nCoV特异性IgM、IgG抗体检测。 结果 确诊病例5人核酸检测阳性,其中1例连续检测6次阴性,第7次检测阳性。5例确诊病例来自2个不同的家庭,其先发病例之间及与可疑传染源均无密切接触史。密切接触者中发现1人在整个调查期内7次核酸检测均为阴性,后经血清抗体检测IgM和IgG阳性才判定为无症状感染者,其与2个家庭的先发病例均有过密切接触。管控区内可疑传染源77例,核酸检测均为阴性,血清抗体检测发现2例IgG阳性,怀疑其可能是本次聚集性疫情的感染来源。 结论 新冠肺炎易形成家庭内传播,相对封闭的空间存在有利于病毒传播的可能,抗体检测作为核酸检测的补充,对于发现无症状感染者,追溯无明确暴露史确诊病例的传染来源,具有重要意义。     

Hemostatic system and COVID-19 crosstalk: A review of the available evidence

Since the discovery of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its resultant coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, respiratory manifestations have been the mainstay of clinical diagnosis, laboratory evaluations, and radiological investigations. As time passed, other pathological aspects of SARS-CoV-2 have been revealed. Various hemostatic abnormalities have been reported since the rise of the pandemic, which was sometimes superficial, transient, or fatal. Mild thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis, venous, arterial thromboembolism, and disseminated intravascular coagulation are among the many hemostatic events associated with COVID-19. Venous thromboembolism necessitating therapeutic doses of anticoagulants is more frequently seen in severe cases of COVID-19, especially in patients admitted to intensive care units. Hemorrhagic complications rarely arise in COVID-19 patients either due to a hemostatic imbalance resulting from severe disease or as a complication of over anticoagulation. Although the pathogenesis of coagulation disturbance in SARS-CoV-2 infection is not yet understood, professional societies recommend prophylactic antithrombotic therapy in severe cases, especially in the presence of abnormal coagulation indices. The review article discusses the various available evidence on coagulation disorders, management strategies, outcomes, and prognosis associated with COVID-19 coagulopathy, which raises awareness about the importance of anticoagulation therapy for COVID-19 patients to guard against possible thromboembolic events.     

Identifying Communities at Risk for COVID-19–Related Burden Across 500 US Cities and Within New York City: Unsupervised Learning of the Coprevalence of Health Indicators

BackgroundAlthough it is well-known that older individuals with certain comorbidities are at the highest risk for complications related to COVID-19 including hospitalization and death, we lack tools to identify communities at the highest risk with fine-grained spatial resolution. Information collected at a county level obscures local risk and complex interactions between clinical comorbidities, the built environment, population factors, and other social determinants of health.ObjectiveThis study aims to develop a COVID-19 community risk score that summarizes complex disease prevalence together with age and sex, and compares the score to different social determinants of health indicators and built environment measures derived from satellite images using deep learning.MethodsWe developed a robust COVID-19 community risk score (COVID-19 risk score) that summarizes the complex disease co-occurrences (using data for 2019) for individual census tracts with unsupervised learning, selected on the basis of their association with risk for COVID-19 complications such as death. We mapped the COVID-19 risk score to corresponding zip codes in New York City and associated the score with COVID-19–related death. We further modeled the variance of the COVID-19 risk score using satellite imagery and social determinants of health.ResultsUsing 2019 chronic disease data, the COVID-19 risk score described 85% of the variation in the co-occurrence of 15 diseases and health behaviors that are risk factors for COVID-19 complications among ~28,000 census tract neighborhoods (median population size of tracts 4091). The COVID-19 risk score was associated with a 40% greater risk for COVID-19–related death across New York City (April and September 2020) for a 1 SD change in the score (risk ratio for 1 SD change in COVID-19 risk score 1.4; P<.001) at the zip code level. Satellite imagery coupled with social determinants of health explain nearly 90% of the variance in the COVID-19 risk score in the United States in census tracts (r²=0.87).ConclusionsThe COVID-19 risk score localizes risk at the census tract level and was able to predict COVID-19–related mortality in New York City. The built environment explained significant variations in the score, suggesting risk models could be enhanced with satellite imagery.     

The underlying mechanisms for severe COVID-19 progression in people with diabetes mellitus: a critical review

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has a high incidence of comorbidities among patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The elevated prevalence of DM in the world population makes it a significant risk factor because diabetic individuals appear to be prone to clinical complications and have increased mortality rates. Here, we review the possible underlying mechanisms involved in DM that led to worse outcomes in COVID-19. The impacts of hyperglycemia side effects, secondary comorbidities, weakened innate and adaptive immunity, chronic inflammation, and poor nutritional status, commonly present in DM, are discussed. The role of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor and its polymorphic variations on higher binding affinity to facilitate viral uptake in people with DM were also considered. Clinical differences between individuals with type 1 DM and type 2 DM affected by COVID-19 and the potential diabetogenic effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection were addressed.     

探索“新冠”之谜助力精准预防——COVID-19疫情下的流行病学研究热点

2019年12月, 湖北省武汉市暴发新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19)疫情, 该病传播速度快、影响范围广、控制难度大, 对本病流行病学研究提出了新的要求。本文通过梳理国内外COVID-19流行病学研究的最新进展, 总结该病流行过程及发病趋势, 揭示流行特征, 以期为后续研究和防控提供参考。