烟雾病颞浅动脉、脑膜中动脉的组织病理学研究

目的探讨烟雾病颞浅动脉和脑膜中动脉的组织病理学改变。方法对12例烟雾病患者(其中5例儿童)的颞浅动脉和脑膜中动脉分支活检标本进行组织病理学观察,并与2例非烟雾病患者的颞浅动脉分支对照。结果烟雾病患者颞浅动脉分支的内膜呈局灶性纤维细胞性增厚伴弹力膜增生分层,中膜平滑肌细胞变性,中膜层局部变薄;脑膜中动脉分支的形状明显不规则,管壁变薄,管腔扩张,部分中膜平滑肌细胞萎缩或空泡变,儿童与成人患者的病理改变相似。结论烟雾病颈内、颈外动脉系统的病理学改变相似,主要为血管内膜局灶性纤维细胞性增厚及中膜平滑肌细胞变性。     

颞浅动脉植入联合脑膜反转手术治疗烟雾病

目的 分析颞浅动脉植入联合脑膜反转治疗烟雾病的临床效果.方法 对16例经数字减影血管造影(DSA)证实的烟雾病患者,均采用颞浅动脉植入联合脑膜反转手术的方法治疗.结果 16例患者随访6-18个月,未再发生脑缺血或脑出血,所有病例都没有新脑梗塞出现,临床症状均好转,复查见颅底血管网增加,血液供应有明显改善,伴侧支血管形成.结论 颞浅动脉植入联合脑膜反转是治疗烟雾病的一种选择.     

综合术式治疗成年烟雾病的临床作用

目的探讨综合术式(即颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉分支吻合术结合脑-硬脑膜-肌肉血管融合术)在治疗成年烟雾病中的效果。方法 37例成年烟雾病中,出血首发者9例,缺血首发者28例,均接收综合术式的治疗,其中18例接收双侧手术,12例接收同侧两支吻合。结果经该手术治疗后,手术侧血流均有立即改善,缺血症状迅速缓解,随访效果好。手术并发症1例,在吻合区附近出现小梗塞灶。结论本手术方式是将颞浅动脉用作与大脑中动脉分支直接吻合的血管供体,同时又将硬脑膜(脑膜中动脉)、颞肌(颞深动脉)用作血管融合术的血管供体,故综合术式是治疗成年烟雾病患者有效而合理的选择方法。     

颅内外血管吻合结合间接血管重建治疗烟雾病

目的 探讨颅内外血管吻合结合间接血管重建治疗烟雾病的疗效.方法 65例烟雾病中,缺血型49例,出血型16例,均接受颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉分支吻合与脑-硬膜-肌肉血管融合术相结合的手术治疗,其中15例行同侧颞浅动脉两个分支吻合,9例行双侧手术.术后采用CTA、TCD、CT灌注成像和DSA评价手术效果.结果 采用该术式后,患者手术侧血流均有立即改善,随访效果好.结论 颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉分支直接吻合术结合脑-硬脑膜-肌肉血管融合术治疗烟雾病效果良好.     

成人出血型烟雾病的临床特点及诊治探讨

目的 对成人出血型烟雾病的临床特点及诊治方法进行探讨.方法 47例成人出血型烟雾病患者,其中21例行颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉分支吻合术(STA-MCA),4例行脑-颞肌贴敷术(EMS),3例行脑-硬脑膜-动脉-肌肉血管融合术(EDAMS),19例予以保守治疗.结果 所有患者均为急性出血性脑卒中,其中以脑室出血及脑室联合脑实质出血者居多.21例行STA-MCA吻合术患者术后随访预后良好,均未再次出血;4例行EMS术患者及3例行EDAMS术患者中各有1例发生颅内再出血;19例保守治疗患者中7例发生颅内再出血,4例死亡.结论 成人出血型烟雾病为临床上较为少见的脑血管疾病,具有较高的再出血风险,早期及时采取合理的方案进行治疗,有利于改善患者预后,行颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉分支吻合术可能有利于降低颅内再出血的几率.     

颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉分支吻合结合脑-硬脑膜-肌肉血管融合术治疗成人烟雾病

目的：探讨颞浅动脉‐大脑中动脉分支吻合结合脑‐硬脑膜‐肌肉血管融合术治疗成人烟雾病的效果。方法11例成人烟雾病患者,为双侧病变,缺血型2例,出血型9例,均采用颞浅动脉‐大脑中动脉分支吻合结合脑‐硬脑膜‐肌肉血管融合术进行手术治疗。11例患者均为双侧手术,3例行同侧颞浅动脉两个分支吻合。术后均采用CTA、DSA等检查,吻合口血管通畅情况,术后行C T灌注评估脑血流改善情况。结果11例患者采用此方式进行手术,25个吻合血管,其中24个吻合口通畅,1例因并发症未复查,术后复查CT灌注,显示吻合口血流量及血容量明显优于术前。缺血患者术后症状改善明显,无T IA发作;随访9例,无再次出血。并发症：1例患者在第1次手术后3个月恢复良好,行对侧手术,术后3 h患者突发意识状态下降,发现颅内出血,考虑过度灌注综合征预后差。结论颞浅动脉‐大脑中动脉分支吻合结合脑‐硬脑膜‐肌肉血管融合术治疗成人烟雾病,效果显著,但手术难度较大,风险较高。     

脑硬脑膜颞浅动脉血管融通术治疗缺血型烟雾病的疗效观察

目的观察脑硬脑膜颞浅动脉血管融通术治疗缺血性烟雾病的临床效果。方法选取我院收治的50例缺血性烟雾病患者为研究对象,均采用脑硬脑膜颞浅动脉血管通融术治疗,比较治疗前后患者血流动力学变化,评估治疗效果。结果术后患者颈内动脉、颈外动脉分支血流量分别降低至(18.23±0.06)10-4 m3/s、(11.48±2.11)10-4 m3/s,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后,患者颈内动脉血管压力值降低至(8274.95±151.21)Pa,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而其术后颈外动脉分支供血血管压力值为(8327.16±4.12)Pa,与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在缺血型烟雾病患者的临床治疗中,采用脑硬脑膜颞浅动脉血管融通术治疗方案,可重建患者脑血流,改善脑组织供血,提高患者脑组织血供,保护脑组织功能,整体手术疗效好。     

颞浅动脉-颞浅筋膜-脑贴敷术治疗烟雾病疗效观察

目的 探讨颞浅动脉-颞浅筋膜-脑贴敷术治疗烟雾病的有效性及安全性。方法 回顾性分析2005年至2014年运用颞浅动脉-颞浅筋膜-脑贴敷术治疗的31例烟雾病患者的临床资料。结果 31例患者共行36侧半球手术,术后随访6~59个月,平均20个月;临床预后优秀或良好26例（83.9%）。22例术后6~45个月（平均17个月）复查脑血管造影,血供重建效果良好12例（54.5%）。术后发生脑梗死、硬膜下血肿及头皮缺血各2例,均未遗留神经功能障碍,只有1例遗留术区头发生长障碍。结论 颞浅动脉-颞浅筋膜-脑贴敷术是治疗烟雾病安全、有效的方法。     

颞浅动脉-大脑前动脉和颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉双搭桥术治疗烟雾病的对照研究

研究背景烟雾病的血管搭桥术主要以大脑中动脉(MCA)作为受体动脉,围手术期和随访期间存在大脑前动脉(ACA)供血区缺血风险。本研究对比分析颞浅动脉(STA)-ACA和STA-MCA双搭桥术与STA-MCA双搭桥术治疗烟雾病的疗效。方法纳入2017年1月至2020年12月中国医科大学附属第一医院治疗的32例大脑前动脉供血区缺血的烟雾病患者共计41例次手术,分别行STA-ACA和STA-MCA双搭桥术联合颞肌脑贴敷术(ACA组,10例计10例次手术)和STA-MCA双搭桥术联合颞肌脑贴敷术(MCA组,25例计31例次手术),对比分析颞浅动脉血流指标[包括切割流量(CF)、血流量和切割流量指数(CFI)]、桥血管通畅性、脑灌注[包括平均通过时间(MTT)、达峰时间(TTP)、脑血流量(CBF)和脑血容量(CBV)相对值]、神经功能预后[改良Rankin量表(mRS)],以及围手术期和随访期间脑缺血和颅内出血并发症发生率和病死率。结果 32例患者顺利完成41例次手术,ACA组术中颞浅动脉CF值低于MCA组[24.00(15.38,53.00)ml/min对47(36,70)ml/min;Z=-2.547,P=0.011],术后1周CFI值高于MCA组[3.57(1.66,4.66)对1.30(0.75,1.70);Z=-2.357,P=0.018],而两组术后1周颞浅动脉血流量差异无统计学意义[82.00(62.50,103.00)ml/min对75.00(27.90,104.50)ml/min;Z=-0.221,P=0.825]。ACA组桥血管通畅率为12/12,MCA组为81.58%(31/38),组间差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.268,P=0.260)。围手术期ACA组有1例次(1/10)出现双侧额叶多发点状缺血,MCA组有4例次(12.90%)出现术侧额叶缺血、1例次(3.23%)术侧颞枕叶大面积缺血伴颞叶出血,两组并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(Fisher确切概率法:P=1.000)。术后1年ACA组未发生脑缺血、颅内出血和死亡,MCA组1例次(3.23%)出现术侧额叶缺血,两组并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(Fisher确切概率法:P=1.000);ACA组好转6例次(6/10)、无变化3例次(3/10)、恶化1例次(1/10),MCA组好转10例次(32.26%)、无变化17例次(54.84%)、恶化4例次(12.90%),组间差异亦无统计学意义(Z=-1.355,P=0.223)。结论 STA-ACA和STA-MCA双搭桥术联合颞肌脑贴敷术治疗大脑前动脉供血区缺血的烟雾病,桥血管通畅性良好,可获得满意的长期疗效;与STA-MCA双搭桥术联合颞肌脑贴敷术相比,该术式颞浅动脉CFI值更高,而术后长期疗效相当。     

脑膜中动脉——大脑中动脉吻合术治疗脑缺血

自Yasargil于1967年创导颞浅动脉—大脑中动脉显微吻合以来,目前各家都普遍采用这一先进技术治疗各类脑缺血疾病,其疗效颇为理想.然而在某些情况下,颞浅动脉和枕动脉不宜作为供血管.为此,本文介绍一种治疗脑缺血的新方法:即脑膜中动脉吻合术(简称MM——MCA)其方法如下:额颞部马蹄形切口,翻起骨瓣,显露脑膜中动脉.在脑膜中动脉两侧切开硬脑膜,游离脑膜血管用血管夹暂时夹住脑膜中动脉及其周围硬脑膜,并从硬脑膜中分离出7毫米长的脑膜中动脉;其远端斜形切断使其口径约1毫米,与闭塞大脑中动脉作端侧吻合.最后用脑膜修补物质关闭硬脑膜,术中无需抗凝处理.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of legislation of 1935 of interest to the department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -