偏头痛与血浆cGRP、ANF和AⅡ含量的研究

采用放射免疫分析技术对３１例偏头痛患者血浆钙基因相关肽（ｃＧＲＰ）、心房利钠多肽（ＡＮＦ）和血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡⅡ）含量进行了研究。发现偏头痛发作期血浆ｃＧＲＰ和ＡⅡ含量显著高于间歇期（Ｐ均＜０．０１），也显著高于对照组（Ｐ均＜０．０１），血浆ＡＮＦ含量各组间无显著差异。偏头痛间歇期血浆ｃＧＲＰ、ＡＮＦ、ＡⅡ含量与对照组比较均无显著差异。偏头痛发作患者经英明格针剂注射后，血浆ｃＧＲＰ含量显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＡＮＦ和ＡⅡ含量则无显著变化。因此，偏头痛发作与血浆ｃＧＲＰ含量增高具有重要关系。     

出血性卒中脑脊液环核苷酸变化的研究

放免法测定４６例出血性卒中患者（蛛网膜下腔出血３０例，脑出血１６例）脑脊液环磷酸腺苷（ｃＡＭＰ）和环磷酸鸟苷（ｃＧＭＰ）含量的变化，并与２０例外科病人作对照。结果发现出血性卒中急性期脑脊液的ｃＡＭＰ和ｃＧＭＰ含量明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１～０．０５）。文中对引起这种改变的机理及其临床意义进行了讨论。     

偏头痛与血浆β—内啡肽的关系

本文应用放射免疫方法，测定了未服药物的１５例典型偏头痛（ＣＬＭ）、１７例普通型偏头痛（ＣＯＭ）、２０例紧张性头痛（ＴＨ）患者血浆β－内啡肽（βＥＰ）含量。结果显示：偏头痛发作期血浆β－ＥＰ水平明显低于间歇期、ＴＨ及正常人，ＣＬＭ间歇期低于正常人，而ＣＯＭ间歇期和ＴＨ患者血浆β－ＥＰ水平降低不明显。结果提示偏头痛患者β－ＥＰ能神经功能低下可能是偏头痛发病的启动因素之一。     

兔蛛网膜下腔出血模型内皮素、一氧化氮、环磷鸟苷的测定

研究蛛网膜下腔出血（ＳＡＨ）后血浆中内皮素（ＥＴ）、一氧化氮（ＮＯ）、环磷鸟苷（ｃＧＭＰ）的含量变化。方法用单次杭大地注血法制成兔ＳＡＨ模型。采用生物化学法和放射免疫法，对免ＳＡＨ后１～４ｄ血浆中ＥＴ、ＮＯ、ｃＧＭＰ的含量进行了测定。结果兔ＳＡＨ后２、３、４ｄＥＴ的含量升高，第３天达峰值。ＮＯ含量在ＳＡＨ后第３、４天下降。ＳＡＨ后第４天ＣＧＭＰ含量与正常相比相差显著。结论ＥＴ、ＮＯ、ｃＧＭＰ的含量在ＳＡＨ后发生变化，它们可能参与ＳＡＨ后脑血管痉挛的发生。     

脑肿瘤患者血浆脑脊液cAMP,cGMP代谢水平与细胞分裂,增殖…

我们采用了放免方法测定了３０例正常人，３０例脑肿瘤患者的血浆和脑脊液中ｃＡＭＰ，ｃＧＭＰ的含量。其中恶性肿瘤６例，良性肿瘤２４例。其结果表明，脑肿瘤组血浆和脑脊液ｃＡＭＰ，ｃＧＭＰ的含量较正常对照组明显增高（Ｐ＜０．００５，Ｐ＜０．００１）；恶性肿瘤组较良性肿瘤组高；肿瘤组织的恶性度高则血浆和脑脊液中ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ的比值就越低（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５）。故我们认为血浆和脑脊液中ｃＡＭＰ，ｃ     

缺血性脑血管病伴OSAS患者的血压和血管舒缩功能观察

目的 观察缺血性脑血管病（ＩＣＶＤ）伴阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（ＯＳＡＳ）患者平均动脉压（ＭＡＢＰ）、血浆降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）和内皮素（ＥＴ）的变化及相互关系。方法 应用放免方法测量３１例患者血浆ＣＧＲＰ和ＥＴ含量,静息状态下测量血压;多元相关分析。结果 ＩＣＶＤ伴ＯＳＡＳ患者组ＭＡＢＰ、ＥＴ均炕于正常对照组（均Ｐ〈０．００１）,ＣＧＲＰ明显低于对照组（Ｐ〈０．００１）;ＣＧＲＰ与ＭＡＢＰ     

偏头痛发作期的TCD研究

对３２例偏头痛患者（先兆型１２例、无先兆型２０例）发作期进行双侧大脑中动脉（ＭＣＡ）经颅多普勒超声（ＴＣＤ）和屏气试验检查，发现：（１）先兆型（ＭＡ）病人血流速度较正常对照组降低，无先兆型（ＭＯ）病人则增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。（２）ＭＯ组舒张末期流速的屏气指数（ＶｄＢＨＩ）较对照组增大（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＭＡ组的ＶｄＢＨＩ虽与对照组无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），但其标准差增大，变异系数是对照组的两倍。提示：偏头痛患者发作期存在颅内大中血管的舒缩异常，对脑血管二氧化碳反应性的异常亦可能与此有关     

偏头痛与血浆cGRP,ANFG和AⅡ含量的研究

采用放射免疫分析技术对３１例偏头痛患者血浆钙基因相关肽、心房利的多肽和血管紧张Ⅱ含量进行了研究。发现偏头痛发作期血浆ｃＧＲＰ和ＡⅡ含量显著头痛间歇期血浆ｃＧＲＰ、ＡＮＦ、ＡⅡ含量与对照组比较无显著差异。     

实验性癫痫大鼠海马结构内一氧化氮-环磷酸鸟苷途径的研究

目的研究实验性癫痫发作大鼠海马结构内一氧化氮（ＮＯ）环磷酸鸟苷（ｃＧＭＰ）信使机制及其意义。方法雄性ＳＤ大鼠４１只，随机分为对照组（５只）、红藻氨酸（ＫＡ）１０、３０、６０分钟组（每组６只）和Ｌ硝基精氨酸甲酯（ＬＮＡＭＥ）＋ＫＡ１０、３０、６０分钟组（每组６只）。用放射免疫法测定ＫＡ诱导性癫痫发作中各时点海马结构内ｃＧＭＰ含量及ＬＮＡＭＥ的干预效应。结果ＫＡ注射引起大鼠海马结构内ｃＧＭＰ浓度升高，并加重大鼠癫痫发作（湿狗样摇动提早出现和发生次数增多）；ＫＡ注射前３０分钟给予ＬＮＡＭＥ可明显抑制ＫＡ１０、３０分钟组ｃＧＭＰ浓度的升高，但ＬＮＡＭＥ对ＫＡ６０分钟组ｃＧＭＰ的抑制作用不显著。结论在ＫＡ发作早期，ｃＧＭＰ浓度升高与内源性ＮＯ有关；ＮＯ的抗发作效应可能与ｃＧＭＰ信使机制存在某种联系。     

GMP—140与脑血栓形成的关系研究

目的探讨急性脑血栓形成不同时期ＧＭＰ－１４０含量的变化。方法测定３２例急性脑血栓患者病后３ｄ内血浆中ＧＭＰ－１４０、ＳＯＤ和ＭＤＡ的含量，其中２５例患者于病程第１０～１４ｄ再次抽血复查。另选２８例性别、年龄组成相似的动脉硬化患者作为对照。结果与动脉硬化组比较，脑血栓患者急性期血浆中ＧＭＰ－１４０和ＭＤＡ含量显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＳＯＤ含量显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）；至稳定期，脑血栓患者血浆中ＧＭＰ－１４０、ＭＤＡ和ＳＯＤ含量与脑动脉硬化组无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论急性脑血栓形成时ＧＭＰ－１４０含量增高与脑组织损伤有关     

Neuroexcitatory plasma amino acids are elevated in migraine

To investigate the role of glutamic (Glu) and aspartic acid (Asp) in migraine, we measured the plasma amino acids in migraine patients with and without aura, between and during attacks, and compared the profiles with the plasma amino acid profiles of tension headache patients and healthy controls. Between attacks, migraineurs (notably with aura) had substantially higher plasma Glu and Asp levels than did controls and tension headache patients. In addition, patients with migraine without aura showed low plasma histidine levels. During migraine attacks, Glu (and to a lesser extent Asp) levels were even further increased. The results suggest a defective cellular reuptake mechanism for Glu and Asp in migraineurs, and we hypothesize a similar defect at the neuronal/glial cell level, predisposing the brain of migraineurs to develop spreading depression.     

Accompanying symptoms and psychiatric comorbidity in migraine and tension-type headache patients

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to assess the prevalence of accompanying symptoms of migraine and tension-type headache in patients with such conditions (both episodic and chronic) and in headache-free controls, and their relationship with depression and anxiety. METHOD: A psychological assessment (Axis I, DSM-IV) was performed, and 21 accompanying symptoms were investigated in 506 patients with episodic migraine (231), chronic migraine (102), episodic tension-type headache (83), and chronic tension-type headache (90) and in 80 controls. The relationship between symptoms, headache type, and psychiatric comorbidity was analyzed. RESULTS: The mean number of symptoms was significantly higher in patients (n=10.3) than in controls (n=3.4). Most symptoms were significantly associated with depression and anxiety, while only some of them were significantly associated with headache, with no relevant difference among groups. CONCLUSION: In headache patients, psychiatric comorbidity (compared with headache type or chronicity) seems to be more strictly associated with an increased burden of accompanying symptoms.     

Plasma levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide in chronic tension-type headache

BACKGROUND: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is involved in the pathophysiology of migraine and cluster headache. Whether CGRP has any role in chronic tension-type headache is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To compare interictal plasma levels of CGRP between patients with chronic tension-type headache and healthy control subjects, to investigate plasma CGRP in relation to headache state, and to compare plasma CGRP between the peripheral and the cranial circulation. METHODS: Blood from the antecubital vein was drawn from 30 patients with chronic tension-type headache and 34 healthy control subjects. In addition, blood samples from the consecutive first 15 patients and from the consecutive first 20 healthy control subjects were also collected from the external jugular vein. RESULTS: CGRP levels measured in the peripheral circulation in patients on days without headache, 63+/-5 pmol/L, tended to be higher than CGRP levels in control subjects, 53+/-3 pmol/L (p = 0.06). In patients, no differences were found between CGRP levels assessed ictally and interictally in either the cranial (p = 0.91) or the peripheral (p = 0.62) circulation. Plasma CGRP level was higher in the external jugular vein than in the antecubital vein on days without headache (p = 0.03) but not on days with headache (p = 0.82). In control subjects, CGRP levels in the cranial circulation did not differ from CGRP levels in the peripheral circulation (p = 0.92). Exploratory analyses showed that 8 patients whose usual headache quality was throbbing had a higher interictal plasma CGRP level than control subjects (p = 0.002), whereas plasma CGRP level was normal in 22 patients with pressing headaches (p = 0.36). CONCLUSIONS: Plasma levels of CGRP are normal in patients with chronic tension-type headache and are unrelated to headache state. Interictal plasma CGRP was increased in patients with a pulsating pain quality. Because the authors have previously shown a similar increase of interictal CGRP levels in migraine, this study suggests that headaches with symptoms that fulfill International Headache Society criteria for tension-type headache may be pathophysiologically related to migraine, if the headache has a pulsating quality.     

Salivary Oxytocin and Vasopressin Levels in Police Officers With and Without Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder

Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterised by symptoms associated with maladaptive fear and stress responses, as well as with social detachment. The neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) have been associated with both regulating fear and neuroendocrine stress responsiveness and social behaviour. However, there is only limited evidence for dysregulated peripheral OT and AVP levels in PTSD patients. The present study aimed to investigate basal salivary OT and AVP levels in trauma‐exposed male and female police officers with and without PTSD. Saliva samples were collected during rest and OT and AVP levels were determined using a radioimmunoassay. Men and women were analysed separately, having adjusted for differences in trauma history, and for hormonal contraception use in women. The results showed that male PTSD patients had lower basal salivary OT levels, and did not differ in AVP levels compared to male trauma‐exposed healthy controls after adjusting for childhood emotional abuse. There were no significant differences in basal salivary OT and AVP levels in women. Our findings indicate potential dysfunctioning of the OT system in male PTSD patients. Future studies are needed to replicate these findings and to further unravel the relationship between the OT and AVP systems, sex, trauma history and PTSD.     

偏头痛病人血浆内皮素的变化

目的:探讨各型各期偏头痛病人血浆内皮素的变化。方法:选取82例诊断明确的偏头痛病人,按先兆有无分为有先兆的偏头痛(MWA)组和无先兆的偏头痛(MWO)组,按发病时间分为发作期和间歇期,抽取静脉血用放射免疫分析法测定血浆中的内皮素-1(ET-1)水平,对各型各期的血浆内皮素进行比较。结果:偏头痛病人血浆ET-1水平(80.89±28.70pg/ml)高于正常对照(66.55±14.97pg/ml)(P<0.01);发作期与间歇期的比较发现,发作期(89.83±33.37pg/ml)显著高于间歇期(72.46±20.32pg/ml)(P<0.05);MWA和MWO组的病人的比较发现前者(94.71±29.46pg/ml)显著高于后者(72.46±20.32pg/ml)(P<0.05)。结论:偏头痛病人血浆ET-1增高,增高的血浆ET-1在偏头痛的发病及病理生理进程中起了一定的作用。     

Immunoglobulin k/Λ Ratios in Migraine and Tension-Type Headache

Abstract: The possibility of immunological mechanisms causing headaches has been proposed in the past. To investigate the immunological system activation in patients with chronic headaches, we evaluated the k/Λ ratios of immunoglobulins in 40 : patients with migraine and 49 : patients with tension-type headache. Nineteen healthy volunteers composed the control group. The serum k and Λ levels of immunoglobulins were determined by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques. The k/Λ ratios of IgG in the patients with tension-type headache were sigaiflcantly higher than those in the controls. The k/Λ ratios of IgA and IgM in the patients with headaches were higher than those in the controls, but they were not statistically significant. The total concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM were significantly higher in the patients with migraine. In the patients with tension-type headache, the total concentrations of IgG and IgA were sigaificantly higher than those in the controls. The high levels of k/Λ ratios of IgC in the patients with tension-type headache and the increase in the total concentrations of immunoglobulins in the patients with migraine and tension-type headache, observed in this study, suggest that the humoral immunological system activation might exist, and it might be related to the etiology of tension-type headache and migraine.     

Interrelations between migraine and tension-type headache in the general population.

In a cross-sectional epidemiological survey of a general population, headache disorders were diagnosed according to a structured interview and a neurological examination using the criteria of the International Headache Society. The prevalences and sex distribution of the primary headache disorders were assessed, and characteristics of and interrelationships between different types of headache were analyzed. Severity and frequency of migraine attacks were not correlated, indicating that the migraine attack is an all-or-none phenomenon triggered with an individually variable threshold. Tension-type headache, in contrast, showed increasing severity with increasing frequency, indicating that it is a graded phenomenon. In the previous year, 6% had migraine without aura (previously called "common migraine") and 4% had migraine with aura (previously called "classic migraine"); 63% had episodic tension-type headache and 3% chronic tension-type headache. In women, migraine without aura was twice as prevalent as migraine with aura; in men, an opposite trend emerged. In migraine without aura, pain was more severe than in migraine with aura. Tension-type headache in migraineurs was not significantly more prevalent than in nonmigraineurs and, except for greater frequency and severity, it did not deviate nosographically from pure tension-type headache. Our results support the contention that migraine and tension-type headache are distinct entities, contradict the so-called continuum-severity model, and indicate that the terms combination headache, mixed headache, and interval headache should be avoided.     

Cyclic nucleotide dynamics in the rat hypothalamus during osmotic stimulation: in vivo and in vitro studies

The molecular mechanisms which regulate expression of vasopressin (AVP)- and oxytocin (OT)-encoding genes are unknown. We have investigated the regulatory role of one class of second messenger, the cyclic nucleotides, by examining levels of both adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) in hypothalamic nuclei of rats during osmotic stimulation. In vivo studies, in which rats were given 2% saline to drink for different periods (salt loading), demonstrated elevated levels of cAMP in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) after 2 days. Raised levels were also evident at 3 and 7 days. A similar (less marked) pattern was observed in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) but not in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). cGMP was present at much lower levels than cAMP and did not exhibit parallel dynamics during salt loading; however, significant changes in cGMP levels were found in the SON and PVN. In vitro studies, in which explant cultures of punched hypothalamic nuclei were challenged with hypertonic media, demonstrated that increasing medium osmolality from 290 to 310 mOsm/kg doubled the level of cAMP in the SON but did not change levels in the PVN or SCN. A greater stimulus, 325 mOsm/kg, caused a 4-fold increase in SON cAMP, and small cAMP responses in the PVN and SCN. Marked cGMP responses were also observed in the SON following stimulation at 310 and 325 mOsm/kg, smaller responses being found in the PVN and SCN. These results are consistent with previous demonstrations of SON neuron osmosensitivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Inhibition of release of neurohypophysial hormones by endogenous opioid peptides in pregnant and parurient rats

Naloxone, an opiate receptor antagonist, was used to determine whether opioid peptides modulate release of oxytocin (OT) or vasopressin (AVP) in the rat after expulsion of the fetus, i.e. parturition. We measured the concentrations of AVP and OT in plasma and in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary of pregnant rats given naloxone (5 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline on day 20 of gestation, and on day 21 either before or during the expulsive stage of labor. Non-pregnant rats in diestrus were giben naloxone for comparison. On days 20 and 21 of gestation, before the onset of parturition, plasma [AVP] but not [OT] was elevated, compared to the non-pregnant controls. After delivery of the first two pups, plasma [OT] approximatelyy doubled, whereas plasma [AVP] remained unchanged. Blocking the action of endogenous opioid peptides with naloxone caused an elevation of plasma [OT] in pregnant animals on days 20 and 21 of gestation and during parturition. Naloxone, however, did not alter plasma [AVP] in either parturient or preparturient animals. In contrast, [AVP], but not [OT], was increased in plasma of non-pregnant rats given naloxone. The content of OT in the neuro-intermediate lobe was similar in pregnant and non-pregnant rats and was unaffected delivery of the first two pups. However, AVP content and the ratio of AVP/OT in the pituitary were lower in pregnant animals before during delivery than in the non-pregnant controls. The content of neither hormone was altered by naloxone. Thus, AVP release apparently increase and pituitary stores of this peptide are decreased by day 20 gestation, when labor has not yet begun. In contrast, OT secretion becomes elevated only during delivery. Inhibition of OT release by opioid peptides may: (1) allow preferential release of AVP during pregnancy; and (2) prevent depletion of pituitary stores of OT and neuronal fatigue during the 1–2 h period of parturition in the rat.     

Inhibition of release of neurohypophysial hormones by endogenous opioid peptides in pregnant and parturient rats

Naloxone, an opiate receptor antagonist, was used to determine whether opioid peptides modulate release of oxytocin (OT) or vasopressin (AVP) in the rat after expulsion of the fetus, i.e. parturition. We measured the concentrations of AVP and OT in plasma and in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary of pregnant rats given naloxone (5 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline on day 20 of gestation, and on day 21 either before or during the expulsive stage of labor. Non-pregnant rats in diestrus were given naloxone for comparison. On days 20 and 21 of gestation, before the onset of parturition, plasma [AVP] but not [OT] was elevated, compared to the non-pregnant controls. After delivery of the first two pups, plasma [OT] approximately doubled, whereas plasma [AVP] remained unchanged. Blocking the action of endogenous opioid peptides with naloxone caused an elevation of plasma [OT] in pregnant animals on days 20 and 21 of gestation and during parturition. Naloxone, however, did not alter plasma [AVP] in either parturient or preparturient animals. In contrast, [AVP], but not [OT], was increased in plasma of non-pregnant rats given naloxone. The content of OT in the neuro-intermediate lobe was similar in pregnant and non-pregnant rats and was unaffected by delivery of the first two pups. However, AVP content and the ratio of AVP/OT in the pituitary were lower in pregnant animals before and during delivery than in the non-pregnant controls. The content of neither hormone was altered by naloxone. Thus, AVP release apparently increases and pituitary stores of this peptide are decreased by day 20 of gestation, when labor has not yet begun.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)