肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒再感染的预防和处理

效果.结论 小剂量HBIG和拉米夫定联合应用预防原位肝移植后HBV再感染疗效确切;对于HBV再感染的患者则应分别采用提高HBIG剂量、加用阿德福韦或改用恩替卡韦等措施;对证实为术后乙型肝炎复发患者,需同时应用合理的护肝药物、免疫调节和抗肝纤维化等治疗以促进移植肝组织学改善,恢复肝功能正常.     

恩替卡韦对肝移植受者血清及外周血单个核细胞内HBV DNA的抑制作用

目的 研究恩替卡韦对乙型肝炎相关性终末期肝病患者肝移植术后血清及外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）内HBV DNA的抑制作用. 方法 选取从2007年8～12月的20例HBsAg阳性肝移植受者作为研究对象（围手术期组）,给予口服恩替卡韦每天0.5 mg联合肌注乙肝免疫球蛋白作为HBV再感染的预防方案,分别于术前1 d和术后1、4、12周采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测血清及PBMC内HBV DNA定量.同时回顾性分析2006年8月至2007年8月共34例行同种异体原位肝移植,术后长期使用恩替卡韦联合肌注乙肝免疫球蛋白的患者（随访组）,随访时间4.0～22.5个月,同样的方法检测血清及PBMC内HBV DNA定量.结果 20例受者血清HBV DNA在恩替卡韦治疗12周时全部转阴.术前1 d和术后1、4、12周PBMC内HBV DNA阳性率分别为85.0%（17/20）和45.0%（9/20）、45.0%（9/20）、40.0%（8/20）,术后1周与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.004）,但1周以后阳性率无显著变化;围手术期PBMC内HBV DNA定量均值分别为104.07±2.07和101.69±1.96、101.51±1.72、101.30±1.63拷贝/106细胞,同样术后1周与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.01）,但随术后时间的延长,下降趋缓,术后4周后定量值的下降差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.随访组平均随访13.6个月,均未发现HBV再感染（血清HBV DNA均阴性）,PBMC内HBV DNA阳性率为32.4%（11/34）,定量均值101.03±0.26拷贝/106细胞.结论 恩替卡韦对肝移植术后血清及PBMC内HBV DNA均具有较好的抑制效果,但PBMC内HBV DNA下降趋势在术后4周后即维持在相对稳定状态,不能完全被清除.     

恩替卡韦联合乙肝免疫球蛋白预防肝移植术后乙肝复发

肝移植是乙肝相关终末期肝病的最主要适应证,而肝移植术后乙肝复发则是影响肝移植受者长期生存的主要原因之一.文献报道,拉米夫定联合乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白(hepatitis B immuno globulin,HBIG)预防移植术后乙肝复发,其1年复发率为2.1%～13.5%,2年复发率为4.5%～15.2%[1-2].目前,用恩替卡韦联合HBIG预防肝移植后乙肝复发的文献报道较少.本文对我中心2007年1月至2009年4月采用恩替卡韦联合HBIG以及拉米夫定联合HBIG预防肝移植术后乙肝复发的104例临床资料进行了回顾性分析.     

原位肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒再感染的相关因素分析

目的 分析原位肝移植（OLT）术后HBV再感染的相关因素,评价联合应用乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白（HBIG）和核苷（酸）类似物预防HBV再感染的疗效.方法 收集2003年10月-2007年8月在中山大学附属第三医院行OLT治疗的160例HBV相关性终末期肝病患者,117例患者术前服用核苷（酸）类似物.所有患者术后长期肌肉注射HBIG,并联合服用核苷（酸）类似物,采用回顾性调查方法分析患者术前资料,并前瞻性长期随访OLT术后HBV再感染情况.正态分布计量资料2组间的比较采用独立样本t检验;组间率的比较采用Fisher＇s精确概率检验,P〈0.05表示差异具有统计学意义.结果 160例患者中,19例患者出现HBV再感染,再感染率为11.88%（19/160）.患者术前HBV DNA载量、HBeAg状态及抗病毒治疗时间与OLT术后HBV再感染之间无显著相关性（r值分别为0.108、0.127和0.033,P值均〉0.05）.19例HBV再感染患者中有17例是长期使用拉米夫定治疗的患者,其中8例酪氨酸-蛋氨酸-天门冬氨酸-天门冬氨酸（YMDD）变异株阳性,其HBV DNA载量为（7.0±2.0）log拷贝/mL,而YMDD变异阴性组为（3.2±2.5）log拷贝/mL,2组比较差异有统计学意义（t=3.531,P=0.003）.17例长期服用拉米夫定治疗的患者中,12例加用阿德福韦酯,3例改用恩替卡韦,均获得满意疗效.结论 OLT术后长期小剂量肌肉注射HBIG,并联合核苷（酸）类似物可有效预防HBV再感染.OLT术后使用拉米夫定易出现YMDD变异,而YMDD变异是HBV再感染的重要因素,临床上要予以重视.     

拉米夫定预防肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒再感染的研究

目的 探讨和评价拉米夫定预防原位肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）再感染的效果。方法 41例患者，术前诊断为肝炎后肝硬化（失代偿期）者22例，慢性重型肝炎并肝炎后肝硬化（失代偿期）者12例，慢性重型肝炎者7例，其中HBVDNA阳性16例。41例患者均采用背驮式原位肝移植，术前15例给予拉米夫定治疗，术后41例患者均服用拉米夫定。结果 10例患者术后出现HBV再感染，其中9例为YMDD变异毒株感染，术后1、2年的HBV再感染率分别为9．8％（4／41）、24．4％（10／41）。术前血清HBVDNA阴性者术后HBV再感染率（12．0％，3／25）明显低于HBVDNA阳性者（43．8％，7／16）。术前长期服用（超过6个月）拉米夫定者和未服用拉米夫定者术后HBV再感染率分别为66．7％、23．1％，均明显高于术前短期（未超过6个月）服用拉米夫定者（0，P〈0．05）。结论 术前服用拉米夫定可降低乙型肝炎患者肝移植后HBV再感染率，但服药时间不宜超过6个月；长期、单一的应用拉米夫定易导致病毒变异而出现耐药毒株感染。     

肝移植术后HBV再感染的治疗

目的分析肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）再感染患者的抗病毒治疗与乙肝病毒基因变异情况。方法317例HBV相关终末期肝病患者肝移植术后15例单独使用LAM，302例使用小剂量乙肝免疫球蛋白（hepatitis B immune globulin，HBIG）和拉米夫定（lamivudine，LAM）（或adefovir dipivoxil，ADV）联合预防HBV再感染，同时检测HBV血清标志物、血清HBV DNA、YMDD区变异、及肝活检组织乙型肝炎标记物。结果术后LAM组有4例术前HBV DNA阳性患者术后HBV再感染，LAM＋HBIG联合用药组16例HBV再感染，两组术后HBV再感染差异有统计学意义（26．7％VS．5．30％，P〈0．01）。317例患者术后12例发生YMDD变异，发生率为3．79％，再感染病例60％（12／20）。经加用ADV治疗后5例HBV DNA转阴性，4名患者HBV DNA滴度下降，肝功能显著改善，3例发生纤维淤胆性肝炎，2例死亡，1例经再次肝移植治愈。结论小剂量HBIG＋LAM可以有效地预防肝移植术后HBV再感染；在小剂量HBIG＋LAM用药基础上HBV再感染可能产生YMDD（tyrosine，methionine，aspartate，aspartate）变异；ADV可作为LAM耐药后用药，对于发生突破性感染的患者应采取以ADV为主的综合治疗。     

121例重型乙型肝炎肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒再感染的防治

目的 探讨重型乙型肝炎肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)再感染的防治.方法 回顾性分析了121例重型乙型肝炎患者,移植前后给予抗病毒药物预防乙型肝炎病毒再感染,拉米夫定 乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIg)114例,阿德福韦 拉米夫定 HBIg 4例,恩替卡韦 HBIg 3例,观察临床症状、血清HBsAg、血清HBeAg、血清HBV DNA及肝活检免疫组织化学检测等指标.结果 用拉米夫定 HBIg预防的114例患者中,有4例出现再感染,表现为血清HBsAg阳性,肝活检免疫组织化学检测有HBsAg表达,其中3例经治疗后HBsAg转阴.用阿德福韦 拉米夫定 HBIg或恩替卡韦 HBIg预防的7例中,血清学和肝活检免疫组织化学检测均无HBsAg表达.结论 拉米夫定 HBIg、拉米夫定 阿德福韦 HBIg或恩替卡韦 HBIg的联合应用以及合理使用免疫抑制剂可以有效预防重型乙型肝炎患者移植术后乙型肝炎病毒的再感染.     

拉米夫定联合小剂量乙肝免疫球蛋白预防肝移植术后HBV再感染的临床分析

目的探讨拉米夫定联合小剂量乙肝免疫球蛋白预防肝移植术后HBV再感染的效果。方法回顾性分析76例HBV相关性肝病患者肝移植术后采用拉米夫定联合小剂量乙肝免疫球蛋白预防HBV再感染的临床资料,分析HBV再感染的危险因素。结果 76例患者术后HBs Ag转为阴性,HBV再感染9例,术后1年内HBV再感染率为9.2%(7/76),2年内再感染率11.8%(9/76)。结论拉米夫定与小剂量乙肝免疫球蛋白联合应用可有效地预防肝移植术后HBV的再感染,肝移植术前HBe Ag阳性及HBV-DNA阳性是HBV再感染的危险因素。     

乙型肝炎疫苗在预防肝移植术后乙型肝炎再感染中的应用

肝移植术后乙型肝炎（乙肝）再感染是影响肝移植预后的主要因素之一。乙肝免疫球蛋白（HBIG）及拉米夫定的应用已使乙肝相关性肝病成为肝移植的适应证。但是，HBIG及拉米夫定用于预防肝移植后乙肝复发存在不少缺点。同时非乙肝相关性肝病的受者也可以通过输血、供肝及其他途径感染乙肝。因此，寻找更经济、有效、安全可靠、更具潜力的预防策略，减少或停用HBIG及拉米夫定，成为学者们的研究目标，而乙肝疫苗即是研究热点之一。因此，笔者对就近年来乙肝疫苗用于预防肝移植术后乙肝再感染的研究作一简要综述。     

肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒再感染的防治

目的 探讨肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）再感染的预防策略及效果。方法 对120例乙型肝炎、相关患者接受原位肝移植术后，使用肌内注射乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白（HBIg）联合拉米夫定或阿德福韦等治疗HBV再感染患者的临床资料进行回顾性总结。结果 经23～59个月随访，全组4例出现HBV再感染，再感染率为3．3％。4例经治疗后经随访19～26个月，均出现HBV-DNA转阴，但未见HBsAg转阴。结论 小剂量HBIg联合拉米夫定或阿德福韦可有效预防肝移植术后HBV的再感染；术前HBV-DNA负荷量与术后HBV再感染可能有关。     

Entecavir Combined With Short-term Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin in Preventing Hepatitis B Virus Recurrence in Liver Transplant Recipients

BackgroundThe combination of nucleoside analogs and long-term hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) is considered to be the standard regimen for preventing hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after liver transplant (LT). However, long-term use of HBIG causes many adverse effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nucleoside analogs entecavir combined with short-term HBIG in preventing HBV recurrence after LT.MethodsThis retrospective study assessed the effect a combination of entecavir and short-term HBIG in prophylaxis of HBV recurrence among 56 LT recipients who had undergone the procedure because of HBV-associated liver disease at our center between December 2017 and December 2021. All patients received entecavir treatment combined with HBIG for the prevention of hepatitis B recurrence, and HBIG treatment was withdrawn within 1 month. The patients were followed up to determine levels of hepatitis B surface antigen, antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAb), and HBV-DNA and the recurrence rate of HBV.ResultsOnly 1 patient appeared positive for hepatitis B surface antigen at 2 months post-LT. The overall HBV recurrence rate was 1.8%. The HBsAb titers of all patients gradually decreased over time, with a median of 376.6 IU/L at 1 month post-LT and a median of 13.47 IU/L at 12 months post-LT. During the follow-up period, the HBsAb titer of the preoperative HBV-DNA–positive patients remained at a lower level than that of HBV-DNA–negative patients.ConclusionsEntecavir combined with short-term HBIG can exert a good effect for the prevention of HBV reinfection post-LT.     

肝移植后乙型病毒性肝炎复发的临床病理研究

目的 探讨肝移植后乙型病毒性肝炎(简称"乙肝")复发的临床特点及常见的组织病理学特征.方法 回顾分析17例肝移植后乙肝复发患者的临床和组织病理学检查资料.结果 乙肝复发时间为肝移植后(21.2±13.2)个月(4～48个月).12例因乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)DNA出现酪氨酸-蛋氨酸-门冬氨酸-门冬氨酸(YMDD)变异,3例因原发性肝癌(HCC)复发后的化疗,2例因自行停用拉米夫定.12例存在YMDD变异者将拉米夫定替换为恩替卡韦或加用阿德福韦治疗,2例停用拉米夫定者继续应用拉米夫定治疗,3例HCC复发者将拉米夫定替换为恩替卡韦治疗.经抗病毒治疗后,3例分别因纤维淤胆型肝炎所致肝功能衰竭和肿瘤复发而死亡,其余14例肝功能逐渐恢复正常,HBV DNA拷贝均＜102IU/ml.乙肝复发后移植肝组织病理特点以肝细胞变性、坏死,以及汇管区炎症和纤维化为主.乙肝复发后随着时间的延长,HBV在肝细胞内的复制增多,急性排斥反应发生次数增加,肝组织纤维化增生,纤维间隔形成,甚至出现假小叶.结论 肝移植后乙肝复发时出现纤维化的时间早、进展快,HBV复制水平与肝组织坏死和炎症反应密切相关.尽早发现乙肝复发和有效的抗病毒治疗能显著改善患者预后.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of HBV recurrence after liver transplantation. Methods The retrospective analysis of the clinicopathological changes was performed on 17 patients who had HBV recurrence after liver transplantation in our medical department. Results HBV recurrence happened from 4 to 48 months. Twelve of them which were identified to be YMDD mutation switched to entecavir or added adefovir. Three of them receiving chemotherapy when liver cancer recurred switched to entecavir. Two of them with withdrawal of lamivudine were given lamivudine continuously. Liver function returned to the normal level and HBVDNA was ＜ 102 U/ml after anti-hepatitis B virus. The histological changes in the transplanted livers included hepatocellular degeneration, necrosis and apoptosis, portal infiltrations and fibrosis.With time after recurrence, it was easier to see hepatitis B virus replication in liver cells, incidence of acute rejection, increases of liver fibrosis and the formation of fibrous septa, even pseudolobule.Conclusion In native HBV infection livers, fibrosis occurs more early and develops rapidly. The number of virus is closely related to liver necrosis and inflammation. Early discovery and change to quick and effective treatment of anti-hepatitis B virus in time can improve greatly the prognosis of the patients.     

Use of combined treatment of hepatitis B immune globulin and lamivudine as prevention of hepatitis B virus recurrence in liver allograft

Antiviral prophylaxis with lamivudine appears to reduce hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection after liver transplantation, although recurrence of infection occurs in at least 20% of the patients because of the development of drug resistance. Treatment for HBV reinfection with lamivudine pretransplantation and posttransplantation together with hepatitis B immunoglobulin could abolish recurrence of HBV infections following liver transplantation. We report the experience at our center in which lamivudine has been used in combination with low doses of immunoglobulin. Lamivudine (100 mg/d) was administered to liver transplant candidates for at least 4 weeks before transplantation and was continued posttransplantation indefinitely. Immunoglobulin was administered intramuscularly (10,000 IU at time of liver transplantation; 1,000 IU for 1 week; 1,000 IU weekly the first month; and 1,000 IU monthly thereafter). Lamivudine and low-dose immunoglobulin administration prevents posttransplantation recurrence of hepatitis B with 100% efficiency; it is well tolerated and is less cost-effective than high-dose immunoglobulin regimens.     

Efficacy and Safety of Hepatitis B Virus Vaccination Following Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin Withdrawal After Liver Transplantation

BackgroundHepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and oral nucleoside/nucleotide analogs have been the mainstay of hepatitis B virus (HBV) prophylaxis after liver transplantation. However, long-term HBIG administration could have disadvantages, such as an increase in medical costs and the development of mutant HBV strains. This study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of HBV vaccination after the withdrawal of HBIG after liver transplantation.MethodsThis prospective open-label single-arm observational clinical trial enrolled 41 patients who underwent liver transplantation between 2010 and 2016 because of a condition related to chronic HBV infection. At the time of enrollment, all patients had taken entecavir and discontinued HBIG administration. When hepatitis B surface antibody titer was undetectable after the withdrawal of HBIG, a recombinant HBV vaccine was injected intramuscularly at month 0, 1, and 6.ResultsAfter excluding 5 patients who dropped out and 2 patients who had a persistent hepatitis B surface antibody titer, 9 (26.5%) of 34 patients had a positive vaccination response. The median hepatitis B surface antibody titer at seroconversion was 86 (12-1000) IU/L, and those at the end of follow-up were 216 (30-1000) IU/L. No patients experienced HBV recurrence during the study period. Sex (female, odds ratio 32.91 [1.83-592.54], P = .018) and the dosing interval of HBIG before withdrawal (≥90 days, 16.21 [1.21-217.31], P = .035) were independent contributing factors for positive response to the vaccination.ConclusionHBV vaccination still deserves consideration as active immunoprophylaxis after liver transplantation because it could provide added immunity to nucleoside/nucleotide analogs monotherapy with excellent cost-effectiveness.     

拉米夫定联合小剂量乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白预防肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒复发

目的:初步探讨拉米夫定联合小剂量乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白预防肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)复发的疗效。方法:35例HBV相关疾病病人接受肝移植后使用拉米夫定联合小剂量乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白(HBIg)预防HBV复发,同时监测乙型肝炎血清标志物、血清HBV鄄DNA、YMDD区变异及肝活检组织乙型肝炎标记物免疫组化。结果:本组病例平均获随访557d,结果5例(14.3%)出现了HBV复发:复发病例中2例HBV鄄DNA阳性,无YMDD变异。病人术前HBeAg状态与肝移植术后HBV复发间无明显相关(P>0.05),而术前HBV鄄DNA阳性的病人术后HBV复发率显著增加(P<0.05)。结论:拉米夫啶联合小剂量HBIg预防肝移植术后HBV复发的近期疗效较为肯定。术前HBV鄄DNA状态是影响术后HBV复发的重要因素。     

肝移植术后预防乙型肝炎病毒再感染的策略

目的探讨预防肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）再感染的综合策略.方法对术前存在HBV感染的130例肝移植患者进行前瞻性研究,采用肌肉注射剂型乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白（IMHBIg）联合口服拉米夫定（lamivudine）作为预防术后HBV再感染的治疗方案;术后监测HBV再感染的情况.结果在130例患者中,128例术后HBsAg转为阴性,检测血清HBsAb呈阳性.平均随访12.2个月,8例出现HBV再感染,再感染率为6.3%;术前HBeAg阳性者再感染率为14.3%,阴性者4.0%,两组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;术后第一天HBsAg阳性者再感染率为21.1%,阴性者3.7%,两组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论拉米夫定联合肌肉注射剂型的人乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白可有效预防肝移植术后HBV再感染;术前血清HBeAg阳性以及术后第一天HBsAg者是术后HBV复发的高危因素.     

Left Lobe Auxiliary Liver Transplantation for End‐stage Hepatitis B Liver Cirrhosis

Auxiliary liver transplantation (ALT) for hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐related liver cirrhosis previously showed poor results, because the native liver was a significant source of HBV recurrence and the graft could be rapidly destroyed by HBV infection in an immunosuppressive condition. Four patients with HBV‐related liver cirrhosis were unable to undergo orthotopic liver transplantation because the only available grafts of left lobe were too small. Under entecavir‐based anti‐HBV treatment, they underwent ALT in which the recipient left liver was removed and the small left lobe graft was implanted in the corresponding space. The mean graft weight/recipient weight was 0.49% (range, 0.38%–0.55%). One year after transplantation, the graft sizes were increased to 273% and the remnant livers were decreased to 44%. Serum HBV DNA was persistently undetectable. Periodic graft biopsy showed no signs of tissue injury and negative immunostaining for hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B core antigen. After a mean follow‐up period of 21 months, all patients live well with normal graft function. Our study suggests that ALT for HBV‐related liver cirrhosis is feasible under entecavir‐based anti‐HBV treatment. Successful application of small left livers in end‐stage liver cirrhosis may significantly increase the pool of left liver grafts for adult patients.     

Treatment of hepatitis B reinfection after liver transplantation

Patients with chronic replicative hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection who undergo orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in the absence of prophylactic antiviral therapy have a high risk of graft reinfection. Serial monitoring of serum HBV DNA and HBV sequence analysis, especially of the polymerase and the "a" epitope of the surface antigen, may be a requisite diagnostic tool in order to provide optimal therapeutic management for inhibition of viral replication before and after OLT. Combination therapy with hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and lamivudine has been widely adopted as an effective prophylactic treatment regimen against recurrent HBV disease. The major issue of concern has been the development of lamivudine resistance due to the emergence of mutations in the YMDD motif of the HBV DNA polymerase gene. Among newer antivirals, adefovir dipivoxil and entecavir have been demonstrated to be effective against both wild-type and lamivudine resistant mutants. Due to the availability of antiviral drugs, outcome of patient and graft survival has dramatically improved and has become similar or even better as compared to patients with non-HBV-related liver diseases.     

肝移植术后HBV再感染的危险因素分析及对策

目的探讨肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)再感染的危险因素及相关对策。方法对2003年9月至2004年12月间在我院施行原位肝移植术病例进行前瞻性研究,选取符合研究标准的130例患者,采用肌注型乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白(HBIg)联合核苷类抗病毒药物预防HBV再感染,并长期随访,分析HBV再感染的危险因素。结果130例中128例术后血清HBsAg转为阴性,并检测到HBsAb,平均随访12.2个月,HBV再感染率为6.3%(8/128)。结论肝移植术前血清HBeAg阳性、术后第1天血清HBsAg阳性及HBsAb<200U/L是HBV再感染的危险因素。