丹参活性成分的药理作用和临床应用研究进展

丹参是经典的活血化瘀类中药,在临床实践中有广泛应用。丹参化学成分主要分为脂溶性成分丹参酮类和水溶性成分丹酚酸类。丹参的药理学研究广泛,主要有抗肿瘤、抗动脉粥样硬化、抗神经炎症、抑制心肌肥大等作用。笔者根据国内外文献报道,总结并综述了丹参的主要活性成分丹参酮类、丹酚酸类的药理作用以及在临床应用的研究进展。     

复方丹参方与脂质体模拟生物膜的相互作用

目的：研究复方丹参方中与脂质体有相互作用的潜在活性成分。方法：将脂质体作为模拟生物膜，采用平衡透析与高效液相色谱、质谱联用技术筛选和鉴定了复方丹参方中与脂质体有相互作用的成分，并考察了缓冲液pH值对复方丹参方与脂质体相互作用的影响。结果：复方丹参方中共有24个成分与脂质体相互作用明显，通过标准品对照及LC／TOF／MS方法鉴定了其中18个成分，包括7个丹参酚酸类成分、6个丹参二萜醌类成分和5个三七皂苷类成分。7个酚酸类成分分别是丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸E、迷迭香酸、紫草酸、丹酚酸B、丹酚酸A；6个二萜醌类成分分别是二氢丹参酮Ⅰ、四氢丹参酮Ⅰ、隐丹参酮、丹参酮Ⅰ、亚甲基丹参醌、丹参酮ⅡA；5个皂苷类成分分别是三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷＆1、人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷＆、三七皂苷K。结论：脂质体平衡透析与高效液相色谱-质谱联用法，可有效地预测复方丹参方中多种成分在体内的吸收情况，揭示该复方的潜在活性成分，为其药效物质基础的进一步研究提供依据。     

丹参及其相关制剂有效成分稳定性的研究进展

丹参Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.是我国常用中药之一,在心脑血管疾病、抗炎、抗肿瘤等方面具有很好的药理活性。丹参的有效成分主要包括脂溶性丹参酮类和水溶性酚酸类等,此外还有一些多糖及含氮化合物等。在丹参类制剂的生产过程中,丹参中的有效成分尤其以丹参酮Ⅱ_A、丹酚酸B为代表的化合物在提取和制剂的生产、储存过程中由于工艺本身以及原料的储存条件等方面影响容易受光照、温度、pH值等条件的影响发生降解,最终影响制剂的质量和药效。本文依据丹参成分稳定性的研究结果,讨论目前丹参中丹参酮类与酚酸类化合物,以及含丹参成分的中药制剂的稳定性,对近年来关于丹参中丹参酮Ⅱ_A、丹酚酸B的稳定性的影响因素以及相关制剂的开发的研究进展进行综述,以期为丹参类制剂工艺优化提供理论参考。     

UPLC-QE/MS法分析丹参酒炙前后5种质变化合物

目的通过UPLC-QE/MS法分析丹参Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.酒炙前后5种质变化合物(迷迭香酸、丹酚酸B、隐丹参酮、二氢丹参酮Ⅰ、丹参酮Ⅱ_A)的转化机制。方法采用已知对照品模拟炮制技术,制备丹参酒炙前后5种质变化合物的模拟炮制品,其80%甲醇溶液的分析采用Halo C_(18)柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,2.7μm);流动相乙腈-水,梯度洗脱;柱温45℃;体积流量0.25 mL/min;检测波长280 nm。结果丹参中5种主要成分发生了质变,丹酚酸B模拟炮制品中检出了丹参素、原儿茶醛、咖啡酸、迷迭香酸、紫草酸、丹酚酸C;隐丹参酮模拟炮制品中检出了丹参酮Ⅱ_A;二氢丹参酮Ⅰ模拟炮制品中检出了极少的丹参酮Ⅰ;丹参酮Ⅱ_A模拟炮制品中检出了二氢丹参酮Ⅰ、丹参酮Ⅰ;迷迭香酸模拟炮制品中检出了丹参素、咖啡酸、阿魏酸。结论丹参酒炙后主要酚酸类成分和丹参酮类成分均发生了质变。     

丹参根部直径与其活性成分含有量间的相关性研究

目的探讨丹参根部直径大小与其活性成分含有量间的相关性。方法 HPLC法测定4个平均直径(1.366、1.085、0.808和0.360 cm)丹参根中的脂溶性成分(隐丹参酮、丹参酮Ⅰ、丹参酮ⅡA)和水溶性成分(丹酚酸B和迷迭香酸)含有量,然后进行统计分析。结果直径最小的丹参根中迷迭香酸、丹酚酸B、丹参酮ⅡA、丹参酮Ⅰ和隐丹参酮的含有量分别是直径最大的150%、193.71%、533.33%,200%和377.78%。结论丹参加工时不应将细条及须根丢弃。     

复方丹参片质量评价方法研究

本研究采用指纹图谱方法,并在此基础上选择了3种酚酸类成分(丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B)和4种丹参酮类成分(15,16-二氢丹参酮Ⅰ、隐丹参酮、丹参酮Ⅰ、丹参酮ⅡA)进行多指标成分的含量测定,对复方丹参片丹参成分进行全面评价.     

复方丹参片质量评价方法研究

本研究采用指纹图谱方法,并在此基础上选择了3种酚酸类成分(丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B)和4种丹参酮类成分(15,16-二氢丹参酮Ⅰ、隐丹参酮、丹参酮Ⅰ、丹参酮ⅡA)进行多指标成分的含量测定,对复方丹参片丹参成分进行全面评价.     

丹参不同居群的生物量与活性成分含量分析

目的：为优质丹参新品种选育研究提供依据。方法：采用HPLC测定来自不同居群丹参根的丹参酮Ⅱ_A、隐丹参酮、丹参素和丹酚酸B的含量,采用分光光度法测定根的总丹参酮与总丹酚酸的含量。结果：四川中江丹参的单株生物量、山西丹参的丹参酮ⅡA、四川中江丹参的隐丹参酮和总丹参酮、河北的高茎类型的丹参素、四倍体丹参的丹酚酸B和总丹酚酸的含量分别高于其他样品。以单株生物量和各活性成分含量乘积为考察指标,四川中江丹参的各成分的单株乘积值均高于其他样品。结论：结合丹参的生物量与各活性成分含量可以认为,四川中江丹参可以作为一份质量较好的材料。     

HPLC法测定丹参中原儿茶醛

丹参是临床上常用的活血化瘀的要药,为唇形科植物丹参SalviamiltiorrhizaBunge的根。丹参的活性成分主要分为脂溶性和水溶性两类。其脂溶性成分主要是丹参酮、隐丹参酮、丹参酮A等。然而中医传统用药方法是用其水煎剂,即丹参的水溶性部位。所以研究丹参的水溶性成分更有意义。丹参水溶性成分主要是丹参素、原儿茶醛、迷迭香酸、紫草酸以及丹酚酸A、B、C、D、E、F、G等。《中国药典》2000年版中对丹参仅测定丹参酮A一种成分,在《中国药典》2005年版中增加了丹酚酸B的HPLC测定,但原儿茶醛一直未做要求,该成分在制剂(丹参注射液)中作为…     

丹参化学成分、药理作用及其质量标志物(Q-Marker)的预测分析

丹参因含丹参酮类、丹酚酸类、挥发油类、多糖类和含氮化合物等化学成分,具有抗凝血、抗炎、抗氧化、抗纤维化、抗肿瘤、保护脏器的作用,并在中药复方配伍和相关制剂中成为常用中药.在丹参化学成分和药理活性的基础上,从成分特有性、有效性、可测性、可入血成分及网络药理学预测5个不同角度对丹参质量标志物(quality marker,...     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆金银花类药用植物4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase,IspE)和4-羟基-3-甲基-2-邻苯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase,IspH)基因,并对其基因序列、蛋白特性和转录活性进行分析、比较.方法:从忍冬Lonicera japonica转录组测序结果中分析获得了IspE,IspH基因.分别以忍冬、红白忍冬L.japonica var.chinensis、红腺忍冬L.hypoglauca和水忍冬L.dasystyla新鲜花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了4种金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因的全长cDNA.运用生物信息学分析软件,预测编码蛋白的结构和功能,并通过RT-PCR检测IspE和IspH在忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬花蕾中的转录情况.结果:金银花类药用植物IspE基因含有1个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 221 bp,编码406个氨基酸;IspH含有一个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸.IspE和IspH均为非分泌蛋白,均定位于叶绿体中.RT-PCR分析结果表明在忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬的花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平没有显著差异,但红白忍冬花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平均显著高于忍冬.结论:克隆获得忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬中IspE,IspH基因,并证实了其在不同金银花类药用植物中的表达,为进一步研究IspE,IspH基因对萜类化合物生物合成和花香气以及颜色的影响奠定了基础.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。