北京地区人乳有机氯农药蓄积水平的动态研究

目的：本研究对北京地区1982－1998年人群体内有机氯农药DDT、BHC的蓄积水平及动态变化进行了跟踪调查,对我国1983年停用DDT、BHC的效果进行综合评价。方法：于1982－1989、1991、1993及1998年采集四城区产妇母乳,按照我国生物监测统一方法测定DDT、666含量。结果：北京地区1982－1998年人乳脂肪含量在3％左右。pp-DDD、op-DDT的平均浓度从1985年开始小于0．10mg/kg并持续至1998年,pp'-DDT从1982年的1．80mg/kg下降至1998年的0．24mg/kg,pp-DDE由5．87mg/kg下降至1．72mg/kg,总DDT由7．71mg/kg下降至2．04mg/kg;α与γ-BHC在停用农药2年后,平均浓度小于0．01mg/kg并持续至1998年,β－BHC和总－BHC的平均浓度分别从1983年的9．66mg/kg和10．1mg/kg下降至1998年的1．18mg/kg;HCB含量的平均浓度在0．04－0．07mg/kg之间。结论：自1983年停用有机氯农药（DDT、BHC）以后,人乳中的含量呈现明显的下降趋势。但1998年的蓄积水平与国外相比仍处于较高水平。因此,继续对人乳中的DDT、BHC含量检测是十分有意义的。     

1982至2002年北京地区人乳中有机氯农药水平监测

目的 了解城区正常居民人乳中有机氯农药双对氯苯基三氯乙烷(滴滴涕,DDT)、六氯环己烷(六六六,BHC)和六氯苯(HCB)的基础水平,并通过连续监测,对我国1983年停用DDT、BHC农药的效果进行综合评价。方法 采集1982至2002年在北京市城区至少居住5年以上,并且不从事有机氯农药生产与销售,家庭成员也不从事该项工作,且采集的样品为产后1周至4个月内的产妇乳汁。采用我国生物监测统一方法进行测定。结果 1982年北京市城区人乳中总DDT农药含量为6．45mg／kg,总BHC农药含量为6．97mg／kg。自1983年我国政府停用该两种农药以来,人乳中的含量出现了明显下降。以世界粮农组织(FAO)／世界卫生组织(WHO)的标准计算,北京市1998年以后出生的婴儿总DDT平均摄入量为11μg／kg,β-。BHC平均摄入量为6μg／kg,分别小于WHO和日本厚生省规定的每日最高可受摄入量。结论 北京市1998年以后出生的婴儿由母乳中摄入的DDT、BHC农药含量已处于安全水平,表明我国控制DDT、BHC农药的使用取得了很好的成效。     

婴儿自母乳中摄入有机氯农药量的估算

于 198 2～ 1998年对北京市母乳中的有机氯农药 (DDT、BHC)含量进行检测并对婴儿自母乳中有机氯农药摄入量进行估算分析。结果表明 ,北京市自 1983年停用DDT、BHC农药以来 ,母乳中有机氯农药量呈现明显下降趋势 ,1998年城区婴儿每日自母乳中摄入的DDT、BHC平均含量已低于联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织 1989年公布的婴儿最高可受摄入量。     

孝感地区人体有机氯农药蓄积水平

目的了解孝感地区人体脂肪、血液中有机氯农药的蓄积水平。方法于2001年在孝感市医院住院患者中选择孝感市粮食、蔬菜产区一般居民,采集其腹部大网膜或肠系膜脂肪50g和血液20ml,按GB/T5009.19-1996测定HCH(666)和DDT的含量。结果HCH、DDT在人体脂肪中检出率分别为93.33%、100%,血液中检出率分别为100%、86.7%。脂肪中HCH(187.67μg/kg)和DDT含量(298.47μg/kg)均高于血液中HCH(5.96μg/L)和DDT含量(3.61μg/L)。脂肪中HCH异构体含量为β-666>α-666>γ-666>δ-666,血液中为β-666>δ-666>α-666;脂肪中检出DDT的3种异构体,血液中检出DDT的2种异构体。结论孝感地区人体脂肪、血液中HCH和DDT的含量虽然已经明显低于中国允许残留量标准,但仍有一定蓄积。     

体脂与头发中有机氯杀虫剂蓄积的相互关系

研究结果表明:体脂DDT蓄积量,棉区比稻区高4倍,比头发高38～80倍,高DDT蓄积的脂肪中p,p＇DDT>p,p＇-DDE,头发则以p,p＇-DDE>p,p＇-DDT,体脂的BHC蓄积量比头发仅高12～15倍,头发中δ-BHC的检出率高达75～97％;个体间脂肪与头发中BHC蓄积量有着明显相关关系(r=0.6153 p<0.01)。提示:体内总DDT蓄积量影响DDT异构体的分配;脂肪与头发在有机氯杀虫剂的贮存与排泄之间维持着一种动态平衡;头发也可作为有机氯杀虫剂污染环境监测的生物材料之一。     

深圳市母乳中六六六和滴滴涕蓄积水平与影响因素分析

目的了解深圳市普通居民产妇母乳中六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的蓄积水平,并分析其影响因素,评估婴儿暴露风险。方法采集85位在深圳地区居住时间3年或以上、初产妇产后4～6周的母乳。样品经提取后,用凝胶渗透色谱和弗罗里硅土固相微萃取柱净化,采用气相色谱-电子俘获检测器(GC-ECD)检测母乳中六六六、滴滴涕(包括α-六六六、β-六六六、γ-六六六、δ-六六六、p,p’-滴滴涕、p,p’-滴滴滴、p,p’-滴滴异、o,p’-滴滴涕等8种同分异构体)的残留。通过问卷调查,分析母乳中六六六、滴滴涕的含量水平与产妇膳食情况、年龄、当地居住时间等因素进行相关性关系。结果所有母乳样品均检出p,p’-DDE,58份样品中检出β-HCH。母乳中∑HCHs的中位数为2.980ng/g(全重计),80.200ng/g(脂肪计)。∑DDTs的中位数为9.610ng/g(全重计),268.390ng/g(脂肪计)。统计分析发现,母乳中六六六、滴滴涕含量与产妇年龄、淡水鱼的消费量、禽肉的消费量呈正相关关系。结论深圳市居民母乳中检出了六六六、滴滴涕,其含量水平与年龄及膳食情况存在相关关系。婴儿六六六、滴滴涕的平均摄入估计值分别为0.468和1.842μg/(kg.d BW),均低于我国卫生部及FAO/WHO农药残留联席会议推荐的每日容许摄入量(ADI)。深圳市当地居民母乳中六六六和滴滴涕负荷水平低于全国平均水平。     

某污染地区妇女和儿童体内滴滴涕蓄积水平的调查

目的 了解某滴滴涕(DDT)生产企业所在地区妇女和儿童体内DDT的蓄积水平.方法 选择该地区连续居住满5年及以上符合条件的50对母子和50名产妇作为调查对象,采集母子对的血液和产妇泌乳后2周到2个月期间的母乳,采用气相色谱法检测DDT及4个体内代谢产物(pp'-DDE、pp'-DDT,pp'-DDD、op'-DDT),并作调查问卷及健康体检.结果 母亲和儿童静脉血中总DDT平均含量分别为8.42 ng/ml和12.00ng/ml.母亲和儿童静脉血中检出pp'-DDE和op'-DDT,母乳中仅检出pp'-DDE.儿童静脉血中pp'-DDE和总DDT含量均高于母亲静脉血中含量.结论 该地区妇女和儿童体内有一定水平的DDT蓄积.     

浙江舟山群岛地区育龄妇女体内有机氯农药暴露与出生缺陷的关系研究

目的:了解舟山海岛地区育龄妇女体内有机氯农药的暴露水平,估计研究人群中有机氯农药暴露与新生儿出生缺陷之间的关系。方法:对2007年-2010年舟山市定海区出生缺陷监测资料进行分析。采用气相色谱法检测当地育龄妇女血样中六六六、DDT水平。描述育龄妇女血样中各有机氯农药含量的分布情况,采用秩和检验比较各区域育龄妇女血样中有机氯农药含量的差异,并作各区域出生缺陷发病率与有机氯指标含量之间的等级相关。结果:在血样中各指标的检出率均高于90%,α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH、p,p’-DDE、p,p’-DDT的检测范围均较低,其总HCH和总DDT的检出范围分别为0.0089 ng/ml～0.6887 ng/ml、0.0071 ng/ml～1.7786 ng/ml。秩和检验结果表明,在不同区域采集的血样标本中有机氯含量比较无统计学意义。将六个区域的出生缺陷发病率与对应区域血清样品中各有机氯指标含量的中位数做Spearman等级相关,结果均未见有统计学显著意义的相关关系。结论:各种有机氯化合物指标在舟山地区育龄妇女血样中的检出率较高,但是没有发现血液中有机氯水平与出生缺陷之间存在统计学的关联,尚需开展进一步的深入研究。     

威海市农产品及人乳中有机氯农药残留量的调查

目的 了解有机氯农药的环境污染水平和人体蓄积水平。方法 检测了威海市主要农产品（小麦、玉米、花生、苹果）中的有机氯农药残留量和人乳中有机氯农药蓄积水平。结果 所调查的4种农产品中残留有机氯农药的检出率在0－60.0%,多数属于痕量检出,其最大检出值为国家卫生标准的1／28－1／5。人乳中666总量中位数为2.29mg/kg（以乳脂汁）;DDT总量中位数为2033mg/kg（以乳脂计）。分别降为全国80年代初期水平的1／3和1／5。结论 威海市有机氯农药的环境污染已基本消除,母乳中残留的有机氯农药对下一代健康影响不容忽视。     

2007年北京市居民母乳中二噁英类化合物负荷水平调查

目的 调查北京地区居民母乳中多氯代苯并二噁英和多氯代苯并呋喃(PCDD/Fs)和二噁英样多氯联苯(dl-PCBs)的污染水平,评价一般人群PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs的机体负荷状况.方法 2007年在北京市11个区、县中采集母乳样品110份,制成11个混合样品后,采用同位素稀释技术以高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱(HRGC-HRMS)测定母乳样品中的PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs.结果 北京市母乳样品中二噁英类化合物含量最高的组分为八氯代二苯并二噁英(OCDD)和多氯联苯(PCB)-118、PCB-105,其含量中位数分别为20.6 pg/g脂肪、4.07和1.63 ng/g脂肪.按毒性当量(TEQ)计,北京市11个母乳混合样品中总二噁英类化合物含量中位数为7.4 pg TEQ/g脂肪;最高的为通州区,含量中位数为13.5 pg TEQ/g脂肪;最低的为平谷区,为4.3 pg TEQ/g脂肪.结论 目前北京市母乳中PCDD/Fs和dl-PCBs处于较低水平,但随着我国的快速工业化,人群此类物质的机体负荷水平有可能会上升,因此有必要持续跟踪监测.     

Occurrence of PCBs,Organochlorine Insecticides, <Emphasis Type="Italic">tris</Emphasis>(4-Chlorophenyl)methane,and <Emphasis Type="Italic">tris</Emphasis>(4-Chlorophenyl)methanol in Human Breast Milk Collected from Cambodia

The present study determined the concentrations of persistent organochlorines (OCs) such as DDT and its metabolites (DDTs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlordane compounds (CHLs), tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (TCPMe), and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (TCPMOH) in human breast milk from Cambodia. DDTs, PCBs, HCHs, HCB, CHLs, and TCPMe were detected in almost all the human breast milk samples analyzed, and the concentrations ranged from 310 to 11,000, 6.0 to 87, <0.12 to 21, <0.12 to 8.1, <0.12 to 5.3, and 2.9 to 70 ng/g lipid wt, respectively. TCPMOH was detected in only 10 among 36 samples. Concentrations of DDTs in human breast milk from Cambodia were notably higher than those from developed countries and comparable to those from other developing countries, where usage of DDT for agricultural and public health purposes has been suspected to be continuing still, implying the recent usage of DDT in Cambodia. On the other hand, concentrations of PCBs, HCHs, HCB, and CHLs in human breast milk from Cambodia were 1–2 orders of magnitude less than those from other countries, indicating that Cambodia is one of the less contaminated countries by these OCs. Significant correlation between concentrations of TCPMe and DDTs in human breast milk suggested that exposure to DDT is the source of TCPMe in Cambodian residents. Concentrations of OCs in human breast milk tended to decrease with an increase in the number of children, implying that the first infant would be exposed to higher levels of OCs from breast milk and might be at higher risk by these contaminants, especially DDTs in Cambodia. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study on the residue levels of OCs in human breast milk from Cambodia.     

Organochlorine pesticide residue levels in human milk: Western Australia, 1979-1980

Two hundred sixty-seven samples of breast milk, supplied by 140 donors from both urban (N = 45) and rural (N = 95) areas, were analyzed on a whole milk basis for aldrin, gamma-benzene hexachloride (gamma BHC), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dieldrin, and total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) to ascertain the effectiveness of restrictions placed on pesticide use since 1971. Aldrin and gamma BHC were found to be present mainly in trace amounts, while decreases were found with HCB (0.025-0.008 ppm) and total DDT (0.078-0.046 ppm). Dieldrin showed an increase (0.005-0.009 ppm) which caused some concern. The results of a questionnaire suggested a connection between the high dieldrin levels and a program of treatment for the protection of houses against termites. A statistical analysis further supported this theory and suggested three variables being significantly associated with dieldrin levels: (1) treatment of the house, (2) suburb in which the donor lived, and (3) age of the mother. Further relationships were shown to exist between pesticide levels, lipid content of the milk, and the stage of feeding at which the sample was taken.     

生姜中六六六、滴滴涕、三氯杀螨醇的CARB／NH2固相萃取柱-气相色谱测定法

目的建立CARR／NH2固相萃取柱前处理,气相色谱法测定生姜中六六六、滴滴涕、三氯杀螨醇的方法。方法样品切碎用乙腈提取、脱水、浓缩,CARB／NH：固相萃取柱净化,最后氮吹定容采用ECD检测器测定。结果该方法能很好地将4种六六六异构体、4种滴滴涕异构体和三氯杀螨醇分离开,各类同分异构体的加标回收率在85．7％-104．2％之间,相对测量不确定度小于10％,最低检出量为0．01ng。结论该方法能同时测定生姜中六六六、滴滴涕和三氯杀螨醇残留量,有较高的回收率。     

Organochlorine pesticides in water, sediment, crops, and human fluids in a farming community in Ghana

A total of 208 samples of water, sediment, tomato crops, blood, and mothers' breast milk were collected from the environs of Akumadan, a prominent vegetable-farming community in Ghana. The samples were analyzed for organochlorine (OC) pesticide residues. Lindane and endosulfan were found in water and sediment, while other OC pesticide residues, such as hexachlorobenzene (HCB), p,p′-DDE, and heptachlor epoxide, were additionally found in sediment. Heptachlor epoxide was the only OC residue detected in appreciable quantity in crops. Significantly higher HCB and p,p′-DDE residues were found in blood and milk samples. The mean values of HCB and p,p′-DDE in blood were 30 μg/kg and 380 μg/kg, respectively. The mean values of HCB and p,p′-DDE in milk were 40 μg/kg fat (1.75 μg/kg whole milk) and 490 μg/kg fat (17.15 μg/kg whole milk), respectively. The presence of OC pesticide residues in breast milk requires further monitoring and epidemiological studies to clarify possible detrimental health effects in breast-fed infants. Received: 29 June 2000/Accepted: 20 November 2000     

人群有机氯化合物暴露和体负荷的研究

1990年在江苏无锡市进行的有机氯化合物人体暴露和体负荷的研究,检测了17类环境样品和食物样品,52例受试乳母的膳食和乳汁中六氯苯、666和DDT 的浓度,估算受试乳母日平均六氯苯、666、DDT暴露量分别为0.63μg、9.34μg和43.81μg。婴儿每公斤体重每天自母乳摄入六氯苯、β-666、DDT分别为0.19μg、107μg和94μg。本研究所得到这些有机氯化合物在环境和食物中的浓度分布和污染趋势,为制定环境保护和保护人群健康的对策提供了依据。     

Comparison of PCB congeners and pesticide levels between serum and milk from lactating women

Samples of blood and milk were obtained from lactating women participating in the New York State Angler study. A total of seven women gave one blood and one milk sample at time intervals between blood and milk collection different for each woman. The time between samples varied from 3 to 318 days. One subject provided a second milk sample 219 days after the first milk sample. The samples were analyzed for 69 PCB congeners, DDE (a metabolite of DDT), Mirex, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Lipid content was determined by gravimetric analysis. The congener profiles in serum and milk were similar for each individual but different among all subjects. The sum of the concentrations of the congeners present above the limit of detection was used to estimate the total PCB concentration that was in the range of 2.6 to 5.8 ng/g of serum and 3.5 to 14.1 ng/g of milk. The ratio of serum to milk concentrations varied from 0.18 to 1.66 with a mean of 0.65+/-0.49 showing no consistency among individuals prior to adjusting the data for lipid content. The total PCB levels normalized for lipid content were 320-728 ng/g of serum lipid and 239-428 ng/g of milk lipid. The range of the lipid adjusted serum/milk ratio was 1.1 to 2.8 and the mean+/-SD serum/milk ratio was 1.9+/-0.5. The ranges of lipid adjusted serum concentration of DDE, HCB, and Mirex were 95 to 591, 8 to 48, and 3 to 29 ng/g lipid, respectively. The ranges of lipid adjusted milk concentration of DDE, HCB, and Mirex were 90 to 577, 11 to 22, and 1 to 10 ng/g lipid, respectively. For DDE, HCB, and Mirex, the means of the individual lipid adjusted serum to milk ratios were 1.5+/-0.7, 2.5+/-1.5, and 5. 3+/-4.6, respectively. Considerable differences were found among lipid adjusted concentrations of these environmental pollutants in serum and milk samples from the same individual. This suggests that body burden estimates in lactating women using different matrices may not be equivalent even when lipid adjusted values are used.     

DDT, DDE and DDD in Human Milk from South Africa

Human breast milk samples (n = 30) were collected from mothers within the age range of 19-40 years from Thohoyandou area, South Africa. DDT and its metabolites were extracted from the milk samples using diethyl ether. The crude extracts were subjected to column chromatography. The eluates were then evaporated on a stream of nitrogen up to 0.5 mL. One microliter of the cleaned extracts were injected into GC-ECD for selected organochlorine compounds. The sum total of DDT and its metabolites from each village ranged from not detectable for DMS, GNN and THN to 1,930 ng g(-1) fat wt for BDL while SigmaDDE ranged from 1.32 ng g(-1) fat wt for GNN to 2,570 ng g(-1) fat wt for TKD. SigmaDDD ranged from not detectable for GNN to 4,060 ng g(-1) fat wt for MNN. SigmaDDE was the most predominant followed by SigmaDDD and finally SigmaDDT. This was an indication of breakdown of the parent compound, DDT. Some villages namely, Lufule and Budeli, and Maniini and Makhuvha exhibited similar DDT occurrence of 89% in their areas. Other villages, DMS, TLM, and MND and TKD showed a similarity percentage of 82% while others showed similarities of 75% for GNN and MTT, 69% and 65% for MPG and THN respectively. A significant cluster of DDT and its metabolites between the infants' weight range of 2.5-3.9 kg/body wt was observed. Increase in lipid content was followed by a decrease in the sum DDT in the older mothers (27-30). The estimated daily intake varied from 260 to 4,696 ng/g, nd-10,551 ng/g and nd-4,237 ng/g for DDE, DDD and DDT respectively. These values are significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the FAO/WHO acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 20 ng/g. The SigmaDDT was found to decrease with increasing age of the mothers. The observed high levels of DDE compared to DDT indicated chronic exposure of the mothers to DDT, which is metabolised to DDE and retained in the body.     

Case-control study of PCBs,other organochlorines and breast cancer in Eastern Slovakia

This case-control study was designed to investigate association between polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and risk of breast cancer in an area of high environmental exposure in the Michalovce district of eastern Slovakia. Incident breast cancer cases from the Michalovce district diagnosed between May 1997 and May 1999 were recruited through the Oncology Department of the District Hospital. A total of 15 individual PCB congeners, 2,2'-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (DDE), 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were measured in the serum of 24 breast cancer patients and 88 population controls in 1998-1999. The median levels of total PCBs were similar in cases (2586 ng/g of lipid) and controls (2682 ng/g of lipid). Higher serum levels (highest vs. lowest tertile) of total PCBs (odds ratio (OR)=0.42, 95% CI 0.10-1.82, p-for trend=0.31), group 1 congeners (OR=0.37, 95% CI 0.10-1.43, P-for trend=0.02), group 2 congeners (OR=0.32, 95% CI 0.07-1.56, P-for trend=0.60), and group 3 congeners (OR=0.49, 95% CI 0.12-2.04, P-for trend=0.51) were inversely associated with risk of breast cancer. Higher serum levels of DDE (OR=3.04, 95% CI 0.65-14.3, P-for trend=0.10) were positively associated with risk of breast cancer, while there was no association for DDT (OR=1.19, 95% CI 0.27-5.23, P-for trend=0.68), and an inverse association for HCB (OR=0.45, 95% CI 0.06-3.19, P-for trend=0.67). While generally not statistically significant, PCB and HCB levels were inversely associated with risk of breast cancer in this highly exposed population. DDE, but not DDT, was positively associated with risk.     

Accumulation of persistent organochlorine contaminants in milk and serum of farmers from Ghana

In the present study, the concentrations of persistent organochlorine (OC) pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and dieldrin in pooled samples of human breast milk (n=109), and serum (n=115) from vegetable farmers in Ghana, during 2005, were determined. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was used to quantify residue levels on a lipid basis of the OCs. The pattern of OCs in human fluid showed that DDTs was consistently the prevalent OC in milk and blood. The levels of DDTs, HCHs, and dieldrin in the breast milk samples were found to correlate positively with age of the milk sample donors (r(s)=0.606, 0.770, and 0.540, respectively). When blood serum levels of the OCs were compared between male and female farmers, no pronounced relationship for HCHs and HCB (p>0.05) was observed. However, DDTs and dieldrin residues were significantly higher (p<0.05) in males than in females. There was association between breast milk and serum residues. When daily intakes of DDTs and HCHs to infants through human breast milk were estimated, some individual farmers (in the case of DDTs) and all farmers (in the case of HCHs) accumulated OCs in breast milk above the threshold (tolerable daily intake, TDI, guidelines proposed by Health Canada) for adverse effects, which may raise concern on children health.