ERCP放置胆管内支架姑息治疗难以切除的恶性胆管梗阻

目的探讨ERCP放置胆管内支架对难以切除的恶性胆管梗阻的临床治疗效果。方法对54例恶性肿瘤引起的梗阻性黄疸患者,经ERCP将导丝插入胆管并超过梗阻部位,扩张狭窄处,用推送导管将已经选择合适的引流支架置于胆管适当部位,其两端均超过梗阻段2cm以上。结果54例患者中51例插管成功,3例插管不成功的患者中1例乳头开口于憩室内,另2例肿瘤完全阻塞导丝无法通过。成功率为94.44%(51/54)。34例胆管内放置8FZ型自膨胀式金属支架,其余20例行8～10F塑料内支架引流。术后黄疸逐渐消退,皮肤瘙痒等症状消失或减轻。其中39例2周内血清总胆红素下降50%以上,血清总胆红素退至34μmol/L以下。放置胆管内支架1周后,患者血清总胆红素由术前235.45±56.67μmol/L降至78.36±37.58μmol/L,肝功能较术前显著改善(P<0.05,P<0.01)。31例胆总管下段梗阻患者与12例肝门部胆管梗阻患者相比,放置胆管内支架引流治疗1周、2周后,其胆红素下降明显优于肝门部胆管梗阻患者(P<0.01)。34例放置胆管金属支架患者中,有12例于术后2个月发生支架阻塞,再次放置塑料内支架后引流通畅,1例放置金属支架术后患者第10个月出现支架阻塞予以再次植入金属支架。另外20例放置塑料内支架者,有3例于术后1～4周出现血清总胆红素再次上升,经ERCP检查发现支架移位和阻塞,予以更换内支架,其中1例植入塑料双支架。结论经ERCP内镜下胆管放置内支架,对解除恶性胆管梗阻性黄疸、缓解症状、提高患者生存质量具有满意疗效,对胆总管下段梗阻性黄疸的疗效优于肝门部胆管梗阻。     

胰腺癌合并胃出口及胆管梗阻的内镜治疗及疗效

目的探讨胰腺癌伴胃出13及胆管梗阻的内镜治疗策略及疗效。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2013年12月沈阳军区总医院收治的106例晚期胰腺癌伴胃出口及胆管梗阻患者的一般临床资料、内镜治疗方法、术后并发症及疗效。结果106例患者中男性57例,女性49例,平均年龄（63±6）岁。共行134次内镜治疗,平均1．3次／人。共放置肠道支架112枚,胆管支架89枚,胰管支架55枚,其中肠道支架均为一次性放置成功。胆管、胰管及肠道3种支架同时放置者55例（51．9％）,胆管、肠道双支架同时放置23例（21．7％）,28例（26．4％）因内镜无法通过狭窄段而先放置肠道支架,再经肠道支架完成胆管支架置入。83例（78．3％）患者于支架置人术后9—14d恢复正常饮食。术后并发黑便9例,高淀粉酶血症6例,呕血1例,均经对症治疗后治愈;1例术后第3天支架经肛门排出。83例获得24周随访,死亡49例（59．0％）,平均生存期（128±33）d。随访期发生肠道支架堵塞6例,4例放置第2枚肠道支架,2例取出肠道支架后重新放置。结论多支架治疗胰腺癌伴胃出口及胆管梗阻是安全的,并发症发生率低,近期疗效确切,并能明显改善患者的生活质量。     

经内镜放置胆管金属支架联合鼻胆管引流治疗恶性胆管梗阻

目的探讨经内镜放置胆管金属支架联合鼻胆管引流对恶性胆管梗阻的治疗效果。方法 115例失去手术机会的恶性胆管梗阻患者行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影下放置胆管支架,其中48例行胆管塑料支架引流术,30例行胆管金属支架引流术,37例行胆管金属支架联合鼻胆管引流术;分析各组引流效果、成功率、早期并发症和胆管再堵塞发生情况。结果塑料支架组、金属支架组及金属支架联合鼻胆管组的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)在手术后均有明显降低(P0.05);手术后1周金属支架联合鼻胆管组的TBIL和DBIL明显低于塑料支架组、金属支架组(P0.05),塑料支架组和金属支架组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后3个月内金属支架组和金属支架联合鼻胆管组再堵塞的发生率明显低于塑料支架组(P0.05),金属支架组和金属支架联合鼻胆管组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);塑料支架组的手术成功率与金属支架组及金属支架联合鼻胆管组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),塑料支架组的早期并发症发生率明显高于金属支架联合鼻胆管组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经内镜逆行胰胆管造影下放置胆管金属支架联合鼻胆管对于恶性胆管梗阻有确切的引流效果。     

放置胆管支架治疗胆管梗阻131例临床分析

目的 探讨放置胆管支架治疗胆管梗阻性疾病的可行性和疗效.方法 回顾性分析解放军总医院消化疾病中心2006年4月至2007年2月对131例住院胆管梗阻性疾病患者行138例次放置胆管支架的诊治经过,分析其黄疸改善情况及并发症的发生率.结果 全部患者均成功放置了胆管支架,术后3d血清总胆红素、直接胆红素、碱性磷酸酶和γ-谷氨酰转移酶均明显下降,差异有统计学意义.主要并发症为胆管炎及胰腺炎.结论 放置胆管支架为治疗胆管梗阻性疾病的有效治疗方法,尤其是为失去手术机会的患者提供了重要的治疗方案.     

内镜下胆管引流术治疗恶性胆管梗阻

目的 探讨经内镜放置胆管内支架治疗恶性胆管梗阻的效果.方法 采用胆管内支架治疗恶性胆管梗阻.结果 置管成功率91.83%,引流总有效率93.75%,并发症为8.33%.结论 内镜下置入胆管支架是解除胆管恶性梗阻的一种安全、有效、成功率高及并发症少的治疗方法.     

肠内延伸型胆管支架治疗胆管狭窄的临床疗效与安全性分析

目的 评估肠内延伸型胆管支架治疗胆管狭窄的临床疗效和安全性。 方法 采用多中心回顾性队列研究,纳入2006年2月—2020年4月因肝外胆管狭窄导致梗阻性黄疸的患者共550例,根据置入支架不同,分为传统支架组和肠内延伸型胆管支架组。采用倾向性评分对2组患者基本资料进行匹配,然后比较2组支架通畅时间、术前术后胆红素差值、并发症发生率和住院时间。 结果 550例患者中20例临床资料缺失,35例失访,进行倾向性分析后,最终326例纳入分析,每组各163例。肠内延伸型胆管支架组支架通畅时间为111.0(82.0,192.0)d,相比传统支架组的93.0(70.0,141.8)d明显延长（Z=3.260,P=0.001）,术前和术后1周胆红素差值相比传统支架组下降明显[51.2(26.0,114.7) μmol/L比46.0(13.9,81.1) μmol/L,Z=2.095,P=0.036]。传统支架组术后7例（4.3%）出现并发症,肠内延伸型胆管支架组为6例（3.7%）;2组中位住院时间均为10.0 d。2组并发症发生率和住院时间比较差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论 肠内延伸型胆管支架的通畅时间有效延长,且未增加术后并发症发生率和住院时间,有效性和安全性良好。     

ERCP治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的疗效评价

目的 探讨ERCP在治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症方面的作用.方法 回顾性分析2004年10月至2007年10月采用ERCP治疗39例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者的临床资料.对25例胆道狭窄患者(吻合口狭窄14例,非吻合口狭窄11例)行括约肌切开、胆管扩张、鼻胆管引流和塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对6例胆漏患者行鼻胆管引流及塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对16例胆道结石和胆泥形成患者(其中合并胆道狭窄8例)行括约肌切开、鼻胆管冲洗引流及取石网篮取石等治疗.结果 ERCP手术成功率为95.9%(94/98),未出现严重并发症.吻合口狭窄的ERCP治愈率为100%(14/14),非吻合口狭窄的ERCP治愈率为27.3%(3/11),胆漏的ERCP治愈率为83.3%(5/6),结道结石和胆泥形成患者的ERCP治愈率为81.3%(13/16).结论 ERCP治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症安全性较高、疗效较好、严重并发症发生率较低.     

ERCP治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的疗效评价

目的 探讨ERCP在治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症方面的作用.方法 回顾性分析2004年10月至2007年10月采用ERCP治疗39例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者的临床资料.对25例胆道狭窄患者(吻合口狭窄14例,非吻合口狭窄11例)行括约肌切开、胆管扩张、鼻胆管引流和塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对6例胆漏患者行鼻胆管引流及塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对16例胆道结石和胆泥形成患者(其中合并胆道狭窄8例)行括约肌切开、鼻胆管冲洗引流及取石网篮取石等治疗.结果 ERCP手术成功率为95.9%(94/98),未出现严重并发症.吻合口狭窄的ERCP治愈率为100%(14/14),非吻合口狭窄的ERCP治愈率为27.3%(3/11),胆漏的ERCP治愈率为83.3%(5/6),结道结石和胆泥形成患者的ERCP治愈率为81.3%(13/16).结论 ERCP治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症安全性较高、疗效较好、严重并发症发生率较低.     

ERCP治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的疗效评价

目的 探讨ERCP在治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症方面的作用.方法 回顾性分析2004年10月至2007年10月采用ERCP治疗39例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者的临床资料.对25例胆道狭窄患者(吻合口狭窄14例,非吻合口狭窄11例)行括约肌切开、胆管扩张、鼻胆管引流和塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对6例胆漏患者行鼻胆管引流及塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对16例胆道结石和胆泥形成患者(其中合并胆道狭窄8例)行括约肌切开、鼻胆管冲洗引流及取石网篮取石等治疗.结果 ERCP手术成功率为95.9%(94/98),未出现严重并发症.吻合口狭窄的ERCP治愈率为100%(14/14),非吻合口狭窄的ERCP治愈率为27.3%(3/11),胆漏的ERCP治愈率为83.3%(5/6),结道结石和胆泥形成患者的ERCP治愈率为81.3%(13/16).结论 ERCP治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症安全性较高、疗效较好、严重并发症发生率较低.     

ERCP治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的疗效评价

目的 探讨ERCP在治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症方面的作用.方法 回顾性分析2004年10月至2007年10月采用ERCP治疗39例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者的临床资料.对25例胆道狭窄患者(吻合口狭窄14例,非吻合口狭窄11例)行括约肌切开、胆管扩张、鼻胆管引流和塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对6例胆漏患者行鼻胆管引流及塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对16例胆道结石和胆泥形成患者(其中合并胆道狭窄8例)行括约肌切开、鼻胆管冲洗引流及取石网篮取石等治疗.结果 ERCP手术成功率为95.9%(94/98),未出现严重并发症.吻合口狭窄的ERCP治愈率为100%(14/14),非吻合口狭窄的ERCP治愈率为27.3%(3/11),胆漏的ERCP治愈率为83.3%(5/6),结道结石和胆泥形成患者的ERCP治愈率为81.3%(13/16).结论 ERCP治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症安全性较高、疗效较好、严重并发症发生率较低.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.