房室结折返性心动过速患者慢径改良术后的远期随访研究——附55例报告

目的:评价采用导管射频消融技术进行慢径改良治疗房室结折返性心动过速(atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia,AVNRT)的远期疗效和安全性.方法:随访55例应用导管射频消融技术行慢径改良术的术后AVNRT患者,随访时间为6～102(中位数36)个月.随访内容包括心电图和24小时动态心电图P-R间期、食管电生理检查房室结前传有效不应期、1∶1房室传导的最大频率、心动过速复发率、并发症发生率以及生活质量等.结果:有3例在1年内复发,复发率为6%(3/55),其中术后3个月内复发1例,术后6个月复发2例.第1度房室传导阻滞:经心电图证实为1例(2%),经动态心电图检测为6例(11%).第2度房室传导阻滞1例.术后房室结前传有效不应期延长,1∶1房室传导的最大频率减慢.85%的患者远期随访无不适主诉.结论:远期随访表明,应用导管射频消融技术行慢径改良术治疗AVNRT是安全、有效的,能提高患者的生活质量.     

阵发性房室结折返性心动过速患者慢径路消融治疗的临床分析

目的探讨射频消融慢径路治疗阵发性房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）的临床效果。方法回顾性分析425例采用射频消融治疗的AVNRT患者的临床资料。结果417例手术成功，成功率98．12％。4例（0．94％）出现高度房宣传导阻滞，2例（0．47％）因心室率较慢而安装永久性起搏器。随访6个月内有8例复发，复发率1．9％。结论选择性慢径路消融是成功治愈AVNRT安全有效的方法。     

三磷酸腺苷在房室结折返性心动过速消融终点判定中的意义

【目的】探讨三磷酸腺苷（adenosine triphosphate,ATP）在射频消融（radiofrequency cather abalation,RFCA）慢径治疗慢-快型房室结折返性心动过速（atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia,AVNRT）消融终点判定中的意义。【方法】40例慢-快型AVNRT患者RFCA前经股静脉快速（2S内）注射ATP（0．15mg／kg起始量及每次增加0．1mg／kg）,直至出现房室结双径路（dua atrioventricular nodal pathways,DAVNP）现象、Ⅱ度或Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞等。对ATP试验诊断有房室结双径路现象者RFCA慢径阻断成功后重复原ATP剂量,连续记录体表心电图和心内电图。【结果】RFCA前行ATP实验29例（72．5％）出现DAVNP现象,该29例患者RFCA慢径阻断成功后重复注射原ATP剂量,均无DAVNP现象。【结论】ATP是诊断DAVNP的一个判定指标,如若RFCA术前ATP试验诊断有DAVNP现象,术后ATP试验诊断无DAVNP现象意味着慢径阻断成功。     

起源于冠状静脉窦口的右侧旁路合并房室结双径路的诊断与鉴别

目的探讨复杂多径路心动过速时的应用拖带和程序S2刺激进行诊断和鉴别分析。 方法回顾性分析1例间歇性预激波患者频发室上性心动过速,经心脏电生理检查行右心室拖带刺激和心室程序S2刺激,测量最后一跳刺激信号到自身心房波间期减去心动过速下心室到心房的间期(SA-VA)和起搏后间期(PPI)－心动过速周长(TCC),并行常规射频导管消融术治疗。 结果术中心室分级刺激S1S1：350 ms诱发右侧旁路参与的房室折返性心动过速,TCL为372 ms, PPI为395 ms,继续行心房S1S2：500/310 ms刺激,"跳跃"诱发同前一样的室房波不融合心动过速。再次行心房S1S1：280 ms刺激,可反复诱发慢快型房室结折返性心动过速。在旁路参与的心动过速下给予心室程序S2刺激,测量PPI为385.1 ms, TCL为360.1 ms,PPI－TCL≤20 ms,证实为右侧旁路参与的房室折返性心动过速,同时存在慢快型房室结折返性行心动过速,给予常规射频导管消融成功径路和旁路。术后随访12个月未有心动过速发作。 结论通过右心室心室拖带刺激,以及测量SA-VA间期和PPI-TCL间期可以用来鉴别典型房室结折返性心动过速与间隔房室旁路。     

体表心电图对室上性心动过速鉴别诊断的价值

目的探讨体表心电图对室上性心动过速鉴别诊断的价值，以便简单快速地诊断是否存在房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）和房室折返性，42动过速（AVRT）。方法回顾性分析2000年12月～2006年12月收治的86例在我院接受射频消融治疗且在体表心电图上有记录的室上性心动过速患者。观察逆P，测定JP间期，观察ST段变化，室上速发作起始情况；QRS的r＇s’q波。结果房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）的正确率88，4％和房室折返性心动过速（AVRT）正确率86．4％，两者均有所提高。结论新方案可以提高房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）和房室折返性心动过速（AVRT）的鉴别诊断正确率。     

aVL导联终末部切迹在室上性心动过速中的鉴别诊断价值

房室结折返性心动过速（atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia,AVNRT）为临床最常见的室上性心动过速,AVNRT时（本研究指慢快型）心房和心室一般为同时激动或心房激动略晚于心室,     

特殊类型房室结折返性心动过速的射频消融策略

目的：探讨特殊类型的房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）治疗方案。方法：我院1998年1月至2006年6月经射频消融治疗的AVNRT患者326例，回顾性分析其电生理特点及射频消融策略。结果：326例中323例消融成功，有9例复发，其中7例复发者均为保留慢径前传以不再诱发AVNRT为消融终点；3例失败者，1例发生Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞，2例为快-慢型AVNRT。结论：AVNRT的消融终点以阻断慢径传导为最佳，特殊病例需特殊处理。     

房室结双径路消融中特殊电生理现象分析与处理

目的：分析房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）慢径路消融中特殊电生理现象及处理体会。方法：慢径路消融前常规行心内电生理检查。结果：有特殊电生理现象者8例，其中3例患者AVNRT开始时表现为房室2：1传导，阻滞点在希氏束以上部位；3例患者房室结功能曲线呈连续性；1例为慢-慢型AVNRT；1例心内电生理检查未能诱发出AVNRT。所有患者慢径消融均成功，结论：术前应行详细的心内电生理检查和仔细鉴别，其消融方法与典型AVNRT相同。     

房室结折返性和房室折返性心动过速的对比研究

【目的】探讨房室结折返和房室折返性心动过速（AVNRT,AVRT）的特点及射频消融（RFCA）的疗效和安全性。【方法】回顾性分析本院近6年行RFCA的823例AVNRT和AVRT患者的临床和电生理特点及手术情况。【结果】AVRT较AVNRT多见．AVNRT女性多于男性,而AVRT男性多见（P〈0．01）。AVRT中左侧较右侧旁路多见。左侧旁路以隐匿性为主．而右侧旁路以显性为主（P〈0．01）;左侧旁路男性多见,而右侧旁路以女性为主（P〈0．01）。右侧显性旁路手术成功率明显低于其他旁路和AVNRT（P〈0．05和P〈0．01）．术后复发率明显高于左侧旁路（P〈0．05和P〈0．01）。2例AVNRT术后出现房室传导阻滞而植入心脏起搏器,发生气胸和血气胸6例。心包填塞1例．假性动脉瘤3例,1例左侧旁路放电时出现心室纤颤。无一例患者死亡。【结论】AVNRT和AVRT消融手术成功率高而复发率低．严重并发症较少．RFCA治疗AVNRT和AVRT是有效和安全的。     

射频消融房室结折返性心动过速相关迟发性房室传导阻滞

目前射频消融治疗阵发性室上性心动过速(简称室上速)已成为一线治疗.射频消融行房室结折返性心动过速(atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia,AVNRT)慢径改良中并发Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞发生率为0~3%,多发生于消融过程中[1].本组报道4例AVNBT患者在慢径消融术后较晚出现房室传导阻滞的迟发现象.     

Stepwise Transition of 2:1 Atrio‐Ventricular Block to 1:1 Conduction Induced by Ventricular Premature Beats in a Patient with Atypical AVNRT

A 55‐year‐old man with a 2‐year history of recurrent paroxysmal palpitations and with an electrocardiogram documentation of atypical atrioventricular nodal re‐entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) was referred to us for catheter ablation. After an initial ablation attempt, several episodes of atypical AVNRT were induced. During one of these episodes, we documented a stepwise transition of 2:1 atrioventricular block to 1:1 conduction, following two single ventricular premature beats. This phenomenon confirmed the functional nature of the AV block during AVNRT and indirectly its infra‐nodal location. (PACE 2010; 33:e20–e23)     

"V-H-A Pattern" as a criterion for the differential diagnosis of atypical AV nodal reentrant tachycardia from AV reciprocating tachycardia

BACKGROUND: During ventricular extrastimulation, His bundle potential (H) following ventricular (V) and followed by atrial potentials (A), i.e., V-H-A, is observed in the His bundle electrogram when ventriculo-atrial (VA) conduction occurs via the normal conduction system. We examined the diagnostic value of V-H-A for atypical form of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), which showed the earliest atrial activation site at the posterior paraseptal region during the tachycardia. METHODS: We prospectively examined the response of VA conduction to ventricular extrastimulation during basic drive pacing performed during sinus rhythm in 16 patients with atypical AVNRT masquerading atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT) utilizing a posterior paraseptal accessory pathway and 21 with AVRT utilizing a posterior paraseptal accessory pathway. Long RP' tachycardia with RP'/RR > 0.5 was excluded. The incidences of V-H-A and dual AV nodal physiology (DP) were compared between atypical AVNRT and AVRT. RESULTS: V-H-A was demonstrated in all the 16 patients (100%) in atypical AVNRT and in only 1 of the 21 (5%) in AVRT (P < 0.001). DP was demonstrated in 10 patients (63%) in atypical AVNRT and in 4 (19%) in AVRT (P < 0.05). The sensitivity of V-H-A for atypical AVNRT was higher than that of DP (P < 0.05). Positive and negative predictive values were 94% and 100%, respectively, for V-H-A and 71% and 74%, respectively, for DP. CONCLUSIONS: The appearance of V-H-A during ventricular extrastimulation is a simple criterion for differentiating atypical AVNRT masquerading AVRT from AVRT utilizing a posterior paraseptal accessory pathway.     

Differential Entrainment Distinguishes Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia from Atrioventricular Reentrant Tachycardia

Background: Entrainment from the right ventricular (RV) apex and the base has been used to distinguish atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) from atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT). The difference in the entrainment response from the RV apex in comparison with the RV base has not been tested. Methods: Fifty‐nine consecutive patients referred for ablation of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) were included. Entrainment of SVT was performed from the RV apex and base, pacing at 10–40‐ms faster than the tachycardia cycle length. SA interval was calculated from stimulus to earliest atrial electrogram. Ventricle to atrium (VA) interval was measured from the RV electrogram (apex and base) to the earliest atrial electrogram during tachycardia. The SA‐VA interval from apex and base was measured and the difference between them was calculated. Results: Thirty‐six AVNRT and 23 AVRT patients were enrolled. Mean age was 44 ± 12 years; 52% were male. The [SA‐VA]apex–[SA‐VA]base was demonstrable in 84.7% of patients and measured ?9.4 ± 6.6 in AVNRT and 10 ± 11.3 in AVRT, P < 0.001. The difference was negative for all AVNRT cases and positive for all septal accessory pathways (APs). Conclusion: The difference between entrainment from the apex and base is readily performed and is diagnostic for all AVNRTs and septal APs. (PACE 2010; 1335–1341)     

房室结双径路消融中特殊电生理现象分析与处理

目的 :分析房室结折返性心动过速 (AVNRT)慢径路消融中特殊电生理现象及处理体会。方法 :慢径路消融前常规行心内电生理检查。结果 :有特殊电生理现象者 8例 ,其中 3例患者AVNRT开始时表现为房室 2 :1传导 ,阻滞点在希氏束以上部位 ;3例患者房室结功能曲线呈连续性 ;1例为慢 -慢型AVNRT ;1例心内电生理检查未能诱发出AVNRT。所有患者慢径消融均成功。结论 :术前应行详细的心内电生理检查和仔细鉴别 ,其消融方法与典型AVNRT相同     

Superior type of atypical AV nodal reentrant tachycardia: incidence, characteristics, and effect of slow pathway ablation

Background: Atypical atrioventricular (AV) nodal reentrant tachycardias (AVNRT) usually exhibit the earliest retrograde atrial activation (ERAA) at the right inferoseptum (Rt-IS) or proximal coronary sinus (PCS). The purpose of this study was to characterize atypical AVNRT with the ERAA at the right superoseptum (Rt-SS).
Methods: Seventy-three atypical AVNRTs induced in 63 cases were classified into the superior type with the ERAA at the Rt-SS and inferior type with the ERAA at the Rt-IS or PCS.
Results: There were nine superior (12%) and 64 inferior types of atypical AVNRT (88%) in seven and 56 cases, respectively. The superior type exhibited a short atrial-His interval during the tachycardia (166 ± 41 ms), long His-atrial interval during the tachycardia (H-At:156 ± 38 ms), and ventricular pacing at the tachycardia cycle length (TCL) (H-Ap:201 ± 36 ms), and evidence for a lower common pathway, including second-degree AV block (four tachycardias) and an H-Ap being longer than the H-At (nine tachycardias). The TCL was shorter in the superior type than in the inferior type (322 ± 35 vs 404 ± 110 ms; P < 0.02). In the inferior type, all tachycardias were eliminated after the ablation at the Rt-IS (44 tachycardias) or PCS (20 tachycardias) where an ERAA was recorded. In the superior type, ablation at the Rt-IS was ineffective; however, ablation at the right midseptum eliminated seven (78%) of the nine tachycardias.
Conclusions: The tachycardia circuit of the superior type might have deviated to a more superior part of Koch's triangle than that of the inferior type.     

射频消融的延迟效应对手术效果及并发症的影响

目的 :探讨射频消融延迟效应对手术效果及并发症的影响。方法 :回顾分析 1998～ 2 0 0 2年住院的室上速 4例 ,年龄 15～ 4 5岁 ,男女各 2例 ,其中房室结折返性心动过速 (AVNRT) 2例 ,右侧显性预激 (B- WPW) 2例 ,射频消融均未成功 ,在消融过程中 2例 B- WPW出现短暂旁路前传消失 ,2例 AVNRT出现短暂快速交界性心律及一过性 度房室传导阻滞。结果 :2例 B- WPW术后 1个月复查心电图预激消失 ,2例 AVNRT分别于术后 3d和 1周出现持续 度房室传导阻滞和 度 型房室传导阻滞 ,经激素治疗后房室传导均恢复正常。所有患者术后均未再发作室上速。结论 :射频消融术后组织及电学损伤范围可进一步加大从而产生延迟现象 ,它可对患者有益也可产生不利影响 ,因此射频消融时要密切注意可能产生延迟反应的电生理现象。     

Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Accessory Pathways During Entrainment of AV Reentrant Tachycardia

Radiofrequency ablation of accessory pathways must sometimes be done during orthodromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia when manifest anterograde accessory pathway conduction is absent or retrograde fusion obscures accessory pathway location during ventricular pacing. Unfortunately, abrupt heart rate slowing upon radiofrequency induced termination of atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia often causes catheter dislodgment. We report our experience in circumventing this problem during radiofrequency ablation by using entrainment of atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia. The latter maintains retrograde activation pattern over the accessory pathway while preventing abrupt ventricular rate change. Eight patients (4 men and 4 women, mean age 37.3 ± 17.9) with eleven left-sided accessory pathways were included. Ablation during entrainment was used as the first approach in three patients with concealed accessory pathways and one patient with a bidirectional accessory pathway. In another four patients, ablation during entrainment was used after technical difficulties in ablating during tachycardia. Only 1–3 radiofrequency applications were required to eliminate the accessory pathway using the entrainment technique. The catheter remained stable when accessory pathway conduction was interrupted by radiofrequency current. In conclusion, entrainment of atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia during radiofrequency application is useful for maintaining catheter position for accessory pathway ablation during atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia.     

Antidromic His Capture during Entrainment of Orthodromic AVRT

A narrow QRS tachycardia with eccentric atrial activation is presented with features favoring an orthodromic atrioventricular re‐entrant tachycardia including an extranodal paraHisian response, and a short corrected post‐pacing interval to tachycardia cycle length difference following right ventricular entrainment. However, during entrainment, the H‐H interval was entrained by the pacing train several beats prior to the A‐A interval which would suggest an atrioventricular nodal re‐entry tachycardia. We discuss the diagnosis and its mechanism. (PACE 2010; 33;1153–1156)     

Entrainment to Distinguish Orthodromic Reciprocating Tachycardia from Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia in Children

Background : Studies in adults suggest that after entrainment from the right ventricle, a post‐pacing interval (PPI) minus tachycardia cycle length (TCL), when corrected for atrioventricular node delay (cPPI‐TCL), is useful to distinguish atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) from orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia (ORT), but this has not been evaluated in children. Methods : In 100 children undergoing catheter ablation, entrainment of ORT or AVNRT was performed from the right ventricular apex. The atrial‐His (AH) interval was measured on the return cycle (post‐AH) and during tachycardia just prior to pacing (pre‐AH). The cPPI‐TCL was calculated as (PPI‐TCL) ? (post‐AH ? pre‐AH). In the first 50 children, the best cutoff was identified and then validated in the next 50 children. Results : In the first 50 children, cPPI‐TCL was longer in AVNRT compared with ORT (122 ± 19 ms vs 63 ± 23 ms, P < 0.001). Furthermore, cPPI‐TCL exceeded 95 ms in all AVNRT patients, but was less than < 95 ms in 28 of 29 ORT patients. In the next 50 children, a cPPI‐TCL < 95 ms was 100% specific for ORT; a cPPI‐TCL > 95 ms was 95% specific for AVNRT. There was even greater separation of cPPI‐TCL values comparing AVNRT with ORT utilizing a septal accessory pathway. Conclusions : The cPPI‐TCL is a useful technique to distinguish AVNRT from ORT in children. Our data suggest that in children a cPPI‐TCL < 95 ms excludes AVNRT, while a value > 95 ms is rarely observed in ORT. This technique is particularly useful to distinguish AVNRT from ORT utilizing a septal accessory pathway. (PACE 2010; 469–474)     

Pacing Maneuver in the Diagnosis of the Mechanism of Supraventricular Tachycardia

Pacing and entrainment maneuvers are essential for establishing the mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), but may fail to do so if the SVT terminates or if pacing results in atrioventricular (AV) dissociation as opposed to entrainment of the arrhythmia. We present an unusual case of typical AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) with high degree AV block in which the diagnosis was confirmed using a novel maneuver consisting of simultaneous atrial and ventricular (A + V) pacing. The reproducible response to A + V pacing at varying cycle lengths established the diagnosis of AVNRT in this case. (PACE 2011; 34:e90–e93)