患肾不显影输尿管结石的ESWL治疗

目的　总结由输尿管结石梗阻引起患侧肾脏不显影者行ESWL治疗的临床经验。　方法　输尿管结石致急性绞痛患者 16 8例 ,ESWL术前行KUB和IVU检查明确诊断输尿管结石而患侧肾脏不显影。结石位于髂骨缘以上者采用仰卧位 ,髂骨缘以下者采用俯卧位治疗。对 10 4例病史 <1个月、年龄 <6 0岁者于结石排空后行IVU ,观察其肾功能恢复情况。　结果　 16 8例患者全部于 2周内排空结石 ,其中 10 4例在结石排空后 1周～ 1年复查IVU ,患侧肾均已显影 ,2例仍有肾盂轻度积水。　结论　输尿管结石急性发病时 ,可因肾内压力骤增而引起肾功能受损 ,表现为患侧肾不显影。这种损害是可逆的 ,及时解除梗阻可使患肾功能得到恢复 ,ESWL是有效措施之一     

移植肾输尿管梗阻的原因与处理方法

目的:探讨移植肾输尿管梗阻的发病原因及其处理方法。方法:报告行肾移植后发生移植肾输尿管梗阻29例的临床资料。全部经手术探查证实,包括输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄9例,输尿管下段狭窄5例,输尿管全段闭锁2例,膀胱肌层包埋过紧1例,输尿管下段穿孔4例,输尿管全段坏死2例,输尿管下段血块堵塞1例,输尿管外周血肿压迫2例,脓肿压迫1例,移植肾输尿管结石2例。14例移植输尿管坏死患者中有10例梗阻前发生急性排斥反应。结果:患者尿路重建后移植肾功能均恢复良好,随访1年均无再次梗阻发生。结论:移植肾输尿管梗阻以输尿管狭窄和坏死最为多见,排斥反应是发生输尿管梗阻的重要病因之一。对于影像学提示梗阻而移植肾功能无明显受损的病例,应积极行移植肾活检。手术是解决移植肾输尿管梗阻最有效的方法。     

恶性肿瘤致输尿管梗阻的微创外科处理

目的:探讨恶性肿瘤所致输尿管梗阻的有效微创外科处理方法。方法:回顾性分析2007年8月~2013年3月诊治的28例恶性肿瘤所致输尿管梗阻患者的临床资料。患者先采用膀胱镜下留置输尿管支架管术解除梗阻,如膀胱镜下留置输尿管支架管术失败或仍无法解除梗阻则改行经皮肾造瘘术解除梗阻。输尿管支架管每6个月更换,肾造瘘管每月更换。结果:14例患者成功采用膀胱镜下留置输尿管支架管术,其中输尿管留置支架管双侧11例,单侧3例;11例患者因留置输尿管支架管术失败改行单侧经皮肾造瘘术;3例患者膀胱镜下留置单侧输尿管支架管,术后尿液引流不良、无法解除输尿管梗阻,改行单侧经皮肾造瘘术。26例术前肾功能受损患者中20例术后四周肾功能恢复正常,6例患者术后肾功能稳定在氮质血症期(术后血肌酐191.2~330.0μmol/L,术后血尿素氮5.24~8.75mmol/L)、电解质正常,泌尿系超声提示术侧肾脏轻度积水或无积水。每3个月复查KUB未见输尿管支架管结石附着,肾造瘘管引流通畅。随访1~45个月,死亡9例,无因肾功能衰竭死亡患者。结论:恶性肿瘤致输尿管梗阻患者,膀胱镜下留置输尿管支架管术和经皮肾造瘘术两种微创外科技术可以有效解除输尿管梗阻。膀胱镜下留置输尿管支架管术可作为首选方法,对梗阻段输尿管较长、肿瘤浸润输尿管壁、多部位梗阻患者,膀胱镜下留置输尿管支架管引流不能有效解除梗阻,需行经皮肾造瘘术。     

急性肾后性肾功能不全的原因及综合处理（附6例报告）

目的：探讨急性肾后性肾功能不全的原因及临床处理。方法：回顾性分析2003～2008年6例肾后性肾功能不全患者的临床资料,总结治疗方法。结果：上尿路梗阻原因5例,其中盆腔肿瘤3例,子宫颈癌2例,子宫内膜癌1例;孤立肾、输尿管结石1例;乙状结肠癌根治术后造成双侧输尿管下段压迫1例。下尿路梗阻原因1例,为BPH并发尿潴留。急诊行输尿管逆行双J管置入术3例,其中双侧置管1例,单侧置管2例;血液透析后行ESWL1例;B超引导下肾穿刺造瘘术1例;留置尿管肾功能恢复后行TURP术1例。6例患者梗阻解除后,3～10天肾功能有不同程度恢复。结论：导致急性肾后性肾功能不全的原因众多,以肿瘤、结石、前列腺增生进行性尿潴留为主。急诊处理原则为解除梗阻,改善肾功能。待患者肾功能恢复后,针对不同病因进行治疗。     

肾后性急性肾功能衰竭的微创治疗

目的:总结腔内微创技术治疗肾后性急性肾功能衰竭的临床经验。方法:对48例不同梗阻原因致肾后性急性肾功能衰竭的患者,采用膀胱镜下逆行插管(3例)、输尿管镜下取石/碎石后置管(35例)引流、经皮肾穿刺造瘘引流(10例)解除梗阻,回顾性分析其治疗效果。结果:48例患者均成功解除尿路梗阻,无一例死亡,无尿瘘、输尿管穿孔、肾出血等并发症。结论:上尿路梗阻是肾后性急性肾功能衰竭的主要原因,应首选输尿管镜技术处理。如处理困难,膀胱镜下逆行插管和经皮肾镜穿刺造瘘引流也是可行的有效方法。     

肾包膜下积液的外科治疗（附7例报告）

目的探讨肾包膜下积液的外科治疗。方法回顾性分析7例肾包膜下积液的病因、治疗经过。其中男性4例,女性3例。3例男性和1例女性患者由体外震波碎石（ESWL）引起,1例女性由输尿管镜检引起,其余2例无明显原因。同位素分肾功能检查均有患侧肾小球滤过率下降,2例有高血压和血管紧张素及醛固酮水平升高（Page肾）。7例均行肾包膜切除术,手术均顺利完成。结果随访6~24月（平均11月）,无1例肾包膜下积液复发。2例高血压患者术后4周血压逐渐降至正常,复查血中血管紧张素和醛固酮水平正常。5例患肾功能完全恢复,2例3月后患肾的肾小球滤过率较对侧下降15%和25%。结论对外伤和医源性肾包膜下积液或积血患者要严密观察,有肾性高血压或患肾功能减退者应积极外科治疗,防止发生不可逆性肾功能损害。腹腔镜肾纤维膜切除应为首选方法,严重患者行肾切除。     

肾包膜下积液19例临床分析

目的探讨肾包膜下积液的成因和治疗方法。方法回顾分析19例肾包膜下积液,其中12例因尿路梗阻,4例因肾实质感染而形成;3例原因不明。均经CT明确诊断。结果19例肾包膜下积液中,15例针对病因治疗,即解除梗阻,控制肾实质感染后,积液均有吸收减少;原因不明予以对症治疗。积液亦被吸收。结论尿路梗阻是肾包膜下积液的常见原因,增高的肾盂压力使得尿液经静脉、淋巴管或直接返流到肾周;急性肾绞痛因肾盂压力的急剧升高,更易形成包膜下积液。肾实质的感染也是形成积液的重要原因。在对因治疗,解除梗阻,控制感染后,肾包膜下积液均可逐渐被吸收。     

儿童和成人头孢曲松结石致上尿路梗阻的外科治疗

目的:探讨儿童及成人头孢曲松结石致上尿路梗阻的外科治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析2017年7月～2020年2月于我院诊治的4例儿童和成人头孢曲松结石致上尿路梗阻的临床资料,探讨其临床表现、影像学特征及外科治疗方法。结果:4例患者中,有3例的临床表现为肾绞痛或腹部疼痛,1例的临床表现为无尿。B超和CT检查发现肾结石和(或)输尿管结石,患侧肾、输尿管积水经外科治疗均已痊愈,结石成分分析为头孢曲松,术后随访3～6个月肾功能均正常,无结石残留或复发。结论:长期和(或)超量使用CTRX、脱水、长期卧床、补钙、输尿管狭窄是形成头孢曲松结石的高危因素。头孢曲松结石致上尿路梗阻时通过及时留置输尿管支架解除梗阻,并通过口服枸橼酸氢钾钠和适当喝水促进结石排出,达到较好地治疗效果。     

经输尿管镜治疗输尿管结石梗阻致急性肾功能衰竭

目的探讨经输尿管镜治疗输尿管结石梗阻致急性肾功能衰竭的疗效。方法对21例输尿管结石梗阻致急性肾功能衰竭(血Cr≥310μmol/L)的患者行输尿管镜气压弹道碎石取石治疗。结果17例经输尿管镜碎石取石成功,3例输尿管上段结石部分击碎后进入肾盂,1例输尿管中段结石进镜失败中转开放手术。术中均留置双J管,梗阻均解除,无严重并发症。术后20例肾功能恢复正常,另1例术后12个月血BUN8.7mmol/L、Cr193μmol/L。结论经输尿管镜治疗输尿管结石梗阻致急性肾功能衰竭具有微创、安全、疗效好、恢复快等优点,应作为首选治疗手段。     

经输尿管镜治疗输尿管结石梗阻导致的急性肾功能衰竭的临床研究

目的探讨输尿管镜治疗输尿管结石梗阻致急性肾功能衰竭的疗效。方法对26例输尿管结石梗阻致急性肾功能衰竭的患者行输尿管镜气压弹道碎石取石治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 22例采用输尿管镜碎石取石成功,3例输尿管上段结石部分击碎后进入肾盂,1例输尿管中段结石进镜失败中转开放手术。术中均留置双J管,梗阻均解除,无严重并发症。术后23例肾功能恢复正常,另3例术后3个月血尿素氮(BUN)8.7~12mmol/L、肌酐(Cr)193~220μmol/L。结论经输尿管镜治疗输尿管结石梗阻致急性肾功能衰竭具有微创、安全、疗效好、恢复快等优点,为可选术式。     

Unilateral ureteral obstruction in early development alters renal growth: dependence on the duration of obstruction

PURPOSE: Over 90% of nephrogenesis in the rat takes place postnatally in the first 10 days, analogous to the midtrimester human fetus. We wished to determine the relationship between the duration of unilateral ureteral obstruction and growth and morphology of both kidneys following relief of the obstruction in the neonatal rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One ureter of 1 day-old rats was sham-operated or occluded and released 1, 2, 3, or 5 days later, or not released. Fourteen or 28 days later, renal mass, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis were determined in the obstructed and contralateral kidney of each group. RESULTS: At 28 days, there was a linear relationship between kidney/body weight ratio and duration of obstruction, such that the decrement in renal mass resulting from ipsilateral obstruction was precisely compensated by an equal increment in the mass of the contralateral kidney (both, p <0.0001). Tubular atrophy was increased 100-fold in kidneys of rats with 28 days continuous ipsilateral obstruction, while relief of obstruction after 2 to 5 days reduced tubular atrophy by 90% (p <0.01). Interstitial fibrosis was also markedly reduced by relief of obstruction, with the severity of fibrosis being proportional to the duration of obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that ureteral obstruction during the critical period of nephrogenesis impairs growth of the obstructed kidney and stimulates growth of the contralateral kidney in direct proportion to the duration of obstruction. Moreover, counterbalance between the two kidneys is finely regulated. Even 2 days of ureteral obstruction (with subsequent relief) induces contralateral renal growth, and induces ipsilateral tubular atrophy. However, the time dependence of renal injury on duration of obstruction suggests that earlier relief of obstruction in the developing kidney may allow greater ultimate preservation of functional renal mass.     

Transfusion reaction,unilateral ureteral obstruction,and renal cortical necrosis

Bilateral focal renal cortical necrosis developed in a patient who received six units of ABO mismatched blood and inadvertent surgical ligation of one ureter. Unlike case reports and experimental studies in which unilateral ureteral obstruction had a “protective” effect on the development of ipsilateral cortical necrosis, the obstructed kidney sustained more injury than the contralateral kidney. Partial recovery of renal function occurred bilaterally after a six-week period of oliguria requiring 18 hemodialyses.     

Refluxing ureteral reimplant as temporary treatment of obstructive megaureter in neonate and infant

PURPOSE: An obstructive megaureter identified in the neonatal period can be managed using a number of techniques, with the primary goal being to minimize the potential for further injury to the affected kidney. We describe our experience with refluxing ureteral reimplantation as a novel method for temporizing the obstructive megaureter. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three patients identified prenatally with severe hydroureteronephrosis were confirmed following delivery to have an obstructive ectopic ureter. Unilateral obstruction was identified in 2 patients (1 female, 1 male). The third patient was a female with bilateral single system ectopic ureters. Treatment consisted of anastomosing the ureter proximal to the obstruction to the dome of the bladder in a freely high grade refluxing fashion. All of the patients were placed on antibiotic suppression after surgery. RESULTS: All patients demonstrated improved drainage of the affected kidney(s) following surgery. One female patient with unilateral obstruction had a poorly functioning kidney that showed no improvement of renal function 6 months following refluxing reimplantation, and laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed. The male patient with unilateral obstruction had adequate function with a significantly decreased ureteral diameter 1 year following refluxing ureteral reimplant, and a ureteral reimplantation without tapering was performed. The female patient with bilateral obstruction had 1 breakthrough urinary tract infection 6 months after surgery and now awaits second stage repair. CONCLUSIONS: Refluxing ureteral reimplantation is a safe, easy, beneficial and well tolerated means of temporizing the obstructive megaureter. This technique allows time for the child to mature, while accurately establishing renal function and preparing for a definitive surgical solution.     

Reflex anuria from unilateral ureteral obstruction

Renal function is usually normal or only marginally affected in patients with unilateral ureteral obstruction due to the vicarious function of the contralateral kidney. Few reports exist in which unilateral renal obstruction is associated with anuria (reflex anuria, RA) and acute renal failure. We report the clinical case of a female patient who was referred to the emergency department due to anuria of 72 h duration and acute renal failure (serum creatinine 9 mg/dl) associated with several episodes of violent right flank pain with hematuria following extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). A few weeks before ESWL, urography showed a 2-cm stone located in the right pelvis whilst the left kidney was functionally normal. On admission, renal ultrasound documented a normal left kidney, whilst the right pelvis was hydronephrotic and there were two indwelling stones at the right pyeloureteral junction. After the patient passed a urinary stone, diuresis restarted and acute renal failure was resolved. Thereafter, urography confirmed that the left kidney, the left ureter and bladder were functionally and morphologically normal. RA with acute renal failure has been so scarcely documented that it is considered to be legend by many clinicians. Major textbooks do not discuss RA with acute renal failure. Vascular or ureteral spasm related in part to a peculiar hyperexcitability of the autonomic nervous system may explain RA. We suggest that nephrologists should always consider RA when evaluating acute renal failure. On the other hand, RA might be relatively common and we cannot rule out that only the most severe and/or better-documented cases have been reported in the medical literature.     

High urinary flow accelerates renal injury in young rats with partial unilateral ureteral obstruction

PURPOSE: We studied the effect of dietary manipulation and high urine flow on neonatal partial ureteral obstruction in a weanling rat preparation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 40, 3-week old Sprague-Dawley rats underwent unilateral ureteral obstruction by burial of the right ureter in the psoas muscle and 13 underwent sham operation. Low, high and normal salt, and high sucrose diets were administered for 2 months. The glomerular filtration rate of each kidney was measured by iothalamate clearance. Intrapelvic pressure and renal blood flow were measured before and after acute volume loading. RESULTS: Fluid intake and urine output were 8 to 10-fold greater in animals on high salt and high sucrose diets compared to those in rats on normal and low salt diets. Hydronephrosis was observed only in rats with partial obstruction and high urine flow. No difference in renal weight was noted. Relative glomerular filtration rate of the partially obstructed kidney was maintained when urine flow was normal but decreased significantly with high urine flow. Total glomerular filtration rate also decreased with high urine flow. Intrapelvic pressure was elevated significantly at baseline in partially obstructed kidneys with high urine flow. All kidneys with partial obstruction had significantly increased intrapelvic pressure with volume loading. Renal blood flow was not significantly decreased in rats with high urine flow. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic high urine flow causes loss of renal function in partially obstructed weanling rat kidneys. Research should be done to determine whether human infants with hydronephrosis and partial ureteral obstruction would benefit from the prevention of increased fluid and salt intake.     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy with EDAP LT-01 lithotriptor

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) by EDAP LT-01 was used to treat 77 patients with upper urinary tract stones. A total of 218 sessions were performed for 111 stones in 52 kidney units and 41 stones in 37 upper ureter units, and 77% of the 52 kidney stone units and 62% of the 37 ureter units were completely disintegrated. The success of fragmentation of kidney stones differed with the size of the stone, 96% of the stones less than 21 mm and 63% of the 8 stones between 21 and 30 mm were successfully fragmented. The success of fragmentation of ureteral stones differed auxiliary manipulation. Eighty-one percent of the 21 ureteral stones moved into the kidney, were successfully disintegrated, but 40% of the 20 stones unmoved could be disintegrated with retrograde manipulation. Of the 62 successful units, 89% became stone free within 3 months. Complications were subcapsular renal hematoma in 3 patients and obstruction in 5 patients. The initial 25 patients were treated under epidural anesthesia and 52 patients were treated without anesthesia. The results show that the indication of ESWL with LT-01 is better for the stones smaller than 30 mm and the indication should be determined after a couple of sessions for stones greater than 30 mm. ESWL with LT-01 can be performed on an out-patient basis without anesthesia in many cases.     

Reimplantation of the ureter after unilateral ureteral obstruction provides a model that allows functional evaluation

Experimental unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) is widely used to study renal fibrosis; however, renal injury can only be scored semiobjectively by histology. We sought to improve the UUO model by reimplanting the obstructed ureter followed by removal of the contralateral kidney, thus allowing longitudinal measurements of renal function. Mice underwent UUO for different lengths of time before ureteral reimplantation and contralateral nephrectomy. Measurement of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) allows objective evaluation of residual renal function. Seven weeks after reimplantation and contralateral nephrectomy, mean BUN levels were increased with longer duration of UUO. Interstitial expansion, fibrosis, and T-cell and macrophage infiltration were similar in kidneys harvested after 10 days of UUO or following 10 weeks of ureter reimplantation, suggesting that the inflammatory process persisted despite relief of obstruction. Urinary protein excretion after reimplantation was significantly increased compared to control animals. Our study shows that functional assessment of the formerly obstructed kidney can be made after reimplantation and may provide a useful model to test therapeutic strategies for reversing renal fibrosis and preserving or restoring renal function.     

肾结石ESWL后肾脏血肿的原因分析

目的:探讨肾结石ESWL后肾脏血肿的原因。方法:对2008年5月~2012年6月5例肾结石ESWL后肾脏血肿的临床资料进行分析并文献复习。结果:采用上海交通大学JDPN-ⅤB型液电式碎石机治疗后引起肾脏血肿3例,深圳惠康HK.ESWL-109型电磁式碎石机治疗引起2例。体型肥胖并高血压2例(其中1例糖尿病)。2例因输尿管结石梗阻感染行输尿管镜取石术后行同侧肾结石ESWL后出现肾脏血肿,2例行一侧输尿管结石ESWL后行对侧肾结石ESWL后出现肾脏血肿,1例右输尿管上段结石ESWL后部分结石上移肾内行肾结石ESWL后出现肾脏血肿。4例保守治疗痊愈(肾包膜下血肿2例,肾包膜破裂肾周血肿2例);1例肾周大血肿腹膜后扩散,输血3 500ml,行高选择性肾动脉分支栓塞治愈。结论:ESWL并非绝对安全、没有重大并发症,只有掌握合适的适应证才安全可靠,在治疗前后需要仔细观察和评估。导致肾脏血肿的易患因素有凝血功能异常、抗凝药物的使用、糖尿病、高血压、老年患者、心脏病、肥胖等因素。高低能量冲击波的交替使用,有助于提高碎石的成功率及安全性。绝大多数患者可以通过保守治疗治愈,少数需要肾动脉栓塞治疗,个别严重患者需要肾切除来挽救生命。     

Long-term results of ileum interposition for ureteral obstruction

OBJECTIVE: To present the long-term results of ileum interposition in the ureter for uni- or bilateral ureteral obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1981 and 2000, a total of 22 patients received an ileal segment interposition as a substitution for the ureter, of whom 18 were available for analysis. The mean age was 54 years (range 29-73). Patients were followed for a mean period of 65 months (range 2-196). Assessment included clinical examination, serum creatinine levels, renal ultrasonography, intravenous pyelography and isotopic renography. In eight patients, the ileal-ureteral substitution was the first reconstructive procedure. The other patients underwent up to four previous reconstructions of different types. Fourteen patients were treated for unilateral ureteral obstruction, four of whom had a functional or anatomical solitary kidney, the other four patients had bilateral obstruction. RESULTS: In 16 patients renal function improved after ileal-ureteral substitution. One patient underwent a nephrectomy because of a decreased renal function due to an obstruction at the level of the uretero-ileal anastomosis. One patient had a nephrectomy because of recurrent macroscopic hematuria caused by multiple arterio-venous malformations. Overall, 15 patients (83%) had a good functioning kidney after a mean period of 65 months. In three patients an early reintervention was necessary because of bleeding, small bowel obstruction and urinary leakage from a pyelo-ileal anastomosis. Six patients required a reintervention in the long-term: two had a nephrectomy, three had a re-anastomosis between the renal pelvis and the proximal ileal segment, while the sixth patient underwent a PNL for a kidney stone. Recurrent urinary tract infections were seen in six patients, of whom three had to undergo a reintervention. Metabolic acidosis was detected in two patients and was treated with sodium bicarbonate substitution. CONCLUSION: Ileal-ureteral substitution is a valuable procedure with good long-term results and an acceptable rate of secondary interventions in patients for whom other alternatives are not feasible.