栀子提取物ZG对单纯疱疹病毒1型感染后细胞膜流动性的影响

目的 观察栀子提取物ZG对单纯疱疹病毒1型感染后宿主细胞膜流动性的影响，以探讨其抗病毒作用机理。方法 采用NBD-C6-HPC特异性荧光探针标记Hep-2细胞膜脂质，以肝素钠为阳性对照，借助激光共聚焦扫描技术检测栀子提取物ZG对病毒感染后宿主细胞膜流动性的影响。结果 正常细胞膜具有良好的流动性，漂白后荧光恢复率为73．89％；病毒感染后Hep-2细胞膜流动性显著降低，荧光恢复率为18．54％；栀子提取物ZG作用后细胞膜流动性明显恢复，荧光恢复率为61．21％；肝素钠作用后细胞膜流动性明显恢复，荧光恢复率为56．62％。结论通过改善细胞膜的流动性，从而维持细胞膜的正常功能可能是栀子提取物ZG抗病毒感染的机理之一。     

栀子提取物T9对单纯疱疹病毒1型感染小鼠脑内VP16mRNA的影响

目的 观察不同时间栀子提取物T9对单纯疱疹病毒1型(HSV-1)感染后的BALB/c小鼠脑内间层蛋白16(VP16)的影响,探讨栀子提取物T9抗HSV-1的作用机制.方法 采用对HSV-1易感的BALB/c小鼠,以HSV-1 VP16为研究对象,借助RT-PCR方法检测栀子提取物T9对小鼠脑内HSV VP16的影响.结果 栀子提取物T9各给药组在同一时间内VP16 mRNA相对表达量均低于病毒对照组.结论 栀子提取物T9能够使HSV感染小鼠脑内VP16 mRNA相对表达量降低,可能是它抗HSV的作用机制之一.     

栀子提取物ZG对单纯疱疹病毒1型吸附后宿主细胞膜电位的影响

经我试验组反复验证栀子提取物ZG在体内外均有明显的抗病毒感染作用，其作用机理之一可能是通过抑制病毒吸附来发挥抗病毒作用。通常情况下，稳定的膜电位是维持细胞正常功能所必需的；而在病毒感染过程中，细胞膜跨膜电位差（△φ）则作为促使病毒内化的主要能态来源。国外有研究证实在HSV-1感染8h后HeLa细胞出现明显的去极化，而国内未见病毒吸附过程中膜电位变化的报道。     

重组人干扰素α2b喷雾剂的抗病毒药效评价及临床观察

目的研究重组人干扰素α2b喷雾剂抑制单纯疱疹病毒、流感病毒、SARS冠状病毒有效浓度范围,为临床研究提供依据并进行治疗病毒性皮肤疾病临床验证。方法采用细胞病变抑制法研究重组人干扰素a2b喷雾剂抑制单纯疱疹病毒HSV-1及HSV-2攻击Vero细胞,抑制流感甲型及乙型病毒攻击人胚肾细胞,抑制SARS冠状病毒攻击Vero细胞的体外抗病毒作用。采用多中心、随机双盲临床试验评价重组人干扰素α2b喷雾剂对流感甲型及乙型病毒、尖锐湿疣的治疗效果。结果重组人干扰素a2b喷雾剂抑制单纯疱疹病毒HSV-1及HSV-2对Vero细胞的攻击的半数有效浓度（IC50）分别为81．2IU／ml和390．0IU／ml;重组人干扰素α2b喷雾剂抑制流感甲型及乙型病毒对人胚肾细胞攻击的IC50分别为534．1IU／ml和3645．5IU／ml;抑制SARS冠状病毒对Vero细胞攻击的IC50为11．77IU／ml。多中心、随机、双盲的临床研究表明,重组人干扰素α2b喷雾剂治疗单纯疱疹的有效率为89．09％,治疗尖锐湿疣有效率为22．0％,治愈率为17．0％,患者均未见明显不良反应。结论体外实验表明重组人干扰素α2b喷雾剂对单纯疱疹病毒、流感病毒、SARS冠状病毒有显著抑制作用,临床研究表明重组人干扰素α2b喷雾剂作为蛋白经皮给药制剂可用于单纯疱疹和尖锐湿疣的临床治疗。     

AllGlo探针4重荧光定量PCR技术同时检测4种疱疹病毒

目的 探讨多重荧光定量PCR技术的优化条件,建立基于AllGlo探针技术荧光定量法检测4种疱疹病毒新方法.方法 分别采用单重和多重定性PCR扩增临床常见4种疱疹病毒[单纯疱疹病毒1型(HSV-1)、HSV-2、Epstein-Barr病毒(EBV)、巨细胞病毒(CMV)]并测序鉴定,然后分别采用AllGlo探针和TaqMan探针的单重和多重定量PCR技术对4种疱疹病毒进行单种和多种病毒同时定性定量检测.结果 TaqMan探针和AllGlo探针单种疱疹病毒检测阳性率和特异性均为100％,AllGlo探针单重定量PCR检测比4重探针单种定量PCR的检测Ct值高1～3,AllGlo探针4重定量PCR可以同时检测4种疱疹病毒,相同样品AllGlo探针4重定量PCR检测与单探针单重定量PCR分别检测的结果符合率100％.结论 AllGlo探针荧光定量PCR技术的通量、灵敏度和特异性均高于TaqMan探针,应用前景广阔.     

单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型基因治疗载体的快速构建

背景：单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型载体因具有独特的优点目前被广泛应用,但其构建尚缺乏一种快速有效的方法。 目的：利用Cre/Loxp高效重组系统构建单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型载体。 方法：分离单纯疱疹病毒HSV-1,将含Cre重组酶的c66-SV40-cre质粒转染Vero细胞,构建一株带有Loxp位点的重组HSV-1框架载体HSVLoxp。构建穿梭载体pShuttle- SV40-Cre-Loxp-IRES及重组单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型载体HSV-GDNF,用HAT培养基筛选出阳性毒株后用GDNF引物做PCR鉴定,扩增培养后测定滴度。 结果与结论：成功构建pHV-TK-GFP质粒,并在Vero细胞内发生重组,分离出缺失了Us3基因的重组病毒HSVtk-Loxp-GFP01。成功构建HSV-1框架载体HSVLoxp及穿梭载体pShuttle- SV40-Cre-Loxp-IRES,成功获得GDNF基因,并将其转移到了HSV-1基因组上,成功构建了表达GDNF的单纯疱疹病毒HSV-1载体,测定其滴度约为2.25×10⁶ IU/mL。     

单纯疱疹病毒2型30kD糖蛋白的鉴定及其编码基因的定位

用放射免疫沉淀试验和单纯疱疹病毒1型与2型(HSV-1／HSV-2)型间重组株作物理图谱的方法，鉴定出单克隆抗体(McAb)CH-A9靶抗原是一分子量约为30kD的糖蛋白，存在于HSV-2感染的BHK细胞膜上，其编码基因定位于长单一序列(UL)上，在0.490～0．564遗传单位之间，与已报道的HSV-2蛋白编码基因元重叠，因此g30kD可能是一种新的HSV-2糖蛋白。     

体内表达单纯疱疹病毒糖蛋白gB的型共同性和型特异性抗原决定簇

单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(HSV-1)和Ⅱ型(HSV-2)基因组可编码合成几种抗原性不同的糖蛋白。这些糖蛋白表达于病毒感染细胞的表面,可刺激并与免疫监视的各种成分起反应。由于这些病毒诱导的抗原在原发性和复发性疱疹病毒病中,可能具有临床意义,因此,曾以极大的努力致力于其精确的免疫学特性鉴定。其中尤其重要的是,糖蛋白gB,     

单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型感染胎鼠原代神经元细胞模型的建立

目的 建立单纯疱疹病毒Ⅰ型(HSV-Ⅰ)感染胎鼠原代皮质神经元细胞模型。方法 取孕14～16d昆明小鼠皮质神经元进行细胞培养并感染HSV-Ⅰ。观察倒置光学显微镜下神经元形态变化，并应用流式细胞仪检测二者的百分比。应用间接免疫荧光方法观察正常及病毒感染组神经元和星形胶质细胞的变化。用特异性HSV-Ⅰ荧光抗体检测神经元受染情况，并利用MTT比色实验检测细胞活性。结果 原代培养神经元数量、形态良好。用阿糖胞苷抑制星形胶质细胞生长后，神经元纯度较高。培养3d时加入HSV-Ⅰ感染神经元，HSV-Ⅰ特异性免疫荧光反应阳性，受染神经元形态变化，活性降低。结论 HSV-Ⅰ可直接感染原代培养神经元细胞，为进一步研究单纯疱疹病毒脑炎的发病机制提供了较好的体外模型。     

应用蛋白微阵列同时检测人血清抗ToRCH抗体

目的：建立一种基于多元蛋白微阵列的免疫检测方法，用于同时检测人血清中识别弓形虫（TOXO）、风疹病毒（RV）、巨细胞病毒（CMV）、单纯疱疹Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型病毒（HSV-1、HSV-2）的特异性抗体。方法：将TOXO、RV、CMV、HSV-1和HSV-2抗原喷印到活化的玻片表面，抗原与活化基团共价结合后，制成蛋白微阵列。固定在玻片表面的抗原与病人血清中的特异性抗体反应、结合后，加入荧光标记的二抗，然后用高分辨率的激光共聚焦芯片扫描系统对蛋白微阵列进行扫描成像。所获得的图像用自行开发的软件进行分析，并自动判定并生成待测样本的定性结果。结果：使用此套蛋白微阵列系统检测抗TORCH抗体参考品，并与其它多种检测方法进行比较，各检测项目的符合率分别为92％～100％、92％～100％、96％、84％～96％、76％-96％。结论：多元蛋白微阵列法特异性强，灵敏度、准确度、精密度较高，具有应用和推广价值。     

Effect of Gardenia extract ZG on the adsorption quantity of herpes simplex virus type 1 （HSV-1）

To observe the effect of Gardenia extract ZG on the adsorption quantity of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) so as to explore the mechanism of its antiviral activity, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was used as the fluorescent probe to label viruses and heparin sodium was used as control. Meanwhile , the effect of Gardenia extract ZG on the adsorption quantity on the surface of Hep-2 cells was determined by flow cytometry. It was demonstrated that adsorption of HSV-1 on the surface of Hep-2 cells exhibited the character of saturation and specificity and heparin sodium could prevent attachment of viruses on these cells. These results are in accord with those reported previously. It was also proved that the manner of drug-use prior to adsorption or simultaneous use of drug and adsorption was better than adsorption prior to drug-use, and the inhibition rates of the former and latter manner were 84. 76% and 82.92% respectively. Three manners of drug-use with Gardenia extract ZG were all effective to reduce the adsorption quantity of viruses, especially the manner of simultaneous use of drug and adsorption with an adsorption inhibition rate of 68.46% . From the above observation, it is apparent that the mechanism of anti-viral activity of Gardenia extract ZG may be via several steps involved in the HSV-1 adsorption.     

Early interactions of herpes simplex virus with mouse peritoneal macrophages.

Adsorption of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) to resident peritoneal macrophages (PM) of 4-week-old Swiss albino (SA) and GR/AFib mice was studied. A significantly (P less than 0.05) higher HSV-2 adsorption rate was found with PM of SA mice than with PM of GR/AFib mice. Of added HSV-2 65% bound to the cells of SA mice over a 120-min period versus 15% to PM of GR/AFib mice. Only 15 to 20% of added HSV-1 bound to PM regardless of the mouse strain. These patterns of adsorption were found with all four HSV-1 and four HSV-2 strains tested. Pretreatment of PM with an HSV-2 mutant blocked the adsorption of added HSV-2. Thus, the receptors for HSV attachment seemed to be virus type selective. To avoid masking of adsorption by phagocytotic activity, the adsorption studies had to be performed at 4 degrees C. Transport of attached HSV-1 and HSV-2 to the nuclei of SA PM was studied with purified virus labeled with 32Pi and [3H]thymidine. In double-isotope experiments, only transport of HSV-2 was detected. The possible importance of differences in density or avidity of virus-binding receptors on the plasma membrane of PM is discussed in relation to macrophage-dependent focal liver necrosis, which was only demonstrable after intraperitoneal inoculation of HSV-2, not HSV-1, only in SA, not GR/AFib, mice.     

Involvement of glycoprotein C (gC) in adsorption of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to the cell

Summary Results demonstrating involvement of glycoprotein C (gC) of herpes simplex type 1 virus (HSV-1) in attachment of the virus to the cell are presented. Monoclonal antibodies against gC-1 inhibited adsorption of gC⁺-strains. The gC^–-mutant, MP, attached to cells but at a reduced rate. Attachment of the MP-mutant was unaffected by presence of anti-gC-1 antibody. Purified truncated gC-1 adsorbed to cells at a rate essentially the same as that of gC⁺-virus. Glycoprotein C-1 pretreated with heparin did not adsorb to cells. The results are compatible with a suggested role for gC in HSV attachment.     

Binding of a N,N'-bisheteryl derivative of dispirotripiperazine to heparan sulfate residues on the cell surface specifically prevents infection of viruses from different families

N,N'-bisheteryl derivatives of dispirotripiperazine (DSTP) are a novel class of antiviral compounds with some of their representatives very effectively inhibiting the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in cell culture. Using one representative of these compounds, the N,N'-bis(1-oxido[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-3,12-diaza-6,9-diazonia(5,2,5,2)dispirohexadecane dichloride (DSTP 27), we here further tried to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the antiviral activity. The results from plaque reduction assays under a variety of conditions suggest that inhibition of HSV-1 strain Kupka replication by DSTP 27 occurs at the level of viral attachment by blockade of heparan sulfate (HS) structures on the cell surface that are used as viral receptors. In contrast to heparin and pentosan polysulfate, pretreatment of cells with DSTP 27 resulted in efficient inhibition of viral adsorption and replication persisting several hours after removal of the inhibitor. Specific binding of DSTP 27 to heparin was demonstrated in vitro. Titrations of gC-positive and gC-negative pseudorabies virus (PrV) mutants on HS-positive and HS-negative cell lines confirmed that inhibitory action of DSTP 27 is strictly HS dependent. Aside from HSV-1 Kupka and PrV, DSTP 27 efficiently inhibits growth of several HSV-1 and HSV-2 strains, among them aciclovir/foscarnet-resistant strains, human cytomegalovirus, human respiratory syncytial virus, and human immunodeficiency viruses known to attach to the cell surface via HS.     

Human antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein C are neutralizing and target the heparan sulfate-binding domain

Human antibodies specific for glycoprotein C (gC1) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) neutralized the virus infectivity and efficiently inhibited attachment of HSV-1 to human HaCaT keratinocytes and to murine mutant L cells expressing either heparan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate at the cell surface. Similar activities were observed with anti-gC1 monoclonal antibody B1C1. In addition to HaCaT and L cells, B1C1 antibody neutralized HSV-1 infectivity in simian GMK AH1 cells mildly pre-treated with heparinase III. Human anti-gC1 antibodies efficiently competed with the binding of gC1 to B1C1 antibody whose epitope overlaps a part of the attachment domain of gC1. Human anti-gC1 and B1C1 antibodies extended survival time of mice experimentally infected with HSV-1. We conclude that in HaCaT cells and in cell systems showing restricted expression of glycosaminoglycans, human and some monoclonal anti-gC1 antibodies can target the cell-binding domain of this protein and neutralize viral infectivity.     

Analysis of herpes simplex virus entering into cells of oral origin

The entry of herpes simplex virus (HSV) into an oral epithelial cell line, primary normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOK) and gingival fibroblasts (GF) was examined. Infection of these cells by HSV-1 and HSV-2 was blocked by heparin. Further examination indicated that heparin reduced viral attachment but not penetration. Moreover, neomycin inhibited HSV-1 infection more effectively than HSV-2 infection in GF, but not in NHOK. In conclusion, our results elucidated some aspects of the HSV entry process into oral cells and revealed some differences in HSV entering into NHOK and GF.     

Evaluation of mixed infection cases with both herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is isolated principally from the upper half of the body innervated by the trigeminal ganglia whereas herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is generally isolated from the lower half of the body innervated by the sacral ganglia. However, recent reports suggest that HSV-1 and HSV-2 can each infect both the upper and lower half of the body causing a variety of symptoms and there is a possibility that HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections can occur simultaneously with both causing symptoms. HSV type in clinical isolates from 87 patients with genital herpes and 57 with ocular herpes was determined by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and six cases of mixed infection with both HSV-1 and HSV-2 were identified. Of the six cases, three were patients with genital herpes and three were ocular herpes patients. Analysis of the copy number of the HSV-1 and HSV-2 genome by a quantitative real time PCR demonstrated that HSV-1 was dominant at a ratio of approximately 100:1 in the ocular infections. In contrast, the HSV-2 genome was present at a 4-40 times higher frequency in isolates from genital herpes patients. There was no obvious difference between the clinical course of mixed infection and those of single HSV-1 or HSV-2 infections. This study indicated that the frequency of mixed infection with both HSV-1 and HSV-2 is comparatively higher than those of previous reports. The genome ratio of HSV-1 and HSV-2 reflects the preference of each HSV type for the target organ.     

Glycosaminoglycan-binding ability is a feature of wild-type strains of herpes simplex virus type 1

Adaptation of some viruses to replication in cultured cells selects variants that due to alterations in the viral attachment proteins convert to using heparan sulfate (HS) as initial receptor. We report that the nucleotide sequence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein C (gC), a principal attachment component of the virus, remained unchanged during adaptation of wild-type strains to cultured cells. Likewise, amino acid residues critical for binding of gC to HS were conserved in viral strains that replicated in vivo in different human tissues. Moreover wild-type HSV-1 strains derived directly from clinical specimens were, similar to their cell culture propagated progeny viruses and common laboratory strains, sensitive to heparin and demonstrated impairment in their ability to infect HS/chondroitin sulfate deficient cells. These results demonstrate that the HS-binding ability is a feature of wild-type strains of HSV-1.