食管癌中抑癌基因PTEN表达及其对血管新生的影响

目的　探讨食管癌中抑癌基因PTEN(第 10号染色体同源丢失性磷酸酶—张力蛋白基因 )蛋白表达及其对血管新生和肿瘤生物学行为的影响。方法　应用免疫组化SABC法检测 60例食管鳞癌及其相应的癌旁正常组织中PTEN蛋白表达 ,用CD3 4 作为检测间质微血管密度 (MVD)标志物。结果　 60例癌旁正常组织PTEN蛋白全部阳性表达 ,食管癌组织中PTEN蛋白阳性表达率为 66.7% (P <0 .0 1)。PTEN蛋白表达与组织分化程度、淋巴结转移和浆膜浸润有明显相关性 (P <0 .0 5 )。PTEN蛋白表达强度与MVD呈负相关。PTEN蛋白阳性表达组的平均MVD值 ( 76.97± 4.98)明显低于阴性表达组 ( 89.5 0± 5 .67) ,P <0 .0 1。结论　PTEN有可能作为食管癌进展的肿瘤标志物 ,PTEN基因的丢失或突变可以促进肿瘤间质微血管生成 ,加速肿瘤浸润转移。     

肝细胞癌组织中PTEN蛋白表达

探讨抑癌基因PTEN在肝细胞癌 (HCC)组织及癌旁组织的表达、临床意义。采用免疫组织化学SP法检测PTEN。 4例正常肝组织均呈PTEN蛋白阳性 ;HCC及其癌旁肝组织中的阳性率分别为 5 8 8%(2 0 / 34)和 10 0 %(34/ 34) ,两者比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。中分化癌阳性率为 77 8%(14 / 18) ,低分化阳性率为 2 5 %(3/ 12 ) ,两者比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 0 1)。PTEN蛋白表达与年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、有无包膜及门脉癌栓均无明显关系 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但与HCC分化程度明显相关 ,HCC分化愈差 ,PTEN蛋白表达愈弱。PTEN蛋白表达与HCC分化程度明显相关。     

PTEN、survivin蛋白在食管癌中的表达及其相关性

应用免疫组织化学sP法检测60例食管癌组织及20例癌旁正常黏膜的survivin和PTEN的表达水平。结果：survivin在食管癌组织的阳性表达率为70．0％，癌旁正常黏膜为40．0％（P〈0．05）；低、高分化癌的阳性表达率差异显著（P〈0．05）；有、无淋巴结转移者的阳性表达率分别为88．9％、61．9％（P〈0、05）；其表达与肿瘤的浸润深度显著相关（P〈0．05），与患者的性别、年龄无关（P〉0．05）。PTEN在癌旁正常黏膜阳性表达率为90．0％。食管癌组织为36．7％（P〈0．05）。低、高分化癌的阳性表达率差异显著（P〈0．05）；有、无淋巴结转移者的阳性表达率分别为16．7％、45．2％（P〈0．05）；与患者的性别、年龄及浸润深度无关（P〉0．05）。survivin和PTEN在食管癌中的表达呈负相关。认为PTEN低表达及survivin的过表达与食管癌的发生及其生物学行为密切相关，可作为食管癌早期诊断及评估预后的客观指标。     

PTEN在食管癌中的表达及其与微血管密度和临床病理特征的关系

目的:探讨抑癌基因PTEN在食管癌及癌旁正常组织中的表达, 及其与微血管密度(MVD)和临床病理特征的关系.方法:选用食管鳞癌手术切除病理标本48例,手术远端正常食管组织标本40例. 采用免疫组织化学SP法检测PTEN编码蛋白的表达水平,CD31抗体进行血管内皮染色、计算微血管密度, 分析PTEN在不同组织中的表达与MVD和食管癌组织分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移的关系.结果:食管鳞癌组织中PTEN编码蛋白阳性表达率低于癌旁正常食管黏膜组织(52.08%vs 92.50%, P<0.01), 而其MVD值显著高于癌旁正常组织(41.72±8.67 vs 21.01±3.85, P<0.01); Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级鳞癌PTEN阳性表达率有显著差异(75.0% vs 55.0% vs 33.33%, 均P<0.05), MVD值差异无统计学意义; 癌组织侵及浅肌层以上与深肌层PTEN与MVD值的表达有显著差异(77.27% vs 42.31%; 35.49±5.89vs 46.01±6.27, 均P<0.01); 淋巴结转移组与非转移组PTEN阳性表达率无显著差异, MVD值差异则有统计学意义(46.71±7.89 vs 35.92±2.54, P<0.01).结论:抑癌基因PTEN、MVD在食管癌中表达的高低, 与肿瘤的生长、浸润和转移相关.PTEN基因表达的突变或缺失能促进肿瘤血管的形成, 可作为临床治疗和判断预后的依据.     

肝素酶基因表达与食管癌转移的关系

目的　探讨肝素酶基因表达与食管癌转移的关系。方法　采用逆转录聚合酶链反应技术 ( RT-PCR)检测 5 4例食管癌组织、癌旁组织及正常粘膜中肝素酶基因的表达。结果　有淋巴结转移的食管癌癌组织中肝素酶基因阳性表达率为 90 .5 % ( 19/ 2 1) ,癌旁组织为 6 1.9% ( 13/ 2 1) ,正常粘膜为 0 ( 0 / 2 1)。无淋巴结转移的食管癌癌组织中肝素酶基因阳性表达率为 15 .2 % ( 5 / 33) ,癌旁组织为 6 % ( 2 / 33) ,正常粘膜为 0 ( 0 / 33)。有淋巴结转移的食管癌组织及癌旁组织中肝素酶基因阳性表达率均高于无淋巴结转移者 ,二者相比差异均有显著性 (癌组织 P<0 .0 0 1,癌旁组织 P<0 .0 5 )。结论　肝素酶基因表达可能与食管癌发生转移有关 ,其可能成为预测食管癌转移的指标     

抑癌基因在肝细胞肝癌中的表达及临床意义

应用免疫组化SP法检测35例肝细胞肝癌（HCC）患者癌组织及癌旁组织中抑癌基因PTEN蛋白的表达水平。结果显示，HCC组织中PTEN蛋白阳性率和阳性强度均明显低于癌旁组织（P〈0．01）；PTEN蛋白表达与HCC的分化程度密切相关（P〈0．05）．与癌栓形成有关（P〈0．01）。提示PTEN异常表达在HCC发生、发展过程中可能起重要作用．其表达水平可作为反映HCC进展和预后的生物学指标。     

胃癌组织中Survivin、PTEN、P53基因的表达及意义

目的　探讨凋亡抑制基因 Survivin和抑癌基因 PTEN、P53在胃癌组织中的表达及其与胃癌发生发展、临床病理特征之间的关系。方法　应用免疫组织化学链霉亲和素方法 (SABC) ,检测 Survivin、PTEN和 P53基因在 6 5例胃癌、2 6例不典型增生胃黏膜、10例浅表性胃炎和 30例正常胃黏膜组织中的表达。结果　胃癌组织中Survivin、PTEN、突变型 P53基因的阳性表达率分别为 70 %、4 8%、6 5 % ,不典型增生胃黏膜中分别为 4 2 %、85 %、31% ,Survivin和突变型 P53基因在正常胃黏膜和浅表性胃炎组织中不表达 ,PTEN基因在正常胃黏膜和浅表性胃炎组织中全部呈阳性表达。胃癌组织中 PTEN基因的表达与正常胃黏膜组织中的表达差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,胃癌组织、不典型增生胃黏膜以及正常胃黏膜中 Survivin和突变型 P53基因的表达差异均有显著性 (P<0 .0 5 )。随临床分期增加、胃癌分化程度降低、浸润深度加深、淋巴结的转移 ,突变型 P53基因的阳性表达率逐渐上升 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,PTEN基因的阳性表达率逐渐降低 (P<0 .0 5 )。在胃癌组织中 Survivin与突变型 P53基因的表达呈正相关 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,与 PTEN基因的表达呈负相关 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,PTEN基因与突变型 P53基因的表达呈负相关 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 Survivin、PTEN和 P53     

Beclin 1和PTEN蛋白在胃癌中的表达及预后价值

目的 探讨Beclin 1和PTEN蛋白在胃癌发生过程中的意义及其对预后的影响.方法 应用组织芯片和免疫组织化学法检测199例胃癌及相应癌旁正常组织中Beclin 1和PTEN蛋白的表达,分析其与胃癌的关系;用Western印迹方法检测15例新鲜胃癌及相应癌旁组织中Beclin1和PTEN蛋白的表达率.所有标本均来自上海长征医院.结果 免疫组织化学法检测提示癌组织中Beelin 1和PTEN蛋白阳性表达率分别为47.2％(94/199)和55.8％(111/199),均低于相应癌旁组织的表达率[94.5％(188/199)和92.5％(184/199),P＜0.01].胃癌组织中Beelin 1和PTEN蛋白的低表达均与性别、分化程度、肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移以及疾病分期有关(P＜0.05).胃癌组织中Beclin 1和PTEN的表达呈正相关(r=0.680,P＜0.01).生存分析表明Beclin 1和PTEN均是判断胃癌患者预后的独立因素.Beclin 1阳性患者的5年生存率为67.0％(63/94),阴性者为33.3％ (35/105);PTEN阳性患者的5年生存率为71.2％ (79/111),阴性者为21.6％(19/88)(P值均＜0.01).Western印迹方法检测结果提示胃癌标本中Beclin 1和PTEN蛋白含量明显低于相应癌旁正常组织(P值均＜0.01).结论 Beclin 1和PTEN的异常表达可能和胃癌的发生发展相关.     

抑癌基因PTEN在胃癌中的表达及其临床意义

应用免疫组织化学SP法检测68例胃癌组织及33例癌旁正常组织中张力蛋白同源物基因（PTEN）蛋白的表达水平。结果癌旁正常组织中第10号染色体缺失的磷酸酶和PTEN蛋白阳性表达率为100％，胃癌中PTEN表达阳性率为61．8％；PTEN表达与胃癌的分化程度高低、浸润深度、是否有淋巴结转移和临床分期关系密切（P〈0．01，〈0．05），与患者年龄、肿瘤部位无关（P〉0．05）。PTEN异常表达可为胃癌诊断和判断其生物学特性提供可靠的指标。     

前列腺癌组织中PTEN蛋白的表达及临床意义

目的　探讨抑癌基因PTEN蛋白在前列腺癌 (Pca)组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法　采用免疫组织化学S P法分别测定 42例Pca及 1 0例正常前列腺 (NP)组织中PTEN蛋白的表达 ,并分析其与Pca临床病理指标的关系。结果　NP组织中PTEN蛋白全部阳性表达 ;而Pca总阳性表达率为 35 71 % ,且与肿瘤细胞分化程度、临床分期和有否淋巴结转移密切相关 ,而与患者年龄无关。结论　前列腺癌组织中PTEN蛋白的阴性表达率较高 ;PTEN基因失活在Pca的发生发展中起重要作用 ;检测Pca中PTEN蛋白的表达有助于了解前列腺癌的生物学特性 ,为指导临床治疗及估计预后提供信息     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.