乙肝基因重组疫苗两种免疫程序接种新生儿3年免疫效果观察

为了解国产乙肝基因重组疫苗免疫效果,我们分别按０、１、２月和０、１、６月免疫程序对７０名新生儿进行了３年免疫效果观察,结果发现有一人次低热（３７．８℃）,发热率为０．４８％。其余未见过敏、高热、局部红肿等副反应。新生儿分别按两种免疫程序接种后抗－ＨＢｓ阳转率在３、７、１２、２４、３６月时检测均无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。而抗－ＨＢｓ几何平均滴度（ＧＭＴ）在３个月时０、１、２月免疫组（８１．３５）显著高于０、１、６月免疫组（３３．１４）,Ｐ＜０．０１,并发现两组免疫程序接种后,７个月左右时抗－ＨＢｓ的ＧＭＴ均达到最高峰,随访到３６个月时抗－ＨＢｓ阳转率和ＧＭＴ仍保持较高水平,且两组间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。说明,两种免疫程序对新生儿抗－ＨＢｓ阳转率和ＧＭＴ的诱导无显著性差异,且０、１、２免疫程序接种时间短,抗体滴度上升快。但需进一步深入研究。     

华蟾素联合丹参注射液治疗慢性乙型肝炎的疗效观察

目的寻求提高慢性乙型肝炎疗效的途径。方法将６０例慢性乙型肝炎患者随机分为华蟾素联合丹参组（Ⅰ组）和华蟾素组（Ⅱ组）。Ⅰ组静脉滴注华蟾素和丹参注射液,Ⅱ组单独静脉滴注华蟾素注射液,连续治疗６０天。结果两组均能促进ＨＢｅＡｇ、ＨＢＶ ＤＮＡ转阴和抗ＨＢｅ转阳,但Ⅰ组的降酶、升高白蛋白和降低球蛋白的疗效优于Ⅱ组（Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＝０．０５）,肝肿大回缩疗效明显优于Ⅱ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论华蟾素联合丹参注射液是治疗慢性乙型肝炎的一种较好的联合用药方法。     

乙型肝炎基因工程疫苗对阻断乙肝母婴传播的效果观察

ＨＢｓＡｇ兼ＨＢｅＡｇ、抗－ＨＢｃ均阳性母亲所生婴儿的感染率高达８５％，作者将在该院出生的本组婴儿１４２例分为３组，运用不同来源的基因工程疫苗接种。Ｉ组：用痘苗重组ＤＮＡ乙肝疫苗５７例，在婴儿娩出后１个月、６月龄进行注射，每次２０ｕｇ。ＩＩ组：应用乙型肝炎疫苗（基因工程细胞生产）４１例，其用法同Ｉ组。ＩＩＩ组：疫苗来源同Ｉ组，出生时同时给以乙肝免疫球蛋白（ＨＢＩＧ）１支，含量为２００Ｕ／ｍｌ，每次ｌｍｌ，臂部肌内注射，１、６月龄重复注射上述疫苗１０ｕｇ。其保护率分别为８８．２％、８５．９％、１００％，抗－ＨＢｓ阳转率分别为８２％、８６％、９８％、经过统计学处理，ＩＩＩ组与Ｉ组相比，Ｐ＜０．０５，差异有显著性；ＩＩ组与ＩＩＩ组相比，Ｐ＜０．０５，差异亦有显著性。ＩＩＩ组免疫方案优于Ｉ、ＩＩ组，且在ＩＩＩ组４４例中，无１例感染，其免疫效果亦优于血源性乙肝疫苗。基因疫苗的问世，为乙肝母婴传播阻断开辟了新的途径。     

新生儿接种乙肝疫苗后抗HBs持续时间的探讨

新生儿接种乙肝疫苗后抗ＨＢｓ持续时间的探讨江苏省南通市卫生防疫站（２２６００６）徐张汉熊海平崔晓燕为了解新生儿接种乙肝疫苗后，机体的免疫应答及抗ＨＢｓ持续时间，我们对南通市城区接种乙肝疫苗０～５岁的部分婴幼儿抽样检测抗ＨＢｓ、ＨＢｓＡｇ和抗ＨＢｃ，结...     

天津市3622例不同人群丙型肝炎病毒抗体检测结果分析

目的：了解丙型肝炎的流行病学情况。方法：采用ＥＬＩＳＡ法对天津市３６２２例不同人群进行丙型肝炎病毒抗体（抗－ＨＣＶ）检测。结果：自然人群（１组）、普通患者（２组）、肝病患者（３组）抗－ＨＣＶ阳性率组间比较，均Ｐ〈０．０１，且随年龄增长有递增趋势。１、２、３组用血及血制品者抗－ＨＣＶ阳性率明显高于未用者，均Ｐ〈０．０１。在抗－ＨＣＶ阳性组和阴性组中，ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性率，１、２组Ｐ〉０．０５，３组Ｐ〈０     

呼和浩特城区新生儿乙肝疫苗计划免疫效果评价

本文对呼和浩特城区新生儿乙肝疫苗计划免疫效果作了评价。到１９９４年底，城区新生儿乙肝疫苗５年平均报告接种率达９３．７６％；１９９５年采用“批质量保证抽样法”调查，期望接种率达９０％；血清学调查表明，新生儿乙肝疫苗免疫成功率为９６．７７％；１～５岁组儿童（目标人群）抗－ＨＢｓ阳性率达９２．０１％，较计划免疫前５．６７％明显升高（χ２＝３２６．３６，Ｐ＜０．０１）；接种儿童较未接种的同年龄组儿童ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性率下降了５３．９９％，抗－ＨＢｃ阳性率下降了７５．３２％；流行病学效果评价表明，实施计划免疫后的目标人群乙肝发病率（８．３９／１０万）较实施前的同年龄组儿童乙肝发病率（７６．９８／１０万）下降了８９．１０％。     

血花生四烯酸释放及其对高血压病的调节作用

对６１例高血压病者血花生四烯酸含量变化及对ＴＸＢ２、６ｋｅｔｏＰＧＦ１α含量及Ｔ／６比值的调节进行研究．结果：（１）血压：治疗各组均较治疗前下降（Ⅰ组Ｐ＜０．０５，Ⅱ组、Ⅳ组Ｐ＜０．０１）；治疗后Ⅳ组较Ⅲ组血压下降显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（２）血花生四烯酸、ＴＸＢ２、６ｋｅｔｏＰＧＦ１α含量及Ｔ／６比值：①治疗前与对照组相比：花生四烯酸（Ｐ＜０．０５～Ｐ＜０．０１），ＴＸＢ２含量（Ｐ＜０．０５）及Ｔ／６比值（Ｐ＜０．０５～Ｐ＜０．０１）均显著升高；６ｋｅｔｏＰＧＦａ１α含量下降不显著。②治疗后花生四烯酸（Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组Ｐ＜０．０５，Ⅳ组Ｐ＜０．０１）、ＴＸＢ２（Ⅰ组Ｐ＜０．０５，Ⅱ组、Ⅳ组Ｐ＜０．０１）含量及Ｔ／６比值（Ⅱ组Ｐ＜０．０５，Ⅳ组Ｐ＜０．０１）均降低；６ｋｅｔｏＰＧＦ１α较前显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。对照组治疗前后各项指标无显著改变。表明血花生四烯酸和ＴＸＡ２含量与血压变化趋势一致，提示其在高血压病的形成和发展中起重要作用     

丙型肝炎病毒感染与乙型肝炎

本文报告８５例ＨＣＶ感染者，并与同期经随机抽样而得的８５例抗一ＨＣＶ阴性的乙汗患者相比较。抗一ＨＣＶ阳性组输血史及输血制品史分别为３５．３％与１６．５％，而抗－ＨＣＶ阴生组分别为７．１％与０，两纽相比Ｐ＜０．０１，抗－ＨＣＶ阳性组注射史高于抗一ＨＣＶ阴性组（Ｐ＜０．０５），提示丙肝病毒医源性感染较ＨＢＶ多见，丙型肝炎有高龄发病趋向且其病程较乙于为长。ＨＣＶ感染者８２．４％存在ＨＢＶ重叠感染，ＨＣＶ７可抑制ＨＢＶ复制，ＨＣＶ与ＨＢＶ重叠感染预后较乙肝差。     

家兔脑缺血再灌注损伤机制的研究

用家兔四动脉闭塞法建立急性完全性脑缺血后给予再灌注，观察缺血前后及再灌注后脑组织部分电解质和含水量、脑组织和血液丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）、环核昔酸（ｃＡＭＰ、ｃＧＭＰ）、血栓烷Ｂ＿２（ＴｘＢ＿２）、６－酮－前列腺素Ｆ＿（１α）（６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ＿（１α）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）活性改变。结果：再灌注后实验组脑组织Ｃａ￣（２＋）、ＭＤＡ、ＴｘＢ＿２和ｃＡＭＰ较对照组升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性、６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ＿（１α）含量降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）；实验组血液中ｃＡＭＰ含量高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示脑组织Ｃａ￣（２＋）过载、氧自由基增多、ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＯＭＰ和ＰＧＩ＿２／ＴＸＡ＿２比值异常在脑缺血再灌注损伤中起着重要的作用。     

甲状旁腺素对红细胞生成素疗效的影响

目的：观察尿毒症贫血患者，甲状旁腺素（ＰＴＨ） 水平对红细胞生成素（ｒ － ＨｕＥＰＯ） 疗效的影响。方法：根据血红蛋白水平分为两组：Ａ 组为Ｈｂ ＜ ９０ｇ／Ｌ，Ｂ 组为Ｈｂ ≥９０ｇ／Ｌ。测定两组ＰＴＨ 水平，观察ｒＨｕＥＰＯ，１－２５（ＯＨ）２Ｄ３ 治疗前后血Ｈｂ 、ＨＣＴ，ＰＴＨ 变化。结果：（１）Ａ 组ＰＴＨ 明显高于Ｂ 组（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） 。（２）ｒＨｕＥＰＯ 治疗３ 个月后，两组Ｈｂ 、ＨＣＴ 均有提高，Ａ 组上升幅度（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５） 低于Ｂ 组（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） 。（３）１－２５（ＯＨ）２Ｄ３ 治疗后，血ＰＴＨ 有所下降（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５） 。结论：高ＰＴＨ 可加重贫血，降低ｒＨｕＥＰＯ 疗效，１－２５（ ＯＨ）２Ｄ３ 治疗可降低ＰＴＨ 水平。     

Coronavirus Vaccination Hesitancy: Early Education to Counter Vaccine Hesitancy/Refusal

The coronavirus infection has resulted in more than 1 million deaths in the United States. The momentary enthusiasm that came with introducing the coronavirus disease (COVID) vaccine soon faded away due to the public’s hesitant reaction toward the coronavirus vaccine. COVID vaccine hesitancy creates an enormous problem in the fight to eradicate the coronavirus infection. This hesitancy highlights gaps in knowledge between public health organizations, educational institutions, and public perception of COVID vaccines. Therefore, these stakeholders should consider a collaborative action to introduce vaccine education in grade school. Such a curriculum could facilitate a better understanding of how vaccines prevent infectious diseases.     

四川省“4·20”芦山地震灾区儿童甲型肝炎疫苗和麻腮风联合减毒活疫苗群体性预防接种分析

目的评价四川省"4·20"芦山地震灾区儿童甲型肝炎(甲肝)疫苗(hepatitis A vaccine,Hep A)、麻腮风联合(麻风腮)减毒活疫苗(live,measles,mumps and rubella combined vaccine,MMR)群体性预防接种效果。方法四川省卫生厅安排于2013年5月6日~12日在芦山县、宝兴县全县及其他县受灾群众集中安置点开展了群体性预防接种工作,采用Hep A和MMR分别对18月龄~14岁儿童和8月龄~14岁儿童进行群体性预防接种。然后分析评价地震灾区报告和现场快速评估的Hep A和MMR接种率。结果截至2013年5月16日,雅安市8个县区共报告38?988人接种Hep A,38?696人接种MMR,报告接种率分别为99.01%和98.87%。芦山县、宝兴县2个重灾县Hep A和MMR评估接种率分别为97.40%和97.06%。结论四川省"4·20"芦山地震灾区Hep A、MMR群体性预防接种达到预期效果。及时决策、对口支援、儿童预防接种信息化建设等措施在此次群体性接种中发挥了重要作用。     

风疹疫苗多次收获病毒液的人体免疫原性比较

目的了解多次收液生产工艺获得的病毒液制成风疹疫苗的免疫原性。方法选择343例健康儿童分三组，接种第一次病毒收液疫苗、第四次病毒收液疫苗和常规疫苗，用血球凝集抑制（HI）试验检测风疹抗体。结果易感儿童第一次收液疫苗组、第四次收液疫苗组和常规疫苗组免疫后抗体阳转率分别为98，63％、98．15％、100％，免疫后抗体GMT为271．0、355．0，489.3；非易感儿童抗体4倍增长率三组分别为53．85％、50．00％、52．17％，三纽抗体GMT免疫前分别为121．4、118．5、144．4，免疫后分别为334．2、406．4、453．9。结论多次收液不同代次病毒的风疹疫苗免疫原性无差异，风疹疫苗多次收液生产工艺可行。     

Vaccine strategies against human cytomegalovirus infection

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates and immunocompromised populations, such as transplant recipients and HIV-infected patients. The development of a vaccine to prevent HCMV infection or disease has been assigned the highest priority by the US Institute of Medicine. Although, after 30 years of intensive study, a clinically licensed vaccine is still not available, significant progress has been made in the field of HCMV vaccine development, along with greater understanding of HCMV immunology, molecular biology and pathology. In recent years, new vaccine strategies have been developed that have shown promising results in preclinical studies and are able to induce HCMV-specific immune responses in clinical studies, although efficacy data are not yet available. Here we review the history of HCMV vaccine development and the current strategies in the development of new HCMV vaccines. We propose that research should focus on the development of a vaccine to prevent or control HCMV-related disease rather than to prevent infection, and that discerning strategies should be used for targeting HCMV disease in different clinical settings.     

Innovations in HIV-1 Vaccine Design

PurposeThe field of HIV-1 vaccinology has evolved during the last 30 years from the first viral vector HIV gene insert constructs to vaccination regimens using a myriad of strategies. These strategies now include germline-targeting, lineage-based, and structure-guided immunogen design. This narrative review outlines the historical context of HIV vaccinology and subsequently highlights the scientific discoveries during the last 6 years that promise to propel the field forward.MethodsWe conducted a search of 2 electronic databases, PubMed and EMBASE, for experimental studies that involved new HIV immunogen designs between 2013 and 2019. During the title and abstract reviews, publications were excluded if they were written in language other than English and/or were a letter to the editor, a commentary, or a conference-only presentation. We then used ClinicalTrials.gov to identify completed and ongoing clinical trials using these strategies.FindingsThe HIV vaccinology field has undergone periods of significant growth during the last 3 decades. Findings elucidated in preclinical studies have revealed the importance of the interaction between the cellular and humoral immune system. As a result, several new rationally designed vaccine strategies have been developed and explored in the last 6 years, including native-like envelope trimers, nanoparticle, and mRNA vaccine design strategies among others. Several of these strategies have shown enough promise in animal models to progress toward first-in-human Phase I clinical trials.ImplicationsRapid developments in preclinical and early-phase clinical studies suggest that a tolerable and effective HIV vaccine may be on the horizon.     

A Birth Control Vaccine is on the Horizon for Family Planning

Vaccines for control of fertility are likely to have an important impact on family planning methods. They are designed to act by mobilization of an internal physiological process and do not require external medication on a continuous basis. A number of birth control vaccines are at different stages of development, the most advanced being a vaccine inducing antibodies against human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). This vaccine consists of a heterospecies dimer (HSD, βhCG associated with α-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone, βhCG: αoLH) linked to tetanus toxoid (TT) or diphtheria toxoid (DT) as carriers. The vaccine has recently passed an important milestone; it has completed the first leg of phase II efficacy trials. Women of proven fertility leading active sexual life were protected from becoming pregnant at antibody titres 2: 50 ng of hCG bioneutralization capacity per ml. This vaccine has previously been demonstrated to be reversible in its effect. It is free from any notable side-effects on endocrine, cardiovascular and other body functions. Ovulation was not disturbed and menstrual regularity was maintained. A logistic disadvantage of the present vaccine is the requirement for multiple injections. This is expected to be overcome by encapsulation of the requisite doses of the vaccine in biodegradable microspheres, which could be given at a single contact point for sustained antibody titres lasting over a year. A live recombinant vaccine has also been made that elicits high anti-hCG titres in monkeys for nearly 2 years following primary immunization and a booster at 8–9 months.