肿瘤患者血液标本不合格原因分析

目的探讨肿瘤患者血液标本不合格的产生原因并提出解决对策。方法对2010-01—2011-12所收到的肿瘤患者379991个血液检验标本中不合格标本类型及拒收原因进行回顾性调查和分析。结果563个不合格标本,占标本总量的0．15％,以血沉标本不合格率最高（1．65％）,其次为凝血标本（0．31％）,生化标本不合格率最低。其中标本有凝块是造成拒收的主要原因,占52．22％,其次为标本量过少（22．38％）、输液稀释（6．93％）以及容器不符（4．62％）等。结论分析前的质量保证主要是由临床医护人员完成的环节,实验室和临床之间有效的配合与沟通,是改善标本分析前质量的主要和重要的手段。     

检验标本不合格的常见原因分析及护理对策

目的 分析不合格检验标本产生的原因,寻找对策,提高护理质量.方法 对2009年1-12月检验科拒收的不合格检验标本,按拒收原因,进行回顾性分析.结果 血液标本645015份,不合格标本617份,占0.09%,其中溶血、血凝固和血标本量不足是导致标本不合格的主要原因并与护理工作相关.结论 要取得准确可靠的检验结果,检验标...     

1530份不合格标本原因分析和改进措施

目的通过分析不合格标本的数量和不合格标本的原因,以此作为提高实验室分析前质量管理持续性改进的控制指标之一。方法对住院患者各种常规标本中不合格标本数和不合格率,分析不合格标本发生的主要原因。结果 2008、2009年不合格标本总数分别为803份、727份,分别占2008、2009年标本总数的0.71%、0.47%。按照拒收原因作分类统计,其中标本采集不合格为932份(60.9%),标本信息不合格为485份(31.7%),标本运送不合格为77份(5.0%),其他原因36份(2.4%),标本不合格率2008、2009年比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用一系列改进措施,有助于保证分析前的质量控制,为临床提供全面而准确的评价。     

187例不合格检验标本的原因分析及护理管理对策

目的了解我院不合格检验标本产生的原因,为制订相应的整改措施提供依据。方法收集检验科拒收的187例不合格检验标本,包括血、尿、便常规等。按照拒收原因进行分类,分析各种检验项目中出现不合格标本的例数。结果将187例不合格标本分为9类,其中标本量不足、标本与化验单患者姓名不相符、标本凝固、送错标本居前4位。尿常规和血常规不合格者居多,其次为凝血5项和便常规。结论应完善标本采集、运送操作规范与流程,以减少不合格标本的发生。     

护理干预和实验室信息管理节点监控在保证检验标本质量的探讨

目的通过实验室信息系统（L1S）建立检验标本重要环节的监控程宁并加强护理干预,提高检验标本的质量。方法利用LIS统计分析临床不合格标本的原因。在LIS中没置节点控制程序,并在检验标本准备、采集、运送中加强临床护理干预的力度,以减少不合格标本发生率。结果根据有关接收标本的规定对检验标本进行验收．通过LIS统计,2009年临床不合格检验标本发生率为0．26％．比较上一年度同期不合格率（0．39％）有较大降低,差异有显著意义。结论护理干预和实验室信息管理节点监控在规范采集、运送、保存标本．保证检验标本质量方面发挥着重要作用。     

陕西省临床实验室检验标本可接受性质量指标统计分析

目的　分析陕西省临床实验室检验前标本可接受性质量指标,了解全省检验前质量控制的现状,为改进临床实 验室的检验质量、提高标本检测的准确性提供依据。方法　发放调查表,收集2018 年12 月份陕西省临床实验室基本情 况和标本类型错误率、容器错误率、采集量错误率、抗凝标本凝集率、溶血率、丢失率和血培养污染率7 项质量指标信息。 调查数据采用专业软件进行统计分析,用西格玛（σ）度量值评价实验室质量水平。结果　260 家实验室参与调查,7 项指标的回报率均高于全国总体情况。其中,血培养污染率最高,4.4% 的实验室回报结果＜ 3σ;其次是抗凝标本凝集率, 1.2% 的实验室回报结果＜ 3σ;其余指标,所有实验室回报结果均≥ 3σ,其中95% 以上的实验室≥ 4σ。结论　陕西 省临床实验室检验标本的可接受性尚需提高,持续监测标本的质量指标有助于提高标本质量,确保检测结果的准确性。     

输血科拒收不合格标本原因分析与持续改进

目的对2013-2015年输血科拒收的不合格标本原因分析总结,提出方案,不断持续改进,为临床提供安全的血液输注。方法分别列出2013-2015年各项拒收不合格标本原因,计算各拒收原因占百分数比例,统计χ2值与P值,对拒收不合格标本原因进行分析总结,实施持续改进方案。结果 2013-2015年不合格标本数分别为251例(占2.53%)、185例(占1.39%)、157例(占0.91%),χ2=116.3,P0.05,差异有统计学意义。原因分别为非医护人员送血标本、血标本采集管用错、血标本采集管无标签或填写不清、血标本量3 m L(儿科除外)、血标本被稀释、血标本溶血(溶血疾病除外)、血标本经肝素或大分子物质治疗过、申请单血型漏填或填错、申请单输血史及妊娠史漏填或填错、申请单Hb、Hct及输血前4项漏填或填错、申请单血液品种及血量漏填或填错、申请单预定用血日期漏填或填错、申请单两级医师签字漏填或填错。总共13项原因,前11项原因百分比都有逐年下降趋势,只有最后两项百分比却逐年上升。结论重视输血科标本接受核对问题,增强对护理人员"输血采集血标本的管理制度"的培训,输血科工作人员及临床送检标本人员严格执行"输血标本验收核对制度",从而保证临床输血的安全性。     

实验室标本类型和容器错误原因分析及控制措施

目的对该实验室标本类型错误率和标本容器错误率进行分析。方法通过检验科信息管理系统收集该院2016-2017年的检验标本数量及检验科不合格标本的登记记录,对数据进行整理归类分析。结果2016-2017年该院检验标本类型错误率、标本容器错误率分别为0.091%和0.035%,符合实验室检验项目分析前质量控制要求。结论通过对实验室标本类型和标本容器错误率质量指标的分析,查找错误发生的原因,提出控制措施,建立合理有效的标本质量指标,定期监测并持续改进,可提高检验标本的合格率,从而更好地服务于广大患者。     

婴幼儿静脉血标本不合格原因分析及持续改进策略

目的：分析婴幼儿静脉血标本不合格原因，制订持续改进策略。方法：前瞻性选取2021年1月1日～2022年12月31日收治的6983例婴幼儿，获取家属同意后，抽取不同部位静脉血标本，分析导致血标本不合格的原因，同时根据标本是否合格分为两组，即合格组(6847例)和不合格组(136例),比较两组采血部位、最后一次进食量、采血时间、禁饮食时间。结果：6983份婴幼儿静脉血标本，不合格标本率为1.95%,其中33.09%因标本溶血、脂血不合格，25.00%因送检延迟不合格，18.38%因采血操作不规范/标本量不符合要求不合格，11.76%因抗凝管使用错误不合格，7.35%因条码贴错不合格。不合格标本来源主要来自临床检验标本(3.92%),其次为生化标本(1.86%)、免疫标本(1.57%)。合格组最后一次进食量高于不合格组(P<0.01),禁饮食时间、采血时间短于不合格组(P<0.01)。结论：导致静脉血标本不合格的主要原因为标本溶血、脂血、送检延迟等，针对诱导因素进行相应改进策略，可更好降低标本不合格率。     

住院患者检验标本不合格的原因分析及对策

目的分析住院患者检验标本不合格的原因,为提高检验标本的合格率提供依据。方法对我院2009年1月至12月所有住院患者3 670例不合格检查标本的不合格原因进行分析并探讨对策。结果住院患者检验标本的总体不合格率为1.25%;在调查的各类标本中微生物类不合格率最高,占7.35%;其次是血气分析,占4.24%。各类标本的不合格原因中,血液凝固分别占血常规、凝血类和血气分析类的41.22%、33.98%和19.23%;乳糜血分别占生化类、凝血类和血常规类的42.67%、37.54%和26.35%;条码错误和送检时间过长占尿常规标本的30.23%和24.42%;空盒和标本量少占便常规类标本的45.18%和23.54%;标本类型错误占血气分析类标本的56.25%;标本留取不合格和标本留取时机错误占微生物类标本的45.66%和33.97%。结论加强标本采集前的宣教、严格执行查对制度、培养护理人员的责任心和加强各部门之间的沟通,对提高检验标本的合格率具有重要意义。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.