大骨瓣开颅半骨瓣减压治疗重型颅脑外伤

大骨瓣减压在重型颅脑外伤手术中应用较为广泛，由于骨窗大、减压充分，降压效果好，但存在许多并发症，而大骨瓣开颅半骨瓣减压的应用具有许多优越性。回顾分析本院自2000年以来应用大骨瓣开颅病人150例，分成去大骨瓣减压（A组）和去半骨瓣减压（B组），把两组病例治疗效果进行对比研究。     

带血管的骨膜瓣和筋膜瓣联合移植治疗难治性骨不连

目的 探讨应用带血管的骨膜瓣和筋膜瓣联合包绕治疗骨不连的疗效。方法 用带血管的骨膜瓣包绕骨折端，骨膜瓣的外周再用带血管的筋膜瓣包起，临床应用63例。结果 术后3个月有大量骨痂生长。骨折线模糊；3.5-4.5个月骨折线消失，难治性骨折获得愈合。结论 应用带血管的骨膜瓣和筋膜瓣联合治疗难治性骨不连是一种有效的手术方法。     

带筋膜血管蒂骨膜瓣移位治疗胫骨骨不连

胫骨骨折在临床上较多见,由于滋养动脉的损伤,胫骨中下段骨折易发生骨不连.以往采取骨折端清理固定后,周围植入足量的松质骨.已有报道应用吻合血管的髂骨骨膜皮质骨瓣移植修复胫骨骨不连,取得良好的近期效果,亦有应用带胫前血管的骨膜瓣移位修复骨不连[1]、应用筋膜骨膜瓣移位及节段血供胫骨骨膜支骨膜瓣移位修复 [2].作者自 1997年 4月以来应用小腿前外侧带筋膜血管蒂骨膜瓣治疗胫骨中下段骨不连11例,现报道如下.     

切取大转子骨瓣后股骨近端的骨力学研究

为观察切取骨瓣后对骨近端的骨力学影响，通过应用２０副成人防腐湿性股骨标本，摹拟临床手术，１０侧切取条形骨瓣，１０侧切取半球形骨瓣，测试股骨的最大载荷和局部变量与自身对侧股骨对照，并经统计学处理，结果发现：切取大转子骨瓣后对股骨近端的力学性能无明显影响。     

应用趾长伸肌瓣修复胫前创面的临床应用

目的 探讨应用趾长伸肌瓣转移覆盖小腿中、下l／3胫骨外露创面的可行性。方法 应用趾长伸肌瓣转移覆盖胫骨中下l／3骨外露肌瓣上再用游离皮片一期或二期消灭创面。结果 临床应用趾长伸肌瓣治疗创伤后所至小腿中下l／3骨外露3例，疗效满意。结论 应用趾长伸肌瓣转移覆盖胫骨中、下l／3骨外露的方法手术操作简易，疗效可靠。     

非主干血管蒂骨瓣及骨膜瓣移位术的研究进展

四肢骨骨缺损、骨不连和骨缺血性坏死的治疗历来是骨科工作者十分关注的课题。70年代中期,由于显微外科骨移植的应用已使这一难题有了长足的进展。在早期阶段,因仅有少量供区可供选择,所应用的多为吻合血管的骨瓣或骨膜瓣游离移植。而游离组织瓣移植则存在着手术创伤大、费时长、难度高和不易推广的不足之处,而且对某些供区的应用将使肢体牺牲一条主干血管,此更非良策。随着显微外科进展,时至今日已涌现出大量骨移植供区,在四肢骨骼的大多数部位都有可能取得,对同一组织瓣还可选用不同的血管蒂。因此,带血管蒂的骨瓣及骨膜瓣移位植骨的应用…     

带血管蒂大转子骨瓣移位植骨与传统的内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效对比

目的：为了探讨大转子骨瓣对股骨颈骨折的治疗价值。方法：应用大转子骨瓣植骨术，治疗新鲜骨折１５例，陈旧性骨折２例，陈旧性骨折伴股骨头缺血坏死（Ⅱ期）３例。应用加压螺纹钉治疗新鲜股骨颈骨折１０例。结果：平均随访３５个月，随访Ｘ线片显示，２０例施行了大转子骨瓣植骨术者中１９例骨愈合，其中３例伴有（Ⅱ期）坏死的股骨不断地被修复，１０例施行了加压螺纹钉内固定术者中，６例骨折愈合。结论：大转子骨瓣植骨术，可加     

选择有血运骨瓣的解剖学依据

目前用于临床的骨瓣及其复合组织瓣甚多,但如何科学地选用较为合理的组织瓣来修复骨、关节损伤,尚有许多未曾统一,存有争议的问题。我们在本教研室多年来配合临床,进行系列的应用解剖学研究基础上,从临床解剖学角度出发,按照人体结构特点,有针对性地提出选用不同骨瓣的有关原则和形态学依据,供临床应用参考。     

常见骨不连的显微外科修复

骨移植术是治疗骨不连最主要手段之一.上世纪70年代以来,随着显微外科技术的应用,骨移植也得到了新的发展.三十多年来,已涌现出大批骨、骨膜瓣供区.在人体骨骼的大多数部位都可取得带血管的骨、骨膜瓣,而且对同一组织瓣还可选用不同的血管蒂.在这方面我国学者进行了大量的基础与临床研究,遂使带血管骨膜、骨瓣移位植骨术,得到广泛的应用,它具有效果可靠和易于推广等优点.     

应用桡动脉茎突返支为蒂的桡骨骨瓣或骨膜瓣移植治疗腕舟骨骨折不连接

目的观察以桡动脉返支为蒂的桡骨骨瓣或骨膜瓣移植对腕舟骨骨折不连接的治疗作用.方法20例腕舟骨骨折骨不连,应用桡动脉返支为蒂的桡骨骨瓣移植加桡骨茎突切除治疗12例,应用桡动脉返支为蒂的桡骨骨膜瓣移植加桡骨茎突切除治疗8例.测量手术前后腕关节屈伸和尺桡偏活动度、握力,应用腕舟评分对患者的自觉功能恢复情况进行评定.结果20例腕舟骨骨折骨不连均愈合,愈合时间平均为7±0.2周(6～12周).腕舟骨评分结果为:优16例,良3例,可1例.结论以桡动脉返支为蒂的桡骨骨瓣或骨膜瓣移植加桡骨茎突切除是治疗腕舟骨骨折骨不连的有效方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.