关节镜下清理术治疗髌前滑囊炎1例

<正>患者,男性,61岁,2003年发现右膝髌前5 cm×4 cm×3cm肿物,不影响日常工作,未予治疗,后因肿物逐渐增大,有胀感,影响外观,不能穿长裤,于2012年9月1日来诊,门诊以"髌前滑囊炎"收治住院。患者无低热、盗汗及外伤史。全身一般情况正常。右膝关节无畸形,活动度正常。右膝髌前肿物体积已达15 cm×10 cm×10 cm,边界清,触之有弹性,有波动感,挤压无缩小,皮温不高(见图1)。血沉5 mm/h,血常规正常,OT试验阴性。X线片:右膝关节轻度退变,髌骨前方软     

髌上囊内脂肪瘤骨化并致膝关节积液1例

我院于 2 0 0 0年 3月收治右膝髌上囊内脂肪瘤骨化致膝关节积液 1例。患者 ,男 ,6 4岁 ,农民。因右膝关节前内侧肿物伴屈曲受限 6年入院。无外伤史。查体 :体温正常 ,一般情况好 ,右膝髌内上方稍隆起 ,触及 4cm× 3.5 cm× 1.5 cm,质硬 ,轻度压痛 ,左右上下可推移 1.5 cm,浮髌试验阳性 ,右膝关节伸直呈180°,屈曲呈 10 0°。右膝正侧位片 :右髌骨内上方见一约 3.5 cm× 3cm密度不均匀钙化影。在连硬麻醉下手术 ,在肿物表面内上至外下作长 5 cm切口 ,切开皮肤 ,皮下组织 ,浅筋膜 ,钝性分开肌层 ,见髌上囊呈青紫色 ,切开髌上囊 ,见关节腔内暗…     

膝内侧半月板前角附着点的解剖变异病例报告1例

正患者50岁,男,因膝关节频繁绞索3月余2015年7月12日院,入院时伴有膝关节伸直障碍,患者未发生关节绞索时膝关节活动正常,无关节不稳及无关节肿胀,有活动后关节疼痛,休息后好转。入院专科体检发现膝关节无肿胀,浮髌试验阴性,髌研磨试验阳性,内侧关节间隙自前向后均无压痛,外侧关节间隙压痛,内侧半月板挤压研磨试验阴性,外侧半月板挤压研磨试验阳性,前后抽屉试验阴性,Lachman     

髌韧带下腱鞘巨细胞瘤1例报告

临床资料　患者女性 ,45岁。因左膝酸痛 ,屈膝受限 1年余 ,近半月加重入院。 1年前左膝内下方可及一肿物 ,随膝关节屈伸上下移动 ,活动时弹响 ,且有间歇性的“交锁”现象。无夜间痛、无膝关节外伤史。半月前左膝关节疼痛、肿胀积液。曾在外院诊断为“滑膜炎” ,行穿刺抽液、口服消炎痛无效后入院。查体 :左膝前下方肿胀 ,股四头肌无萎缩 ,无静脉怒张 ,局部皮温稍高 ,膝内侧间隙压痛。髌韧带内下方可触及一肿物 ,质韧 ,约 2cm× 3cm× 4cm ,活动半径为 1cm ,轻触痛。浮髌试验 ( + ) ,内侧挤压试验 ( + ) ,McMurray症 ( -) ,抽屉试验( -) ,膝…     

膝关节骨性关节炎合并多发性滑膜软骨瘤1例

患者,男,65岁,因左膝肿物关节绞锁10年伴关节疼痛1年于2018年6月23日入院。查体:左膝前、膝上及腘窝触及数个大小不等的肿物,质硬、无压痛,可轻微活动,膝关节内侧压痛,关节轻度肿胀,左膝屈曲活动度0°~80°受限,左足踝活动感觉好,血运良好,左膝内翻30°畸形。入院摄X线片检查显示(见图1A):左膝关节退行性变,关节间隙狭窄;左膝关节周围数个大小不等游离体,主要分布于髌上囊、腘窝及髌腱下方;左胫骨平台内侧骨质破坏约4 cm。     

右膝关节囊内腱鞘巨细胞瘤一例

女,30岁,因右膝疼痛1年,加重5d入院.活动时疼痛加重,无夜间痛,无膝关节外伤史.查体:右膝髌韧带内下方可触及一肿物,局部无红肿、发热,质韧,大小约3cm×3cm×4cm,活动半径为1cm,轻压痛,浮髌试验(-),内侧挤压试验(+),McMurray 症(-),抽屉试验(-),膝关节活动度尚可,血常规检查无异常.     

软骨样脂肪瘤1例

正患者,女,28岁,因右前臂内侧软组织肿物2年入院。患者自述2年前无明显诱因出现右前臂内侧软组织肿物,当时肿物大小约4 cm×3 cm×2 cm,肿物呈进行性生长,且生长较慢。患者未予重视,也未行任何治疗。1个月前因右上肢剧烈活动后,出现肿物部位疼痛,疼痛为隐痛,休息后疼痛稍有缓解。现为进一步治疗,至我院就诊。入院查体:右前臂中1/3内侧处肿胀明显,皮肤无黄染、无瘢痕、肤色正常,右前臂内侧局部可触及肌间软组织包块,大小约5 cm×3 cm×2 cm,质韧,边界清晰,活动度较差,无压痛,桡动脉搏动良好,末梢血运良好,无肢体感觉及运动障碍。辅助检查:术前完善各项常规检查,前臂X线片未见骨质异常。超声提示前臂肌层内可见5.0 cm×2.4 cm低回声肿物,边界清,内部回声欠均     

髌骨软骨母细胞瘤1例

患者,男,17岁。1年前无明显诱因出现右膝酸痛,右侧股四头肌萎缩,并伴有行走乏力,曾在当地医院就诊,行右下肢股四头肌肌电图检查,考虑为股神经损害,给予药物"弥可保"营养神经治疗,但症状改善不明显,为求进一步诊治于2011年3月4日就诊并入院。患者无明确外伤史。查体:双下肢等长,右侧股四头肌萎缩,右侧髌骨上10cm处周径较左侧短缩5cm,右膝关节无内、外翻畸形,未见明显肿胀,触之皮温略高,右膝关节浮髌试验阴性,髌骨摩擦试验阴性,髌骨压痛阳性,无半月板及韧带损伤体征。实验室检查结果未见明显异     

膝关节内滑膜巨细菌瘤并关节交锁1例

患者女性 ,3 3岁。以右膝关节间断发作性功能障碍半年余主诉就诊。患者半年前无明显原因突然出现“右膝关节交锁” ,膝关节屈曲后突然不能伸直伴疼痛 ,经自行活动后又突然缓解 ,伸直运动恢复正常 ,此后经常有类似发作。近一月来发作频繁 ,经ＭＲＩ及Ｂ超诊断为“右膝关节内实质性包块”。入院后见患者一般情况良好 ,发育营养正常 ,全身系统查体无异常所见 ,常规各项检查均正常 ,否认有慢性病史及膝关节外伤史。右膝关节外形正常 ,活动范围正常 ,浮髌试验、髌研磨试验、侧向加压试验、抽屉试验、麦氏试验等均为阴性 ,屈膝90°时右膝关节前内…     

胫骨高位截骨术治疗膝关节内侧间室骨关节炎并内翻畸形一例

<正>患者男性,65岁,农民,因"右膝关节疼痛3年,加重伴活动受限2个月。"入院。体格检查:一般情况良好,右膝关节无红肿,右膝内翻畸形(图1);膝关节内侧压痛;膝关节活动范围:伸0°~屈115°;膝外翻试验阳性,前后抽屉实验阴性;右足背动脉搏动好,末梢血运良好。X线检查示右膝关节内翻畸形(图2),右膝内侧间隙变窄(图3);MRI检查示膝关节前、后交叉韧带完好,内侧副韧带略迂曲(图4,5)。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.