孕前 BMI、孕期体重增加与新生儿出生体重关系探讨

目的：探讨孕前不同体重指数（BMI）妇女孕期体重增加与新生儿出生体重的关系。方法回顾性分析2013年7—12月在北京市海淀区妇幼保健院建档、产前检查并分娩的单胎足月孕产妇资料,包括年龄、身高和孕前体重,分娩前体重,分娩孕周及新生儿出生体重等指标。结果4927例孕妇孕期平均体重增加（16.5±4.3）kg,胎儿出生体重平均为（3402.3±381.8）g,剖宫产率为34.7％。孕妇体重增加过多组、适中组和不足组的比例分别为32.9％、53.3％和13.8％,孕前不同 BMI 各组体重增长差异有统计学意义,随着孕前 BMI 增加,孕期增重数值呈下降趋势,组间差异有统计学意义。孕期体重增加与胎儿出生体重呈正相关（r ＝0.26）。分娩适宜胎龄儿3933例,孕前低体重组、孕前正常体重组、孕前超重组和肥胖组孕期增重适宜范围分别为14.0～19.0 kg、14.0～19.0 kg、11.5～17.0 kg 和8.0～16.5 kg,超过美国 IOM推荐范围,孕期体重增加的中位数（P50）分别为17.0 kg、16.0 kg、14.0和12.0 kg,孕期体重平均增加15.0kg（P50）。结论孕前 BMI、孕期孕妇体重增加与新生儿出生体重相关,孕期体重增加超过 IOM推荐范围,做好孕期体重管理势在必行。     

海岛孕妇体重、孕期增重与新生儿体重关系的探讨

目的 分析孕妇体重、孕期增重与新生儿出生体重的关系，方法 根据孕妇体重指数BMI和孕期增重将孕妇各分为高体重组、标准体重组、低体重组和孕妇增重大于18kg、9～18kg、小于9kg三组，计算相应组别新生儿平均出生体重，分析与新生儿出生体重的关系。结果 高体重组新生儿出生体重最重，依次为标准体重组和低体重组，孕妇增重18kg以上新生儿出生体重最重，依次为增重9～18kg和增重小于9kg组。结论 孕妇应通过科学调整体重、合理营养，防止孕妇体重增长过快或过慢．使新生儿体重波动在正常范围．为下一代健康成长打下良好基础。     

母亲孕前体质指数及孕期增重与新生儿出生体重的关系

目的探讨母亲孕前体质指数(BMI)、孕期增重与新生儿出生体重的关系。方法回顾性调查2013年10月1日—2014年9月30日期间分娩的宁海户籍产妇4 197人,根据孕前BMI分为低体重组、正常体重组、超重组和肥胖组,分析各组孕期体重增长幅度、新生儿出生体重及与分娩方式的关系。结果 4 197名孕妇孕期平均增重(14.38±4.14)kg,新生儿平均出生体重(3 253±412)g,巨大儿发生率6.58%。随着母亲孕前BMI增加,新生儿平均出生体重增加,巨大儿发生率增加(P均0.05)。不同BMI孕妇孕期平均增重不同,低体重组增加最多,肥胖组增加较少,各组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论孕前肥胖与孕期增重过多增加巨大儿的风险。     

北京市妇女产后体重滞留的影响因素调查

目的探讨北京妇女产后体重滞留的影响因素。方法采用前瞻性队列研究方法,在北京市某妇幼保健院纳入待分娩孕妇420名,并于产后6、12和18个月进行追踪调查,观察指标包括一般情况、孕前体重、孕期增重和产后各调查时间点的体重。结果产后6、12和18个月的调查人数分别为113、152和107人。调查对象孕期增重平均为(16.6±4.8)kg,孕期增重不足、适量和过多的比例分别为9.5%、40.2%和50.3%。产后6、12和18个月体重滞留量分别为4 kg、4 kg和2.9 kg。孕前BMI和孕期增重与妇女产后体重滞留密切相关,孕前BMI越低,孕期增重越多,产后体重滞留越多。结论孕期增重过多是造成妇女产后体重滞留最重要的原因。     

孕前体质指数及孕期增重与妊高征和新生儿出生体重的关系

目的：探讨孕妇孕前体质指数及孕期增重情况对妊高征及新生儿出生体重的影响。方法：监测2412例足月单胎初产妇孕前的身高、体重和孕期体重增加情况，并随访妊高征、巨大儿和低出生体重儿的发生情况。结果：孕前高体重组孕妇妊高征和巨大儿的发生率明显高于低体重组和理想体重组（P〈0．001）；低体重组孕妇低出生体重儿的发生率明显高于理想体重组和高体重组（P〈0．001）；无论孕前体质指数如何，当孕期体重增加≥18kg时妊高征和巨大儿的发生率明显增高（P〈0．001）；当孕期体重增加〈9kg时低出生体重儿的发生率明显增高（P〈0．001）。结论：孕前体质指数和孕期增重是妊高征及新生儿出生体重的重要影响因素，提倡定期产前检查及重视母亲孕期体重变化。     

孕前体重、孕期增重对新生儿出生体重的影响

目的:探讨孕妇孕前体重、孕期增重对新生儿出生体重的影响。方法:选取1 419例单胎妊娠孕妇作为研究对象。问卷调查孕妇的基本情况,定期产前检查时记录孕周并测量体重,随访研究对象妊娠结局。并采用LMS法分别建立孕妇不同孕前BMI组孕期不同周次增重的百分位数曲线。结果:超重组孕妇的新生儿出生体重最高,正常组次之,低体重组最低,三组间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。孕前BMI<18.5的低体重组孕妇小于胎龄儿的检出率要高于其他两组的孕妇,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。LMS曲线示三组孕母孕期体重增加呈逐渐上升趋势,孕早期三组体重增重甚少,孕中期体重增加小于孕晚期。孕前低体重组孕妇孕期总增重较正常体重组和超重组多。结论:孕前体重和孕期增重与新生儿的出生体重有密切关系,应采取有效措施进行合理控制。     

孕妇孕期增重与新生儿出生体重的关系

目的探讨孕妇孕前体重指数和孕期增重对新生儿出生体重和身长的影响。方法采用问卷调查正常足月生产单胎的乳母,记录孕前身高和体重、产前体重、新生儿出生体重、身长等数据,分析孕前体重指数、孕期增重与新生儿出生体重及身长的关系。结果孕前低体重组巨大儿发生率及新生儿出生体重明显低于其他组;孕期增重过多组巨大儿出生率、出生体重和身长显著大于增重不足和正常组;随着孕期增重过多,巨大儿发生率、出生体重和身长明显增大。结论孕前体重指数和孕期增重对新生儿出生体重有重要的影响作用,孕期妇女应根据自身情况将孕期增重控制在适宜范围,以获得良好的妊娠结局。     

城市女性孕期体重增重的影响因素分析

目的 了解城市女性在孕中晚期体重增重趋势及其相关因素,为孕妇合理控制体重提供科学依据。方法 采用历史性队列研究的方法,调查于2015年在北京市某三甲医院建档产检并生产的孕妇1 176例,采用病案查询法获取孕妇的一般情况,以及建档时(孕6~8周)、孕16、20、24、28、32、36周及分娩当天体重数据。通过分析孕妇体重增幅及增重速度,以了解妊娠期体重增重的趋势及其相关影响因素。结果 本次调查提示调查对象孕期总增重(13.8±4.3)kg,增重速度(周增重)从孕24周后递减,孕中期高于孕晚期。孕期增重与基础体质指数(BMI)密切相关,基础超重/肥胖组孕期总增重[(11.8±4.6)kg]及增速(周增重)明显低于低体重组[(14.1±3.3)kg]和正常组[(13.9±3.9)kg],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中超重/肥胖组增速整体较平缓。参考美国医学研究所(IOM,2009)标准,41.2%调查对象孕期增重适宜,23.3%增重不足,34.5%增重过多;基础低体重组孕期易增重不足比例较高(31.7%),而超重/肥胖孕妇易增重过多(58.6%)。分娩年龄≥35岁组的孕妇体重增幅低于年龄＜35岁组,但变化趋势差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),不同年龄组孕妇各孕周体重增速均呈递减趋势,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001),其中年龄≥35岁组增速变化平缓(P＞0.05)。经产妇体重增幅低于初产妇(P＜0.05),但两组体重增速差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。多因素分析显示孕期增重与怀孕年龄、基础BMI、分娩孕周有关,方程为Y=9.027-0.114X₁-0.258X₂+0.352X₄。结论 孕妇孕中期增重高于孕晚期,孕期总增重与基础体质指数密切相关。     

中国西南城乡妇女孕前体重及孕期增重评价研究

目的评价中国西南地区城乡妇女孕前体重及孕期增重状况。方法采用分层随机整群抽样法选取昆明、贵阳和成都地区城乡3391名6~24月龄婴幼儿母亲为研究对象,通过问卷调查收集其孕前身高、孕前体重、产前体重及孕龄等信息,依据WHO成人BMI分类标准和美国IOM孕期增重推荐值(2009)评价孕前体重和孕期增重。结果孕前BMI平均为(20.3±2.4),孕前体重正常、消瘦和超重肥胖率分别为72.7%、24.1%和3.2%。孕期增重平均为(14.9±6.0)kg,城市(16.2±5.9)kg高于农村(13.5±5.7)kg(P0.05);孕期增重适宜、不足和过多率分别为35.3%、31.1%和33.3%;孕期增重过多率城市(40.9%)高于农村(26.1%)(P0.05);孕期增重不足率农村(41.4%)高于城市(20.9%)(P0.05);23岁以下年龄组孕期增重不足率较高,24~34岁年龄组孕期增重过多率较高。结论中国西南城乡妇女孕前体重不足和孕期增重问题非常突出。     

孕前体重指数与孕期增重及产褥期体重关系的研究

目的:了解孕前体重指数(BMI)与孕期增重、产后42天体重恢复情况及影响产后体重恢复的因素。方法:采用方便取样,对产后42天复查的产妇进行回顾性调查。结果:①不同孕前BMI妇女孕期平均增重均大于12.50kg;②不同孕前BMI者产后42天体重均存在滞留现象,平均滞留7.50kg(中位数);③影响产后体重恢复的相关因素有孕前BMI、孕期增重、喂养方式等。结论:产后体重恢复受多种因素影响,针对这些相关因素指导妇女顺利渡过孕产期,促进产后恢复。     

初产妇孕前体重及孕期增重对新生儿体重影响

目的 了解初产妇孕前体重和孕期增重对新生儿体重的影响。方法 以2018年哈尔滨某医院产科无妊娠期合并症的健康初产孕妇及其单胎活产儿为研究对象,收集产妇产检和分娩记录,对产妇进行问卷调查,按照中国成人BMI范围标准对产妇进行分组,分析影响新生儿体重的相关因素及产妇孕前体重及孕期增重对新生儿体重的影响。结果 本研究共对826对健康初产妇及其新生儿进行调查,初产妇平均年龄为(26.36 ± 4.21)岁,孕前BMI平均为(22.18 ± 3.15),文化程度以大专及以上为主,占46.12%,居住地以城镇为主,占83.41%,孕期增重均值为(15.26 ± 4.12)kg,平均孕周为(38.83 ± 1.08)周。在826名新生儿中,男、女性别比为1.15∶1,低出生体重儿17例(占2.1%),正常出生体重儿748名(占90.6%),巨大儿61例(占7.4%)。家庭人均月收入、孕前体重、孕期增重情况不同的产妇分娩新生儿体重差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。孕前体重、孕期增重不同的产妇分娩的新生儿体重分布差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。孕前体重、孕期增重均与新生儿出生体重呈正相关(r =0.147、0.239)。结论 初产妇孕前体重、孕期增重影响新生儿出生体重,孕前肥胖与孕期增重过多易导致分娩出巨大儿的风险增加,应加强初产妇的产前健康教育。     

Relationship between birth weight and subsequent weight gain

As shown in 8709 Black term neonates followed through 7 yr of age, there is a direct, positive relationship between birth weight and long-term weight gain. Over a 7-yr period, high-weight term Black boys and girls gain 2.6 kg more than their low-weight peers, an excess of 15%. In contrast, there is an inverse relationship between birth weight and subsequent gain in length in these term Black neonates. The long-term differential in weight gain, which is primarily attained after the first yr, has major implications for the understanding of growth and for nutritional assessment of infants and children.     

Human biology of weight maintenance after weight loss

One year after losing weight, most people have regained a significant part of the lost weight. As such, weight regain after weight loss has a negative impact on human health. The risk for weight regain is determined by psychosocial and behavioral factors as well as by various physiological and molecular parameters. Here, the latter intrinsic factors are reviewed and assembled into four functional modules, two related to the energy balance and two related to resistance against weight loss. Reported genetic factors do not reveal additional functional processes. The modules form nodes in a network describing the complex interactions of intrinsically determined weight maintenance. This network indicates that after an initial weight loss persons with a high baseline fat mass will most easily succeed in maintaining weight, because they can lose fat without raising stress in adipocytes and at the same time spare fat-free mass. However, continued weight loss and weight maintenance requires extra measures like increased physical activity, limited energy intake and a fat-free sparing composition of the diet. Eventually, this network may help to design novel therapeutic measures based on preventing the return effect of specific plasma factors or by preventing the accumulation of adipocyte cellular stress.     

'Desirable' weight

It has been known for many years that people who were much more than average weight for height tended to die young, and life insurance guidelines indicated that even average weight was a bit too much. In the last ten years there have been considerable advances in techniques for distinguishing between people who are overweight because they are too fat from those who are merely very muscular, and there have also been new surveys relating weight-for-height to mortality both among people taking out life insurance and in less selected populations. The new data confirm that the great majority of people who are significantly overweight are in fact too fat, and that they are prone to a variety of killing and disabling diseases. However the idea that there is an ‘ideal’ weight for a given individual is no longer tenable: the best guide is a range of weight for a given height, and subdivisions of people by frame size to narrow the desirable range of weight has no sound foundation. The newest life insurance guidelines suggest heavier desirable weight for women and short men than the old 1959 standards, but high mortality among thin people is at least partly associated with cigarette smoking. The desirable weight for men and women according to the latest actuarial data happens to coincide with the aesthetically desirable weight portrayed by the great painters of the Renaissance.     

Smoking,weight standards and “ideal” weight

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WITH BITTER HERBS THEY SHALL EAT IT: Chemical Ecology and the Origins of Human Diet and Medicine by Timothy Johns. Arizona Studies in Human Ecology, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA. US$40.00 clothbound, 356 pages.

MALARIA VACCINE DEVELOPMENT: Pre‐erythrocytic stages. S.L. Hoffmann and L.J. Martinez Eds. Proceedings of a conference held in Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Supplement to Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Vol. 68, 1990. 196 pages, English only. Sw.fr.35.‐/US$31.50. In developing countries Sw.fr.24.50.

STOP THE NONSENSE: HEALTH WITHOUT FADS Ezra Sohar, M.D. Shapolsky Publishers, Inc., New York, 159 pps. $16.95     

Implicit bias about weight and weight loss treatment outcomes

ObjectivesThe goal of the current study was to examine the impact of a weight loss intervention on implicit bias toward weight, as well as the relationship among implicit bias, weight loss behaviors, and weight loss outcomes. Additionally, of interest was the relationship among these variables when implicit weight bias was measured with a novel assessment that portrays individuals who are thin and obese engaged in both stereotypical and nonstereotypical health-related behaviors.MethodsImplicit weight bias (stereotype consistent and stereotype inconsistent), binge eating, self-monitoring, and body weight were assessed among weight loss participants at baseline and post-treatment (N = 44) participating in two weight loss programs.ResultsStereotype consistent bias significantly decreased from baseline to post-treatment. Greater baseline stereotype consistent bias was associated with lower binge eating and greater self-monitoring. Greater post-treatment stereotype consistent bias was associated with greater percent weight loss. Stereotype inconsistent bias did not change from baseline to post-treatment and was generally unrelated to outcomes.ConclusionWeight loss treatment may reduce implicit bias toward overweight individuals among weight loss participants. Higher post-treatment stereotype consistent bias was associated with a higher percent weight loss, possibly suggesting that losing weight may serve to maintain implicit weight bias. Alternatively, great implicit weight bias may identify individuals motivated to make changes necessary for weight loss.     

Religion, weight perception, and weight control behavior

Religion's relationships with weight perception and weight control behavior were examined using data (3032 adults aged 25-74) from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States. Religion was conceptualized as denomination, religious attendance/practice, religious social support, religious commitment, religious application, and religious identity. Weight perception was conceptualized as underestimating body weight, overestimating body weight, and accurately assessing body weight. Respondents also reported whether they had engaged in any intentional weight loss (yes/no) in the last 12 months. Logistic regression was used, with significant results being set at a p-values of <.01 and <.05. Accurately assessing body weight was the reference category for all weight perception analyses. Women with greater religious commitment and men with greater religious application had greater odds of underestimating their body weight. This relationship remained significant, controlling for age, race/ethnicity, education, and income. Jewish women had greater odds of overestimating their body weight. There were no relationships between religion and weight control behavior. Relationships between religion, weight perception, and weight control behavior illustrate religion's multidimensionality.     

Body weight relationships in early marriage. Weight relevance, weight comparisons, and weight talk

This investigation uncovered processes underlying the dynamics of body weight and body image among individuals involved in nascent heterosexual marital relationships in Upstate New York. In-depth, semi-structured qualitative interviews conducted with 34 informants, 20 women and 14 men, just prior to marriage and again one year later were used to explore continuity and change in cognitive, affective, and behavioral factors relating to body weight and body image at the time of marriage, an important transition in the life course. Three major conceptual themes operated in the process of developing and enacting informants’ body weight relationships with their partner: weight relevance, weight comparisons, and weight talk. Weight relevance encompassed the changing significance of weight during early marriage and included attracting and capturing a mate, relaxing about weight, living healthily, and concentrating on weight. Weight comparisons between partners involved weight relativism, weight competition, weight envy, and weight role models. Weight talk employed pragmatic talk, active and passive reassurance, and complaining and critiquing criticism. Concepts emerging from this investigation may be useful in designing future studies of and approaches to managing body weight in adulthood.