输尿管镜下套石篮联合钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石

目的探讨输尿管镜下套石篮联合钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石的可行性和有效性。方法对168例输尿管上段结石患者采用输尿管镜下套石篮联合钬激光治疗。结石距离肾门1～8cm。同侧肾无积水17例,轻度积水63例,中度积水58例,重度积水30例。结石周围有息肉包裹47例,结石大小约0.5cm×0.6cm～1.9cm×1.2cm,平均大小约1.2cm×0.8cm。结果 168例患者均顺利完成手术,未出现输尿管黏膜撕脱,输尿管断裂,感染性休克,漏尿等并发症。1例输尿管部分穿孔,3例患者虽有直径超过0.3cm结石上移到肾上盏,通过套石篮成功取出,有5例患者碎石取石过程中部分直径超过0.3cm结石上移到肾中下盏未能取出,总碎石取石成功率97.0%(163/168)。手术时间16～79min,平均36min。术后住院时间1～5d,平均2d。结论输尿管镜下套石篮联合钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石安全可行,碎石取石成功率高,值得推广。     

输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗上尿路结石的临床研究

目的探讨输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗上尿路结石的有效性及安全性。方法采用输尿管软镜联合钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石28例,其中输尿管上段结石11例,肾盂结石4例,肾上盏结石4例,肾中盏结石6例,肾下盏结石3例。结石直径1.0~2.2cm,平均(1.3±0.2)cm。结果所有患者均顺利置入输尿管软镜,一次性进镜成功率为100%。26例患者术中顺利寻找到结石并成功粉碎结石,有2例手术失败,结石一次性清除率为92.86%(26/28)。手术时间45.0~90.0min,平均(74.3±0.7)min,术后住院日2.0~5.0d,平均(2.9±0.1)d。术后2例患者出现高热寒战,给予抗感染等对症治疗后治愈,无输尿管穿孔、输尿管撕脱、出血等并发症。术后随访3个月,无结石复发。结论输尿管软镜联合钬激光治疗上尿路结石成功率高,安全可靠。     

多镜联合治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效观察

【目的】探讨多镜联合治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效。【方法】多镜联合治疗复杂性肾结石61例，选择输尿管硬镜联合组合式输尿管软镜碎石35例；单通道经皮肾镜联合组合式输尿管软镜碎石26例。【结果】输尿管硬镜联合组合式输尿管软镜碎石35例结石患者中，碎石成功率97．14％（34/35），结石清除率为83．86％（29/35）。碎石手术时间50～100 min。术后住院2～7 d；单通道经皮肾镜联合组合式输尿管软镜碎石26例患者全部肾盂及主要肾盏结石均顺利击碎并排出，一期清除率为80．77％（21/26），总结石清除率为92．30％（24/26）。碎石手术时间50～140 min。肾造瘘管留置时间5～35 d ，术后住院6～10 d。【结论】多镜联合治疗复杂性肾结石，可提高复杂性肾结石的结石清除率，减小手术创伤，缩短手术时间，降低手术风险及并发症，是复杂性肾结石较好的治疗方法。     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石50例

目的评价输尿管镜钬激碎石术治疗输尿管结石的有效性和安全性。方法采用输尿管镜钬激碎石术治疗输尿管结石50例。结石大小0．6—2．0cm，平均1．2cm，直视下经尿道置入输尿管镜，寻及结石以600um激光传导光纤，0．8—1．2J／8～12Hz功率钬激光碎石。结果50例输尿管结石患者单次碎石成功率94．0％（47／50）。手术时间20～60min，平均35min，术后住院2～5d，平均3d，无输尿管穿孔，黏膜撕脱，套叠等并发症。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石安全、有效、疗效确切，是治疗输尿管结石最理想手术方法。     

新型组合式输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗〈2cm无积水肾结石

【目的】探讨新型组合式输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗〈2cm无积水肾结石的安全性及有效性。【方法】入住本院的36例〈2cm无积水肾结石的患者术前均行经静脉尿路造影术（IVU）及双肾CT检查,术前2周均留置双J管,腰硬联合麻醉下行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术,常规留置输尿管扩张鞘,较大结石用套石篮取出,小结石术后体位排石。【结果]36例均顺利置入输尿管软镜,35例均可用输尿管软镜寻及结石,并成功碎石。另外1例肾下盏结石二次软镜碎石,术后仍残留。碎石成功率94．4％。平均手术时间90min,术后平均住院日3d,手术无并发症发生。术后随访1～3个月,患者症状均消失,未见结石复发。【结论】新型组合式输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗〈2cm无积水肾结石安全、有效,尤其适用于体外冲击波碎石效果不佳者。     

输尿管软镜治疗体外震波碎石无效肾下盏结石

目的探讨输尿管软镜治疗体外震波碎石无效的肾下盏结石的疗效。方法采用输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石和取石网篮取石术治疗体外震波碎石无效的肾下盏结石45例,结石大小1.0~2.0 cm,平均1.6 cm。经留置输尿管扩张鞘或沿导丝直接置入F 7.9输尿管软镜抵达肾盂,找到结石后以200μm光纤、16 W功率钬激光碎石或用取石网篮取石。结果治疗3~4周后拔除输尿管支架管,2个月后复查B超或是平扫CT,结石全部排尽41例,3例复查有3~4 mm大小结石,无需再次行体外震波碎石治疗,1例由于肾下盏角度问题未能完全暴露结石,仅能部分碎石,该组病例无输尿管穿孔及大出血等并发症。结论输尿管软镜配合钬激光治疗体外震波碎石无效的肾下盏结石疗效确切,术后并发症少,尤其适用于结石体积较小和肾盏无明显积水的结石。     

体外冲击波碎石术后输尿管残留结石的内镜诊治

目的：探讨输尿管镜下观察46例ESWL后输尿管残留结石的原因及钬激光治疗效果。方法：应用输尿管镜下钬激光进行碎石、切割、汽化治疗输尿管残留结石及输尿管病变。结果：43例碎石成功，手术时间约20min，术后平均17d结石排净，无输尿管穿孔等并发症发生。结论：输尿管镜联合钬激光治疗ESWL后输尿管残留结石，手术安全，损伤小，疗效确切。     

微创经皮肾造瘘输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗肾结石45例

目的分析微创经皮肾造瘘输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗肾结石的安全性及有效性,提高肾结石的治疗水平。方法分析我院采用经皮肾输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石45例病例的临床资料。结果手术时间70～190min,平均手术时间110min,结石清除率95．4％;一次碎石成功36例,二次碎石成功5例,2例结合体外冲击波碎石排净,2例有少量残留结石。均无严重并发症发生。结论微创经皮肾输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石具有创伤小、恢复快、痛苦少的优点,是治疗肾结石的安全有效方法。     

输尿管软镜治疗上尿路结石737例报道

目的 探讨输尿管软镜下钬激光和U-100 FREDDY激光治疗上尿路结石的疗效.方法 经输尿管扩张鞘或沿导丝置入F7.9或F8.7输尿管软镜,抵达输尿管上段、肾盂及肾盏,以300μm,14 ～ 16 W[1J/(14～16)Hz]功率钬激光或U-100 FREDDY激光碎石.结果 737例患者中,结石大小0.5 ～2.5 cm,平均1.5 cm,输尿管上段结石寻及率100％[ (216 +242)/(216 +242)],上盏结石寻及率99％( 179/181),中盏结石寻及率100％( 200/200),下盏结石寻及率96％(134/140),碎石成功率95.5％,无严重并发症发生.结论 输尿管软镜下治疗输尿管上段结石、肾结石安全有效,恢复快,尤其适用于体外震波碎石效果不佳的肾盂肾盏结石且无明显肾盂肾盏积水者.     

输尿管镜下钬激光治疗输尿管中下段结石98例分析

目的探讨输尿管镜下钬激光治疗输尿管中下段结石的临床疗效及治疗体会。方法利用输尿管镜及钬激光系统治疗98例输尿管中下段结石。结果 98例患者中96例患者碎石成功,成功率为98%（96/98）;96例患者平均手术时间为30 min（22～58 min）;平均住院天数为4.5 d（2～7 d）。结论输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少等优点,是一种安全高效的处理输尿管中下段结石方法。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."