A-2巨球蛋白在骨骼肌肉系统疾病治疗中应用的研究现状

正正常人在年龄增长的同时人体各系统器官都在发生缓慢的衰退、老化,并产生相应的临床症状,骨骼肌肉系统疾病尤为明显~([1])。最常见的骨骼肌肉系统疾病有骨性关节炎、脊柱退行性改变~([2])。骨性关节炎是一种以由关节韧带、滑膜或直接关节软骨异常代谢和慢性退变为主要病理变化,以关节胀痛、活动功能障碍为主要临床表现得一种慢性疾病~([3])。骨性关节炎有着极其相似的病理过程,即创伤关节腔局部出现大量的炎症因     

可调节式骨科手术架在强直性脊柱炎伴脊柱后凸畸形矫形中的应用

正强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)是一种慢性炎症性疾病~([1]),通常会导致脊柱畸形和关节强直,晚期常需手术治疗,以恢复矢状面平衡、脊柱力线和视野,以期获得满意的外观和临床效果~([2])。脊柱截骨手术常需在俯卧位下施行~([3]),因部分患者长期处于脊柱后凸畸形及下肢关节非功能位强直~([4]),造成手术体位摆放困难,且AS常伴有中轴骨骨质疏松及周围韧带骨化~([5]),在体位摆放过程中,轻微外力亦会造成医源性骨折发生~([6]),在脊柱截骨矫形术中,在截骨端闭合过程易造成脊髓剪切、螺钉拔出~([7])。     

化脓性脊柱炎的诊疗研究进展

正化脓性脊柱炎,又称脊柱化脓性骨髓炎,占所有骨髓炎的4%,包括椎骨骨髓炎、椎间盘炎和硬膜外脓肿~([1])。该疾病好发于青壮年,但近年有文献报道老年人或者免疫系统受损伤者也容易发生~([2-3])。化脓性脊柱炎发病多隐匿,症状不典型且不具有特异性,早期诊断困难,一旦误诊漏诊,容易导致脊柱畸形、神经功能受损、瘫痪,甚至死亡~([4])。因此早期确诊、制定有效的治疗方案对疾病康复有重要意义。目前对于化脓性脊柱炎的治疗仍存在较多的     

脊柱内镜下手术治疗腰椎黄韧带囊肿1例报道

正脊柱黄韧带囊肿(spinal ligamentum flavum cyst)是椎管内一种脊柱退变性病变~([1]),发病机制尚不明确,可能是黄韧带发生退变从而形成~([2]),最早由Moile教授在1976年报道~([3]),多见于下腰段(L4/5、L5/S1)~([4])。黄韧带囊肿多无特征性的临床表现,部分表现为腰骶部疼痛,如出现神经根受压,可引起典型神经根受压症状,表现出与腰椎间盘突出症相似的症状,容易引起误诊~([5])。我科2019年11月收治1     

脊柱朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症的诊断与治疗进展

<正>朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症(Langerhans cell histiocytosis,LCH)是一种病因不明的少见疾病,有多种病因假说,可能与遗传、免疫、感染等有关~([1])。一般认为LCH的细胞起源为骨髓树突状前体细胞~([2、3])。骨侵犯常见于嗜酸性肉芽肿(eosinophilic granuloma,EG),其中以颅骨侵犯居多,脊柱及其他长骨、下颌骨、骨盆等其次,文献报道6.5%     

维生素D及其受体在青少年骨代谢中的作用及对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者影响的研究进展

正青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)是一种复杂的三维结构性脊柱畸形,临床较为常见(约占全部脊柱侧凸的80%),在青少年人群中发病率约1%~3%,多发生于10~16岁,特别好发于青春期女性~([1])。随着病情的进展AIS患者常形成明显的脊柱畸形,随着畸形的逐渐加剧,不仅会造成身体外观异常、运动功能障碍,     

成人脊柱侧后凸畸形后路矫形术后症状性硬膜外血肿的诊断和治疗

<正>脊柱术后症状性硬膜外血肿(symptomatic spinal epidural hematoma,SSEH)可导致术后神经功能恶化,是脊柱术后少见但会造成严重后果的并发症之一,其发生率为0.1%~1.0%~([1~6])。脊柱术后SSEH的发生与高龄、长节段手术、术中失血量大等因素有关~([4、7、8]),而成人脊柱侧后凸畸形患者常合并上述这些危险因素。因此,对此类患者进行分     

前后联合入路治疗先天性颈椎半椎体畸形并上胸椎重度脊柱侧凸1例报告

正先天性脊柱畸形是由于脊柱发育缺陷导致的脊柱形态及结构功能异常,在婴儿中其发生率约为1/1 000~([1])。颈椎半椎体畸形是先天性脊柱畸形的一种,常见于Klippel-Feil综合征,与胸腰椎畸形相比,此类畸形在临床上更为罕见。Deburge等~([2])和Winter等~([3])分别于1981年首次报道颈椎半椎体畸形及其治疗方法,Ruf等~([1])在2005年对其进行详细阐述。近年来,临床报道了多例颈椎半椎体畸形病例,治疗方法各有不同~([4-6])。本院2015年收治C_5半     

脊柱外科围手术期出血防治专家共识

正脊柱外科手术常伴随出血风险~([1])。由于脊柱手术部位较深且毗邻脊髓神经,止血复杂且较难控制,不仅影响手术视野、降低手术操作的精准度,大量出血还会增加输血需求,引起输血相关并发症~([2]);此外,随着我国老龄化程度的不断加深,高龄患者多合并一些基础疾病,围手术期出血也增加术后相关并发症发生率~([3]);比如可引发硬膜外血肿压迫硬脊膜囊,导致神经功能障碍,严重时危及生命~([4])。     

射频消融治疗转移性脊柱肿瘤的研究进展

正骨是转移性肿瘤的好发部位之一~([1]),在死于恶性肿瘤的患者中约有80%发生骨转移~([2]),其中约有50%为脊柱转移~([3])。脊柱转移瘤最常见的症状是难以忍受的慢性疼痛(占90%以上)~([4]),导致患者卧床不起或依靠轮椅生活的情况~([5]),严重影响患者的生活质量。目前,对于中位生存期不长的转移性脊柱肿瘤患者,外科治疗方式的选择往往陷于两难境地,既要解决患者症状,又没有必要行开放性手术让患者面临创伤及并发症等风险~([6])。随着微创理念和医疗技术     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.