Open and arthroscopic techniques for the treatment of traumatic anterior shoulder instability in Australian rules football players.

Australian Rules football (ARF) is a potentially violent, overhead, body-contact sport. We reviewed 56 shoulders in patients who sustained their initial traumatic anterior subluxation or dislocation during ARF and who underwent reconstructive surgery for traumatic anterior instability, whether by arthroscopic or by open techniques. Patients were followed up for a mean of 29.4 months after operation, and clinical evaluation was performed with the Rowe grading system. Three types of surgical procedures were performed: arthroscopic suture repair, arthroscopic Bankart repair with an absorbable polyglyconate tack, and open capsular shift with repair of the Bankart lesion. Shoulders treated with arthroscopic suture repair had a 70% rate of recurrent subluxation or dislocation on return to ARF Dislocations treated arthroscopically with the biodegradable tack had a 38% rate of recurrence of instability; three fourths of the recurrences were after minimal to moderate trauma. Shoulders treated with an open capsular shift and Bankart procedure had a 30% rate of recurrent instability, with half of the recurrences caused by violent trauma. In the open group there were no failures in patients who did not return to ARF. We suggest that arthroscopic repair in shoulders with anterior instability and recurrent dislocation does not adequately address the plastic deformation of the anterior capsule that may occur after repeated episodes of dislocation. We advocate open shoulder procedures in ARF athletes to address all areas of the capsulolabral pathologic condition and to provide the most secure repair possible with minimal chance of recurrence.     

Risk factors for recurrence of shoulder instability after arthroscopic Bankart repair

BACKGROUND: The higher failure rates reported with arthroscopic stabilization of traumatic, recurrent anterior shoulder instability compared with open stabilization remain a concern. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of arthroscopic Bankart repairs with the use of suture anchors and to identify risk factors related to postoperative recurrence of shoulder instability. METHODS: Ninety-one consecutive patients underwent arthroscopic stabilization for recurrent anterior traumatic shoulder instability. The mean age (and standard deviation) at the time of surgery was 26.4 +/- 5.4 years. Seventy-one patients were male. Seventy-nine patients were involved in sports (forty, in high-risk sports). Capsulolabral reattachment and capsule retensioning was performed with use of absorbable suture anchors (mean, 4.3 anchors; range, two to seven anchors). All patients were prospectively followed, and, at the time of the last review, the patients were examined and assessed functionally by independent observers. RESULTS: At a mean follow-up of thirty-six months, fourteen patients (15.3%) experienced recurrent instability: six sustained a frank dislocation and eight reported a subluxation. The mean delay to recurrence was 17.6 months. The risk of postoperative recurrence was significantly related to the presence of a bone defect, either on the glenoid side (a glenoid compression-fracture; p = 0.01) or on the humeral side (a large Hill-Sachs lesion; p = 0.05). By contrast, a glenoid separation-fracture was not associated with postoperative recurrent dislocation or subluxation. Recurrence of instability was significantly higher in patients with inferior shoulder hyperlaxity (p = 0.03) and/or anterior shoulder hyperlaxity (p = 0.01). On multivariate analysis, the presence of glenoid bone loss and inferior hyperlaxity led to a 75% recurrence rate (p < 0.001). Lastly, the number of suture-anchors was critical: patients who had three anchors or fewer were at higher risk for recurrent instability (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: In the treatment of traumatic recurrent anterior shoulder instability, patients with bone loss or with shoulder hyperlaxity are at risk for recurrent instability after arthroscopic Bankart repair. At least four anchor points should be used to obtain secure shoulder stabilization.     

Arthroscopic bankart suture repair for recurrent traumatic unidirectional anterior shoulder dislocations

We report our experience with arthroscopic repair of the Bankart lesion following traumatic unidirectional anterior shoulder dislocation. Thirty consecutive patients (7 women, 23 men; average age, 26.5 years) were followed for an average of 38 months (minimum 2-year follow-up) after arthroscopic Bankart suture repair for recurrent shoulder dislocation. The study included patients who had pure shoulder dislocations (excluding those with instability secondary to subluxation, multidirectional instability, or an atraumatic origin), had experienced an initial frank shoulder dislocation (documented radiographically or requiring the assistance of medical personnel for reduction), and had a Bankart lesion, visualized arthroscopically. Clinical evaluation using the Rowe functional grading system showed 11 patients rated as excellent, 8 as good, 3 as hair, and 8 as poor. Six of 8 patients were rated as poor because they frankly redislocated following their arthroscopic shoulder stabilization. Our study shows a 27% failure rate in this group. Critical reevaluation of the transglenoid arthroscopic Bankart procedure is mandatory to identify the appropriate patient population for this procedure.     

Editorial Commentary: Recurrence After Arthroscopic Bankart Repair: What the Instability Severity Index Score Will and Will Not Predict

The recurrence of shoulder instability is a challenging complication after anterior open or arthroscopic stabilization in patients with glenohumeral instability. Use of the arthroscopic Bankart procedure has increased over the last decade, because of its less invasiveness and low complication rates compared with the Latarjet procedure. However, arthroscopic repair has the possibility of a greater recurrent instability rate. The Instability Shoulder Index Score (ISIS) has been developed to predict the success of isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair for the management of recurrent anterior shoulder instability. The risk factors associated with the recurrence of instability are age, level and type of sports participation, shoulder hyperlaxity, and humeral and glenoid bony lesions. The ISIS is a validated tool to predict the recurrence of dislocation after arthroscopic surgery in patients with shoulder instability. The arthroscopic Bankart procedure can be performed in patients with ISIS ≤3 with a low risk of recurrence of glenohumeral instability. The Latarjet procedure should be recommended in patients with ISIS >6. The management of patients with ISIS between 4 and 6 is still controversial and ranges from arthroscopic Bankart procedure with the addition of remplissage to the Latarjet procedure. Because advanced imaging techniques, such as computed tomography scans, allow us to assess appropriately the glenoid and humeral bone defect, their use is recommended in addition to ISIS.     

Can arthroscopic Bankart repairs using suture anchors restore equivalent stability to open repairs in the management of traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation? A meta-analysis

Background

Recently, arthroscopic Bankart repairs have become much more popular than open repairs for the treatment of recurrent anterior shoulder instability. However, it is unclear whether the modern arthroscopic Bankart repairs using suture anchors could restore equivalent stability to open repairs. We conducted a meta-analysis to compare arthroscopic Bankart repairs using suture anchors and open repairs in regard to clinical outcomes.

复发性肩关节前脱位的关节镜治疗

目的 探讨肩关节镜下Bankart重建手术治疗复发性肩关节前脱位的疗效、适应证和手术要点.方法 随访40例应用肩关节镜下Bankart重建进行治疗的复发性肩关节前脱位患者,随访时间为24～58个月,平均35.9个月;年龄15～54岁,平均27.8岁.40例均为单方向性不稳定.术前平均脱位次数为14.1次(2～90次),其中28例发生于主力侧.术中采用金属缝合锚(Mini-Revo)进行Bankart重建.随访内容包括ASKS评分、Constant-Murley评分、VAS不稳定评分及ROWE评分进行功能评估.结果 40例患者术前和终末随访时肩关节前屈上举平均为[(157.5±20.6)°,x ±s.下同]和(170.0±6.7)°,体侧外旋平均为(58.5±18.9)°和(55.9±15.0)°,ASES评分平均为(82.7±16.7)和(97.2±6.9),VAS不稳定评分平均为(6.2±1.6)和(1.3±1.4),Constant-Murley评分平均为(80.5 ±11.1)和(98.1±3.1),Rowe评分平均为(30.4±8.7)和(92.8±15.2).除体侧外旋术前和术后差异无统计学意义外,其余各项结果差异均有统计学意义.终末随访时有1例患者曾出现肩关节半脱位.随访时发现残存恐惧试验阳性3例(占7.5%).所有患者均恢复术前工作,29例(占70.7%)恢复到第一次脱位前的运动水平.结论 肩关节镜下Bankart重建手术是治疗复发性肩关节前脱位的有效方法之一.适当的病例选择、术者的关节镜下操作技术水平及术后长期而严格的功能康复锻炼是手术成功的关键.     

Hill-Sachs Remplissage手术治疗骨缺损性复发性肩关节前脱位

目的 探讨关节镜下Bankart重建术辅助Hill-Sachs Remplissage手术治疗存在明显骨缺损的复发性肩关节前脱位的疗效.方法 回顾性分析随访2年以上的应用关节镜下Bankart重建术辅助Hill-Sachs Remplissage手术治疗的复发性肩关节前脱位49例患者的病例资料,男42例,女7例;接受手术时年龄16.7～54.7岁,平均28.4岁.49例均为单向不稳定,合并明显的肩盂骨性损伤及巨大的Hill-Sachs损伤.术中采用金属缝合锚钉行Bankart修补,辅助后方冈下肌腱固定填充Hill-Sachs损伤.全部病例随访24～35个月,平均29.0个月,随访时采用ASES评分、Constant-Murley评分、Rowe评分进行功能评估,观察肩关节活动度变化.结果 术前及终末随访时肩关节平均前屈上举162.9°±17.1°和170.9°±7.4°(P=0.007),平均体侧外旋56.0°±17.6°和54.1°±17.1°(P=0.511);ASES评分为(84.7±11.3)分和(96.0±3.4)分(P=0.000),Constant-Murley评分为(93.3±8.7)分和(97.8±3.6)分(P=0.005),Rowe评分为(36.8±8.5)分和(89.8±12.5)分(P=0.000).终末随访时1例患者出现复发脱位,3例患者出现半脱位,失效率8.2%(4/49).此4例患者恐惧试验阳性.结论 肩关节镜下Bankart重建术辅助Hill-Sachs Remplissage手术是治疗存在明显骨缺损的复发性肩关节前脱位的有效方法之一.手术适应证的正确选择、熟练的关节镜下操作技术以及术后长期、严格的功能康复锻炼是手术成功的关键.

Abstract：

Objective The purpose of our study was to report the results of using arthroscopic Remplissage and Bankart repair in patients who had an engaging Hill-Sachs lesion with significant glenoid bone loss. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 49 consecutive patients who underwent arthroscopic Remplissage and Bankart repair for anterior shoulder instability with a mean duration of follow-up of 29.0 months (24-35 months). At the time of surgery the mean age of 42 men and 7 women was 28.4 years. All patients were diagnosed as recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation with a bony lesion of glenoid and an engaging HillSachs lesion. An arthroscopic Remplissage and Bankart repair using metal anchor was performed in all cases.ASES score, Constant-Murley score and Rowe score were used to evaluate the stability and the function of the shoulder. Results Patients' active forward elevation significantly(P=0.007) improved from 162.9°±17.1°preoperatively to 170.9°±7.4° at final follow-up. The external rotation was 56.0°±17.6° before the surgery compared with the 54.1°±17.1° postoperatively(P=0.511 ). The ASES score, Constant-Murley score and Rowe score was 84.7±11.3, 93.3±8.7 and 36.8±8.5 preoperatively compared with 96.0±3.4, 97.8±3.6 and 89.8±12.5 postoperatively. Significant difference could be found with regard to ASES score (P=0.000), ConstantMurley score (P=0.005) and Rowe score (P=0.000). One redislocation happened and a subluxation was noticed in three patients (8.3%). Conclusion Arthroscopic Remplissage combined with Bankart repair can achieve satisfactory for recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation accompany with engaging Hill-Sachs lesion.     

Shoulder dislocation and -subluxation

The diagnosis and treatment of shoulder instability require basic differentiation between unidirectional, multidirectional, and voluntary dislocation. Within unidirectional instability primary dislocation, recurrent dislocation, and recurrent subluxation need to be considered separately.--Primary dislocation: In 160 patients with primary dislocation a follow-up was done by questionnaire. In the case of atraumatic primary dislocation the redislocation rate was 100%. Predisposing factors inherent in the bony, cartilaginous, and capsular components of the joint favoured the tendency of primary dislocation. In the case of traumatic primary dislocation the redislocation rate was lower after immobilisation of the joint than without when it had not been immobilised.--Recurrent subluxation: In 52 patients with a clinical diagnosis of recurrent subluxation a tear of the glenoid labrum was found by arthroscopy. In 21 cases the detached labrum was refixed arthroscopically and in 18 cases the repair was done by an open Bankart procedure. Seventy-two percent of the patients who underwent arthroscopic repair showed good to excellent results. In all cases but one in which the Bankart procedure was applied the results were excellent.--Recurrent dislocation: Since 1984 a total of 183 patients were operated on for recurrent shoulder dislocation. All these patients were examined preoperatively by CT scan. The CT findings were used in selection of the appropriate procedure. In 114 patients the Bankart procedure was applied and in 39 cases, a bone-block method. The remaining patients were subjected to various other procedures. Not one of the patients showed postoperative redislocation. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Comparison of arthroscopic and open anterior shoulder stabilization. A two to six-year follow-up study

BACKGROUND: Sixty-three consecutive patients with recurrent traumatic anterior shoulder instability underwent operative repair. The decision to select either arthroscopic Bankart repair or open capsular shift was based on the findings of an examination under anesthesia and the findings at the time of arthroscopy. Thirty-nine patients with only anterior translation on examination under anesthesia and a discrete Bankart lesion underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair with use of absorbable transfixing implants. Twenty-four patients with inferior translation in addition to anterior translation on examination under anesthesia and capsular laxity or injury on arthroscopy underwent an open capsular shift. METHODS: Treatment outcomes for each group were determined according to the scoring systems of Rowe et al., the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, and the Short Form-36. Failure was defined as recurrence of dislocation or subluxation or the finding of apprehension. Fifty-nine (94 percent) of the sixty-three patients were examined and filled out a questionnaire at a mean of fifty-four months (range, twenty-seven to seventy-two months) following surgery. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to the prevalence of failure or any of the other measured parameters of outcome. An unsatisfactory outcome occurred after nine (24 percent) of thirty-seven arthroscopic repairs and after four (18 percent) of twenty-two open reconstructions. All cases of recurrent instability resulted from a reinjury in a contact sport or a fall less than two years postoperatively. The treatment groups did not differ with regard to patient age, hand dominance, mechanism of initial injury, duration of follow-up, or delay until surgery. Measured losses of motion were minimal and, with the exception of forward elevation, slightly more of which was lost after the open capsular shifts (p = 0.05), did not differ between the two forms of treatment. Approximately 75 percent of the patients in each group returned to their favorite recreational sports with no or mild limitations. As rated by the patients, the result was good or excellent after thirty-one (84 percent) of the arthroscopic procedures and after twenty (91 percent) of the open procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopic and open repair techniques for the treatment of recurrent traumatic shoulder instability yield comparable results if the procedure is selected on the basis of the pathological findings at the time of surgery.     

Results and factors affecting outcome of revision surgery for shoulder instability

We conducted a clinical study identifying the causes of failure and the variables affecting outcome in 28 patients with failed open or arthroscopic anterior shoulder reconstruction for anterior glenohumeral instability. All patients underwent an open revision stabilization procedure. Surgical outcomes at a minimum 24 months' follow-up were available in 25 patients. The most common findings at revision surgery were capsular redundancy and Bankart lesions. Satisfactory results were found in 21 patients (84%) after repeat instability surgery. Factors contributing to negative outcome were glenohumeral arthritis, age greater than 30 years, 2 or more previous instability procedures, a bony Bankart lesion, the diagnosis of multidirectional instability, and surgery involving the nondominant arm (P < .05). Revision shoulder stabilization can be successful when the correct diagnosis is made and appropriate surgery performed. However, the outcome is less predictable in patients with multiple previous surgeries.     

关节镜下Bankart修复术治疗肩关节复发性前脱位:手术效果及复发危险因素分析

目的 探讨关节镜下Bankart修复术(缝合锚钉技术)治疗肩关节复发性前脱位的临床效果,并对术后复发不稳的可能危险因素进行分析.方法 2002年3月至2010年3月连续收治肩关节复发性前脱位患者259例,均采用关节镜下缝合锚钉技术进行Bankart修复手术,其中188例患者获得随访.患者手术时平均年龄25.3岁(13～58岁);其中男性143例、女性45例;运动员50名、非运动员138名.随访时采用美国肩肘关节外科协会评分系统(ASES)肩关节评分、Rowe评分以及患者满意度评价手术效果.术前肩关节ASES评分平均72.6分,Rowe评分平均33.4分.对于肩关节术后不稳的复发率、关节活动范围以及术后复发不稳的危险因素进行评估.结果 188例患者术后平均随访38.6个月(12～110个月).术后肩关节ASES评分平均91.9分,与术前比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.001);术后Rowe评分平均81.9分,与术前比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.001).患者手术满意度调查显示,满意152例、基本满意16例、不满意20例,满意率为89.4%.术后有24例患者复发脱位,总体复发率为12.8%;运动员患者复发率为28.0%,非运动员复发率为7.2%.术后患者平均肩关节外展外旋为75.2°,与术前比较无明显丧失(P＞0.05).关节镜Bankart修复术后复发不稳与患者年龄及是否为运动员明显相关(P＜0.05);而与术前病程长短、锚钉类型、锚钉数目、骨性Bankart损伤、合并肩关节上盂唇撕裂损伤、合并后或下方盂唇损伤、合并肩袖撕裂、关节松弛以及肩袖间隙闭合等因素无明显相关(P＞0.05).结论 关节镜下采用缝合锚钉进行Bankart修复术是治疗肩关节复发性前脱位的有效方法,临床效果比较满意.年轻患者(≤20岁)和运动员患者是术后肩关节复发不稳的高危因素,必要时选择切开手术.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate retrospectively the results of arthroscopic Bankart repair using suture anchors for recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation with a minimum 1-year follow-up and to assess risk factors for recurrence.Methods From March 2002 to March 2010,259 patients with recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair with suture anchors.And 188 patients(50 athletes,138 nonathletes)were available for follow-up.The mean age at the time of surgery was 25.3 years (range,13-58 years).The mean follow-up was 38.6 months(range,12-110 months).All of the 188 patients were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with the American Shoulder and Elbow Society (ASES)shoulder score and Rowe score system.The rate of recurrent instability,range of motion,and risk factors for postoperative recurrence were evaluated.The ASES score was 72.6 preoperatively,and Rowe score was 33.4.Results The ASES scores improved significantly to 91.9 postoperatively(P＜0.001).The Rowe scores improved to 81.9 postoperatively(P＜0.001).And 152 patients were greatly satisfied with the results,16 satisfied and 20 unsatisfied.The satisfactory rate was 89.4%.24 patients(12.8%)suffered a recurrence after surgery,14 athletes and 10 nonathletes.The recurrence rates were 28.0% in the athlete group and 7.2% in the nonathlete group.On average there was no significant loss of external rotation postoperatively(average,75.2° preoperatively and 67.2° postoperatively).Patients under age 20,and athlete patients were associated with recurrence(P＜ 0.05).Other factors including length of time until surgery,type of anchors,number of anchors,presence of bony Bankart lesion,presence of a superior labrum,anterior and posterior tear,presence of posterior or inferior labrum lesion,presence of rotator cuff tear,ligamentous laxity and rotator interval closure did not influence the recurrence rate(P＞0.05).Conclusions Arthroscopic Bankart repair is a good option for the treatment of recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation.Identification of risk factors for recurrence allows for consideration of open stabilization.In the series,patients under age 20 and athlete patients are the most important risk factors for recurrence.     

Traumatic Shoulder Dislocation With Combined Bankart Lesion and Humeral Avulsion of the Glenohumeral Ligament in a Professional Basketball Player: Three-Year Follow-up of Surgical Stabilization

Traumatic anterior shoulder instability has been well documented to have associated lesions such as a Bankart tear, humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL), Hill-Sachs lesion, fracture, and nerve injury. To our knowledge, the combined Bankart and HAGL injury in a single acute anterior shoulder dislocation has not yet been reported. We describe a traumatic first-time anterior-inferior shoulder dislocation in a professional basketball player with a combined Bankart and HAGL lesion. The patient underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair followed by open repair of the HAGL lesion with an open capsular shift reconstruction. At 3 years' follow-up, the patient had returned to an elite level of play, with an excellent outcome.     

Outcome after failed traumatic anterior shoulder instability repair with and without surgical revision

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence and reasons of recurrent instability in patients with traumatic anterior shoulder instability and to document the clinical results with regard to the number of stabilizing procedures. Twenty-four patients with failed primary open or arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization were followed for a mean of 68 (36-114) months. Following recurrence of shoulder instability, eight patients chose not to be operated on again, whereas 16 underwent repeat stabilization. A persistent or recurrent Bankart lesion was found in all 16 patients and concomitant capsular redundancy in 4. After the first revision surgery, further instability occurred in 8 patients, and 6 of them were stabilized a third time. Only 7 patients (29%) achieved a good or excellent result according to the Rowe score. All shoulder scores improved after revision stabilization. However, the number of stabilizing procedures adversely affected the outcome scores, as well as postoperative range of motion and patient satisfaction. Recurrent instability after a primary stabilization procedure represents a difficult diagnostic and surgical challenge, and careful attention should be paid to address persistent or recurrent Bankart lesions and concomitant capsular reduncancy. A satisfying functional outcome can be expected mainly in patients with one revision surgery. Further stabilization attempts are associated with poorer objective and subjective results.     

Arthroscopic revision of Bankart repair

The success of revision surgery for failed Bankart repair is not well known. This purpose of this study was to report the success rates achieved using arthroscopic techniques to revise failed Bankart repairs. Twelve arthroscopic revision Bankart repairs were performed on patients with recurrent unidirectional shoulder instability after open or arthroscopic Bankart repair. Follow-up was available on 11 of the 12 patients at a mean of 34.4 months (range, 25-56 months). The surgical findings, possible modes of failure, shoulder scores (Rowe score, University of California Los Angeles [UCLA], Simple Shoulder Test), and clinical outcome were evaluated. Various modes of failure were recognized during revision arthroscopic Bankart repairs. Good-to-excellent results were obtained in 8 patients (73%) undergoing revision stabilization according to Rowe and UCLA scoring. A subluxation or dislocation event occurred in 3 (27%) of the 11 patients at a mean of 8.7 months (range, 6-12 months) postoperatively. Arthroscopic revision Bankart repairs are technically challenging procedures but can be used to achieve stable, pain-free, functional shoulders with return to prior sport. Owing to limited follow-up and the small number of patients in this study, we were unable to conclude any pattern of failure or selection criteria for this procedure.     

Surgical treatment of traumatic anterior shoulder instability in american football players

BACKGROUND: American football players have been reported to be at high risk for postoperative instability after arthroscopic stabilization of anterior shoulder instability. While some authors have recommended open methods of stabilization in athletes who play contact sports, there are few data in the literature showing more favorable results with use of an open technique. We reviewed the results of an open technique of anterior shoulder stabilization in fifty-eight American football players after a minimum of two years of follow-up. METHODS: Fifty-eight American football players underwent open stabilization with use of a standardized technique for the treatment of recurrent anterior shoulder instability. Forty-seven patients had recurrent dislocations, and the remaining eleven had recurrent subluxations. The average age of the patients was 18.2 years, and the average duration of follow-up was thirty-seven months. Patients were evaluated according to the shoulder scoring system of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons and with use of the shoulder instability score described by Rowe and Zarins. RESULTS: There were no postoperative dislocations. Postoperative subluxation occurred in two patients, neither of whom had had a dislocation prior to the operation. Forward flexion and external rotation returned to within 5 of those of the contralateral shoulder in forty-nine patients. The average score according to the system of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons was 97.0 points, and the average Rowe and Zarins score was 93.6 points. Fifty-five patients had a good or excellent result, and fifty-two of the fifty-eight returned to playing football for at least one year. One patient was forced to stop playing because of recurrent instability. CONCLUSIONS: Open stabilization is a predictable method of restoring shoulder stability in American football players while maintaining a range of motion approximating that found after arthroscopic stabilization. Postoperative stability appears to be superior to that reported after arthroscopic techniques in this population of patients.     

肩关节镜下行Bankart术治疗复发性肩关节前脱位

目的 探讨肩关节镜下Bankart术治疗复发性肩关节前脱位的适应症、手术要点和疗效。方法 对我科2007年1月至2009年7月,15例复发性肩关节前脱位的临床资料进行回顾性分析。15例均为肩关节单方向不稳定,左侧4例,右侧11例,术前脱位次数为2-30次,平均为11.7次。所有患者均采用锚钉进行关节镜下Bankart术,术后采用Constant-Murley法进行评分。结果 术后随访10-24个月,平均12.5个月,所有患者均未出现切口感染及关节腔积血等并发症。终末随访时平均Constant-Murley评分较术前明显改善（术前79.3±4.0对术后95.0±2.2,p<0.01）。终末随访时所有病例均未发生再脱位,术后无残存恐惧试验阳性。结论 关节镜下Bankart术是治疗复发性肩关节前脱位的有效方法之一。     

Arthroscopic revision Bankart repair: a preliminary evaluation

Arthroscopic stabilization of primary, recurrent anterior shoulder instability has become the procedure of choice with infrequent exceptions. Failures of stabilization can and do occur. This is a Level IV retrospective analysis of arthroscopic revision Bankart surgery performed on 15 non-consecutive patients over a 4-year period with an average 22-month follow-up. The average patient age was 27.5 with 12 men and 3 women. Four of the 15 failures were from the senior author's (R.K.N.R.) practice with the remaining 11 referred for treatment. Four of the 15 failures resulted from open surgery while the remaining 11 failed an arthroscopic stabilization procedure. Four contact/collision athletes were included, and significant bone loss was recorded in 5 patients. Operative findings included 10 recurrent Bankart lesions while 9 patients were felt to demonstrate capsular attenuation. Fourteen of the 15 had a Hill-Sachs lesion while chondromalacic change involving the anterior glenoid was noted in 13 of the 15 patients. A suture anchor technique was used with an average of 2.5 double-loaded suture anchors. In this series, 4 failures occurred after revision arthroscopic stabilization (27%) with an average SANE score of 86 (range, 65-100). One of the 5 patients with significant bone loss sustained a recurrence while 1 of 4 contact athletes failed the revision arthroscopic stabilization. Two of the 4 failures in this study subsequently underwent an open bone block procedure. Arthroscopic revision Bankart repair can be an effective alternative, but should only be considered in the properly selected patient.     

Arthroscopic Bankart Repair With and Without Curettage of the Glenoid Edge: A Prospective,Randomized, Controlled Study

PurposeTo determine whether curettage of the cartilage on the glenoid edge in arthroscopic Bankart repair reduces the postoperative recurrence rate compared with noncuretted glenoid.MethodsBetween January 2010 and December 2013, 134 patients underwent arthroscopy and stabilization for recurrent anterior dislocation of shoulder; 42 patients were excluded. Alternate glenoid edge was curetted in 92 patients undergoing arthroscopic Bankart repair. Twelve patients were lost to follow-up. The remaining 80 patients were divided into 2 groups of 40 patients each, curettage and noncurettage. In both groups, the Bankart lesion was repaired using ≥3 bioanchors loaded with nonabsorbable braided sutures. Postoperative rehabilitation was the same for the 2 groups. We recorded recurrence of instability, pain, and Constant and Rowe shoulder scores. Statistical analysis of data was performed using unpaired t test (significance level P < .05).ResultsThe 2 groups were comparable in terms of age, number of dislocations, and bone loss. The average follow-up was 7 years and 9 months (range 6 to 10 years). Of the total 40 patients in the curettage group, 6 (15%) had recurrence of dislocation and none had subluxations, whereas in the noncurettage group, 13 (32.5%) had recurrence of dislocation and 3 (7.5%) had subluxations. The difference in postoperative recurrence of instability was statistically significant (P = .012). The average (standard deviation) Rowe score was 83.75 (23.28) in the curettage group and 70.13 (31.29) in the noncurettage group (P = .030).ConclusionsDuring arthroscopic Bankart repair, curettage of the cartilage on the anterior glenoid edge reduces the incidence of postoperative recurrence of instability.Level of EvidenceII, therapeutic; prospective, randomized, controlled study.     

Arhtroscopic bankart repair with the suretac device. part I: clinical observations

Although arthroscopic Bankart repair has become an accepted surgical stabilization technique for anterior shoulder instability, the failure rate remains unacceptably high. Little information is available concerning healing of the Bankart repair. The purpose of this article is to clarify this issue by analyzing a cohort of 15 patients who underwent a “second-look” artroscopy to evaluate and treat pain or recurrent instability following arthroscopic Bankart repair with the Suretac device (Acufex Microsurgical, Mansfield, MA). “Second-look” arthroscopy was performed at an average of 9 months following the index surgical procedure. The reasons for this second surgery were recurrent instability in 7, pain in 6, and pain and stiffness in 2. In the 7 patients with recurrent instability, the Bankart repair was found to be completely healed in 3 (43%), partially healed in 1 (14%), and had recurred in 3 (43%); however, 6 of 7 were observed to have lax capsular tissue. In 4 of these cases, retrospective review of the index surgical procedure showed that a technical error had been made during the repair. Two cases had biopsy of the repair site on “second-look” at 6 to 8 months, and this showed residual polyglyconate polymer debris surrounded by a histiocytic infiltrate. In the remaining 8 cases with stable shoulders, the Bankart repair had completely healed in 5 cases (62.5%) and partially healed in 3 cases (37.5%). The higher failure rate with this approach compared with open approaches appears to result from improper patient selection and errors in surgical technique. There is some question concerning healing strength of the Bankart repair, although complete healing of the Bankart does not seem to be a prerequisite for shoulder stability. Success of the procedure might be expected to improve by selecting only patients with unidirectional, post-traumatic, anterior instabilit who are found to have a discrete Bankart lesion and well-developed ligamentous tissue.