鼠肝微粒体代谢中一氧化碳生成量测定的实验研究

本文研究了双波长－差示一阶导数光谱法运用于对照品一氧化碳（ＣＯ）饱和水浓度标定及２个三氟苯胺在鼠肝微粒体中代谢生成ＣＯ的定性鉴别、定量测定。结果表明，本法的抗干扰能力、灵敏度和定量准确性均明显优于传统的Ｈｂ－ＣＯ法，在ＣＯ浓度２～１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ与导数光谱峰谷间振幅Ｄ呈良好线性关系，回归方程Ｃ（μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）＝１７．６Ｄ－０．４（ｒ＝０．９９９８，ｎ＝５），最低检测浓度为０．１μｍｏｌ／ＬＣＯ。ＣＯ的回收率（Ｘ±ＲＳＤ）以水作介质为（１０２．１±２．９）％（ｎ＝７），日内、日间精密度分别为（９６．７±４．４）％（ｎ＝１８）、（９３．６±６．１）％（ｎ＝１６）；以微粒体蛋白悬液为介质的ＣＯ回收率为（７９．７±６．８）％（ｎ＝１２）。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆和脑脊液中甲氨蝶呤浓度

目的：建立测定血浆和脑脊液中甲氨蝶呤的反相高效液相色谱方法。方法：采用ＯＤＳ不锈钢柱,流动相：甲醇∶０．０２５ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１磷酸盐缓冲液（２１∶７９,ｐＨ６．７０）,检测波长：３０６ｎｍ,样品经沉淀蛋白质后直接进样。结果：血浆和脑脊液样品回收率分别为９７．５％±４．１％和１００．８％±１．５％,日内和日间误差（ＲＳＤ）均＜７％,最低检测浓度４．７５×１０－８ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１,血浆中在１．１０×１０－７～２．２×１０－６ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１和２．２０×１０－６～１．７６×１０－４ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１;脑脊液中在１．１０×１０－７～２．２０×１０－６ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１和２．２０×１０－６～１．１０×１０－３ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１浓度范围内有良好线性关系,ｒ＝０．９９９６～０．９９９９。结论：本法简便、准确、灵敏。     

六价铬对g12细胞gpt位点的影响

采用改良的ｇ１２细胞代替Ｖ７９细胞，研究了六价铬［Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）］对ｇｐｔ（ｘａｎｔｈｉｎｅｇｕａｎｉｎｅｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｉｂｏｓｙｌｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒａｓｅ，ｇｐｔ，黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶）位点的影响。结果表明，Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７在引起细胞中毒不明显的低剂量０．６２５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ（相当于铬含量６４．９９μｇ／Ｌ）即可诱发ｇ１２细胞ｇｐｔ位点的突变，且高达本底的９倍以上；较高剂量组２．５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ诱发的６－ＴＧ（６－ｔｈｉｏｇｕａ－ｎｉｎｅ，６－巯基鸟嘌呤）突变体可达本底的５０倍以上。Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７诱发的ｇ１２细胞ｇｐｔ位点突变在０～２．５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７范围内，具有明显的剂量－反应关系［ｙ＝２４．２７ｘ－１．７５，ｒ＝０．９９５，ｙ为突变率（ｍｕｔａｔｉｏｎｒａｔｅ），ｘ为为Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７剂量］。但随着Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７的浓度增高，５．０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７组，由于细胞存活率太低，细胞数不够，达不到最后接种要求，不易继续进行。这一现象可能与Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７的细胞毒性有关。因此，Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７的遗传毒性及致突变性，只是在一定的剂量范围内遵循剂量反应规律。     

粉防己碱，Fura 2－AM和Bay k 8644对脂多糖刺激大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放血小板活化因子的影响

目的：研究钙与脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）刺激大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞（ＰＭ）释放血小板活化因子（ＰＡＦ）的关系．方法：通过ＰＡＦ的生物测定法，观察了粉防己碱（Ｔｅｔ）、Ｆｕｒａ２ＡＭ和Ｂａｙｋ８６４４对ＬＰＳ刺激ＰＭ释放ＰＡＦ的影响．结果：ＬＰＳ刺激ＰＭ释放ＰＡＦ，但并不使其细胞内钙增高，Ｔｅｔ在０１，１０，１０，１００μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１和Ｆｕｒａ２ＡＭ在００１，０１，１０，１０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时降低ＬＰＳ刺激的ＰＭ释放ＰＡＦ（分别为９８±１１，６５±１６，４７±０８，３４±０４，９２±１７，５２±１３，３７±０４，３．２±０３μｇ·Ｌ－１，无药物时１１８±１２μｇ·Ｌ－１），Ｂａｙｋ８６４４在１０，５０，１０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时能增加ＬＰＳ刺激的ＰＡＦ释放能增加ＬＰＳ刺激的ＰＡＦ释放（分别为１３２±１７，１６２±１４，１７６±１５μｇ·Ｌ－１），并且Ｂａｙｋ８６４４在５０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１时能全部或部分逆转Ｔｅｔ和Ｆｕｒａ２ＡＭ对ＰＡＦ释放的抑制作用．结论：尽管ＬＰＳ并不明显增加巨噬细胞内钙，但细胞内钙对ＬＰＳ刺激的ＰＡＦ释放是必要的．     

HPLC法测定阿莫西林胶囊的含量

以０．０５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷权二氢钾溶液（用２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ氢氧化钾调节ｐＨ值至５．０±０．１）－甲醇（９５：５）为流动相,在Ｃ１８柱上测定阿莫西林胶囊的含量,检测波长为２３０ｎｍ。在４０￣２８０ｎｍ。在４０￣２８０μｇ／Ｌ浓度范围内,线性良好（ｒ＝１．００００）,平均回收率１００．２％（ｎ＝６,ＲＳＤ＝０．３２％）。     

HPLC法同时测定人血浆中地尔硫卓及其代谢产物

本法用ＷａｔｅｒｓＢａｓｅｌｉｎｅ８１０色谱工作站，Ｗａｔｅｒｓ径向加压柱（Ｎｏｖａ－ＰａｋＣ＿（１８）８ｍｍ×１０ｃｍ，４μｍ），检测波长ＵＶ２３８ｎｍ，流动相为甲醇－水－二氯甲烷－０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ醋酸铵（６４：２３．５：２．５：１０），流速：２．０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ；血样用混合溶剂一次提取，地尔硫和去乙酰地尔硫的提取回收率分别为８５．２％、８２．３％，平均方法回收率分别为９９．６％、１０１．１％，最低检测浓度均为５ｎｇ／ｍｌ。     

谷胱甘肽对病毒性肝炎病人超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化脂质水平的影响及疗效

目的：探讨谷胱甘肽对病毒性肝炎病人ＳＯＤ和ＬＰＯ的影响及疗效。方法：治疗组２６例，男性２０例，女性６例；年龄３６±ｓ１０ａ。用肌苷０．４ｇ，甘草酸单铵６０ｍＬ或甘草酸二铵３０ｍＬ和门冬氨酸钾镁２０ｍＬ均加入１０％葡萄糖注射液２５０ｍＬ中静脉滴注（静滴），ｑｄ作基础治疗，同时用谷胱甘肽１．２ｇ，静滴，ｑｄ；对照组２５例，男性１８例，女性７例；年龄３２±９ａ，仅给予基础治疗。结果：治疗组ＴＢ，ＤＢ，ＡＬＴ分别下降３９±４６μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，１８±３２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，７６±１１３ＩＵ／Ｌ，均优于对照组（分别为２９±４２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，１４±３０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，３９±１００ＩＵ／Ｌ），Ｐ值分别＜０．０１，０．０５和０．０１，但治疗前后ＳＯＤ（分别为４０±１０Ｕ／ｍＬ，４２±１５Ｕ／ｍＬ），ＬＰＯ（分别为０．５±０．５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，０．４±０．３μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）无明显变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：谷胱甘肽对肝功能恢复有良好疗效，但不影响ＳＯＤ和ＬＰＯ水平     

反相高效液相色谱法测定洛氟沙星的血药浓度

采用反相ＨＰＬＣ法测定洛氟沙星的血药浓度，血浆样品用二氯甲烷在ｐＨ７．０条件下提取后进样，流动相为１０ｍ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸二氢钾－１０ｍ ｍｏｌ／Ｌ溴化四丁铵－乙腈－三乙胺（４５：４４：１０：１，磷酸调节ｐＨ２．８），紫外检测器λ＝２９５ｎｍ，最低检测浓度１０μｇ／Ｌ，线性范围：０．１￣６．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，ｒ＝０．９９９９，日内ＲＳＤ为１．３８％￣３．４２％，日间ＲＳＤ为１．１１％￣２．８９％。     

Bayesian一点法研究心衰患者的地高辛临床药物动力学及给药方案

本文用放免分析法测定血药农度。用Ｂａｙｅｓｉａｎ—点法研究３４例心衰患者的地高辛临床药动学，参数为：消除半衰期（Ｔ１／２）６０．８±１２．２ｈ，消除速度常数（ｋ）０．０１１９±０．００２３ｈ－１，分布容积（Ｖｄ）７．５±１．１Ｌ／ｋｇ，清除率（ＣＬ）８９．７±２０．９ｍｌ·ｈ－１．ｋｇ－１。显示患者个体存在较大差异。按Ｂａｙｅｓｉａｎ个体参数计算给药方案，所有患者的血药浓度始终维持在０．８～２．０ｎｇ／ｍｌ有效范围内。数据分析表明，在缺乏监测的条件下，可根据患者的血清肌酐水平作出剂量判断，Ｃｒ≤９０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ为０．２５ｍｇｑｄ，Ｃｒ＞９０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ为０．１２５ｍｇｑｄ。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中比索洛尔浓度

本文采用高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）内标法测定血浆中比索洛尔浓度。色谱柱为ＴＭＳ（７μｍ，０．４６ｃｍ×１５ｃｍ）；流动相为乙腈－磷酸二氢胺（１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ｐＨ４）－水（１８：５：７７），荧光检测波长２７５／３０５ｎｍ（Ｅｘ／Ｅｍ）。血浆样品经碱化二氯甲烷提取，催醒胺作内标。方法线性范围为２～５０ｎｇ／ｍｌ；检测下限２ｎｇ／ｍｌ；在５、１５和５０ｎｇ／ｍｌ３种浓度平均回收率为（８８．１±６．２）％；日内日间ＲＳＤ均小于８．０％。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.