快速刺激对豚鼠心房肌动作电位的影响及地尔硫卓、艾司洛尔的干预作用

研究钙离子拮抗剂、β受体阻断剂对豚鼠心房肌电生理性质的影响及对快速刺激引起的心房肌动作电位的变化的干预作用。采用玻璃微电极技术 ,对比 1.1,3.3μmol/L地尔硫卓和 4 ,12 μmol/L艾司洛尔灌流前后三种不同刺激频率 (5 0 0 ,10 0 0 ,15 0 0ms)下豚鼠离体心房肌动作电位的变化 ,然后给予 2 0min 15 0ms快速刺激 ,比较对照组和四个药物灌流组的恢复过程。结果 :地尔硫卓和艾司洛尔对基础状态的心房肌电生理性质无明显作用。快速刺激后对照组复极 90 %动作电位时程 (APD90 )、有效不应期 (ERP)在第 4分钟恢复 ,大剂量地尔硫卓组和艾司洛尔组在第 2分钟即恢复 ,两者均可改善短时间快速刺激后APD90 、ERP的恢复。结论 :细胞内Ca2 + 超载为电重构的发生机制之一 ,钙离子拮抗剂或 β受体阻断剂可减轻电重构的发生。     

地尔硫卓对心房有效不应期和单相动作电位重构的干预研究

为研究地尔硫卓对快速心房起搏诱发的心房肌急性电重构的影响 ,将 4 0例无器质性心脏病的室上性心动过速患者射频消融成功后 30min随机分为两组 ,地尔硫卓组 15例 ,对照组 2 5例 ;地尔硫卓组给予药物干预 ,对照组以生理盐水替代 ,应用双极记录及单相动作电位记录法检测基础状态下、药物负荷量后 (即快速心房起搏前 )及4 0 0ms周长心房起搏后右心耳、高位右房、低位右房和His束周围等部位有效不应期 (ERP)和右房单相动作电位复极 90 %的时程 (MAPD90 )。结果 :对照组快速心房起搏后心房各部位ERP和右房MAPD90 较刺激前有明显缩短 ,地尔硫卓组心房快速起搏前后各部位ERP和右房MAPD90 无明显改变。结论 :快速心房起搏可使无器质性心脏病和心房颤动病史的患者心房ERP和MAPD90 明显缩短 ,地尔硫卓可阻止快速心房起搏诱发的心房ERP和MAPD90 的缩短 ,提示细胞内钙超载可能是心房ERP和单相动作电位重构的重要原因之一。     

地尔硫卓对心房急性电重构影响的临床研究

探讨地尔硫卓对心房快速激动诱发心房急性电重构的影响。将 31例导管射频消融成功的室上性心动过速患者随机分为两组 ,对照组 2 1例、地尔硫卓组 10例 ,以 15 0～ 2 0 0ms起搏周长 (PCL)诱发急性心房颤动 (AF)。以4 0 0msPCL分别在高位右房 (HRA)、低位右房 (LRA)、His束区 (HIS)等部位进行S1S2 扫描 ,测定基础状态、干预后和心房快速激动后心房有效不应期 (AERP) ;以三种不同PCL (35 0 ,4 0 0和 4 5 0ms)随机对右心耳 (RAA)进行S1S2 扫描 ,观察AERP频率自适应性的变化。对照组心房快速激动后HRA、LRA、HIS和RAA的AERP较基础状态、给盐水后有明显缩短 ;而地尔硫卓组心房快速激动后上述指标变化无显著性差异。将RAA处AERP与相应PCL进行曲线拟合 ,对照组基础状态下斜率为 0 .0 5 8、给盐水后斜率为 0 .0 6 8和心房快速激动后斜率为 0 .0 15。地尔硫卓组则分别为0 .0 30 ,0 .0 7和 0 .0 6 0。对照组诱发继发AF 13例 (13/2 1,6 1.9% ) ,明显高于地尔硫卓组 3例 (3/10 ,30 .0 % ) ,继发AF平均时限两组无明显差别。结论 :预先给予地尔硫卓可以阻止心房快速激动诱发的心房急性电重构的发生     

慢-快综合征心房电重构和逆向电重构现象的实验研究

目的：建立犬窦房结功能不良（SND）下心房快速刺激心房颤动（房颤）的模型，探讨缓慢心律失常下慢-快综合征发生的心房电重构和逆向电重构现象。方法：12只健康成年犬用甲醛损伤犬窦房结建立SND模型，于左、右心房外膜7个部位自身前后对照观察心房有效不应期（AERP）变化及离散度、房颤的诱发率及AERP的恢复过程。结果：SND和心房快速刺激可导致犬心房各部位AERP缩短，AERP离散度增高。心房快速刺激终止后，AERP逐渐恢复，且左心耳AERP恢复过程慢于右心耳。低位右心房及左心耳部位的期前兴奋更易诱发房颤。结论：SND可致心房各部位AERP缩短且程度不同，是SND时易发生房颤的电生理基础，SND本身引起的心房电重构是慢-快综合征发生的重要机制，心脏电学顿抑是重要的电生理学现象。     

心房颤动电重构的实验研究

目的 :研究犬心房颤动 (Af)模型心房有效不应期 (ERP)的变化 ,验证Af电重构这一假说的正确性。方法 :采用快速心房起搏的方法建立犬的Af模型 (起搏组 ,n =13) ,用程序刺激测量心房的ERP ;观察P波时限和PA间期的变化 ,并与假手术组 (对照组 ,n =7)作比较。结果 :持续快速起搏 9～ 10周后 ,心房ERP明显缩短 ,当S1S1为 30 0ms时 ,对照组与起搏组分别为 (15 0± 2 1)ms与 (115± 2 3)ms(P<0 .0 1) ;S1S1为 4 0 0ms时分别为(15 4± 2 4 )ms与 (10 5± 2 7)ms(P <0 .0 1)。起搏组P波时限和PA间期明显长于对照组。结论 :持续心房快速刺激可使ERP明显缩短 ,使心房发生电重构。心房电重构可促进Af的发生和发展     

短时间快速右心房起搏致犬心房电重构、收缩重构及解剖重构的实验研究

目的通过对快速心房起搏犬的电生理特性、收缩功能及超微结构的研究,观察短时间快速心房电活动是否可引起心房重构,并探讨其在房颤持续中的作用。方法健康杂种犬17只。实验组12只,经右心耳起搏450次／min,持续5小时。快速心房刺激前后分别测量P波时程及心房有效不应期,并用多普勒超声评价二尖瓣前向血流变化。实验结束后取左心耳及梳状肌组织观察其超微结构。对照组5只,插入电极但不起搏,与实验组同步行各项检查。结果持续快速刺激5小时后,实验组心房有效不应期降低,P波时程增加;二尖瓣心房收缩期血流速度降低了17％;检查发现部分心肌细胞出现肌原纤维的损失、糖原累积及线粒体大小及形状的改变;而对照组均未发现明显变化。结论短时间快速心房电活动可导致犬心房发生电重构、收缩重构及结构重构,而心房结构重构可能是心房发生电重构和收缩重构的原因之一。     

迷走神经活动对心房电重构的影响

目的 研究迷走神经干预对心房电重构的影响.方法 24只杂种犬随机分为3组,为排除交感神经对心房电重构的影响,3组犬均应用美托洛尔阻断交感神经效应.A组10只犬快速心房起搏过程中无迷走神经干预,B组8只犬应用阿托品阻断迷走神经效应,C组6只犬在快速心房起搏过程中同时进行迷走神经刺激.在右心房(RA)、冠状静脉窦(CS)和右心室(RV)放置多极导管.通过RA电极导管进行600次/min心房起搏30 min构建急性心房电重构模型.在右心房快速起搏前后测量基础状态(无迷走神经刺激)和迷走神经刺激下的心房有效不应期(AERP)和心房颤动(房颤)易感窗口(VW).结果 A组犬右心房快速起搏后基础状态下及迷走神经刺激时的AERP较起搏前明显缩短(P＜0.05).B组犬右心房快速起搏后基础状态下及迷走神经刺激时的AERP较起搏前无明显变化(P＞0.05).C组犬右心房快速起搏后基础状态下及迷走神经刺激时的AERP较起搏前明显缩短(P＜0.05).A组及C组右心房快速起搏后AERP缩短值明显大于B组(P＜0.05),但A组及C组AERP缩短值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).迷走神经刺激下,B组犬在右心房快速起搏前后均较难诱发房颤(VW接近0),A组及C组犬右心房快速起搏后较起搏前容易诱发房颤(P＜0.05).结论 短期右心房快速起搏导致的心房电重构过程中伴随着迷走神经兴奋性增强.迷走神经兴奋性增强及迷走神经刺激加重心房电重构,导致房颤易感性增加.迷走神经阻滞能减轻心房电重构,降低房颤易感性.     

依那普利对心房急性电重构影响的临床研究

目的　探讨依那普利对快速心房起搏诱发心房急性电重构的干预作用。方法　 2 7例阵发性室上性心动过速行射频消融术患者随机分为对照组 ( 16例 )和依那普利组 ( 11例 )。阻断自主神经后 ,以最快 1:1心房起搏 [( 349± 37) /min]诱发急性心房颤动 (房颤 ) ,观察各组患者心房快速刺激前后心房有效不应期 (AERP)、AERP频率自适应性、不应期离散度 (AERPd)的变化及房颤诱发情况。结果　①心房快速起搏后 ,对照组AERP明显缩短 ,依那普利组AERP无显著变化。两组患者心房快速起搏前后AERPd差异无显著性 ;②心房快速起搏前后 ,对照组右心耳 (RAA)处AERP与相应程控刺激基础周长拟合直线的斜率分别为 0 0 6 2和 0 0 18;依那普利组分别为 0 0 5 9和 0 0 5 3;③心房快速起搏后 ,对照组房颤诱发例数、次数显著增加 ,平均房颤持续时间明显延长 ;依那普利组心房快速起搏前后房颤诱发情况无显著差异。结论　依那普利能够防止心房快速激动引起的心房急性电重构 ,降低房颤诱发率     

氯沙坦对心房急性电重构的影响

目的　以地尔硫为对照 ,探讨氯沙坦对心房快速起搏诱发急性电重构的干预作用。方法　 2 1只兔随机分为盐水组、地尔硫组和氯沙坦组。 2F电极导管分别置于高位右心房 (HRA)、低位右心房 (LRA)和希氏束区 (HIS) ,以最快 1∶1起搏频率心房起搏 3h。阻断自主神经后 ,观察各组心房快速起搏前后 ,不同部位心房有效不应期 (AERP)、AERP频率适应性、AERP离散度 (AERPd)及右心房内传导时间变化。结果　 (1)心房快速起搏后 ,盐水组AERP2 0 0 和AERP150 立即缩短 ;起搏 1h达最小值(P <0 0 5 ) ,起搏 0 5h内AERP2 0 0 和AERP150 缩短速率最快 [(30 2± 10 5 )ms/h ,(2 4 1± 9 1)ms/h];地尔硫组和氯沙坦组心房快速起搏后AERP无显著缩短。 (2 )心房快速起搏前 ,盐水组HRA处(AERP2 0 0 -AERP150 ) / 5 0ms为 0 17± 0 0 8,起搏 0 5、1、2、3h后分别为 0 0 8± 0 0 6、0 0 9± 0 0 6、0 0 8± 0 0 4、0 0 9± 0 0 5 ,P <0 0 5 ,提示AERP频率适应性降低 ;地尔硫组和氯沙坦组心房快速起搏前后 ,该值差异无显著性。 (3)盐水组心房快速起搏 2、3h ,AERPd明显增大 (P <0 0 5 )。地尔硫组心房快速起搏 3h ,与起搏前比较 ,AERPd显著增大 (P <0 0 5 )。氯沙坦组心房快速起搏后 ,AERPd无显著增加。     

心房电重构与房颤关系的基础研究

目的检查观测心房电生理改变与房颤（AF）发生和持续的关系,探讨心房电重构与房颤的内在联系。方法健康成年杂种犬14只（雌雄不拘,体重10．0～12．5kg）,随机分为2组：对照组（A组）和起搏组（B组）。右侧开胸将电极置于右心房,以400次／min的频率快速起搏右心房（A组只手术不起搏）,分别于实验开始及起搏6h后对每只犬进行电生理检查,测定心房有效不应期（AERP）。起搏开始及起搏后测定burst刺激诱发房颤的频率和持续时间。结果A组在整个时间内AERP无变化,B组心房快速起搏后,AERP明显缩短。A、B两组起搏前房颤的频率和持续时间差异无统计学意义。A组起搏前、后房颤的频率和持续时间无变化,B组心房快速起搏后房颤的频率增多,持续时间延长。结论快速心房起搏可以引起心房有效不应期缩短,即心房电重构。心房电重构造成的心房有效不应期等电生理变化促进了房颤的发生和维持,是心房电重构与房颤关系的基础。     

Sudden electrical death

Survivors of an episode of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation (not due to a reversible cause) or hemodynamically significant sustained ventricular tachycardia should in most cases receive an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) rather than antiarrhythmic drug therapy. A number of recently published clinical trials (summarized later) point to improved survival with ICD implantation. It is also important to identify the cause of the ventricular rhythm and to treat adequately the underlying cardiomyopathy with the appropriate angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, and aspirin. The role of electrophysiologic study is a matter of debate, and it is used less commonly than it was a decade ago.     

心室电风暴

心室电风暴是由于心室电活动极度不稳定所导致的最危重的恶性心律失常,是心源性猝死的重要机制。迅速识别、紧急救援,可降低死亡率,改善预后。     

Is colonic electrical activity a similar phenomena to small-bowel electrical activity?

PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate colonic spike bursts regarding 1) their migration behavior, 2) their pressure correlates, and 3) comparing colonic short spike bursts with spike bursts from migrating myoelectric complex from the small bowel. METHODS: Rectosigmoid electromyography and manometry were recorded simultaneously in seven normal volunteers and electromyography alone in five others during two hours of fasting and for two hours after one 2,100-kJ meal. One patient with an ileostomy was also studied by the same method to record the migrating myoelectric complex from the terminal ileum during fasting. RESULTS: Three kinds of spike bursts were observed in the pelvic colon: rhythmic short spike bursts, migrating long spike bursts, and nonmigrating long spike bursts. The meal significantly increased the number of migrating and nonmigrating long spike bursts (from 25 to 38.7 percent of the recording time; P <0.01). These bursts of potentials showed a peak 15 minutes after the meal, which may be caused by the gastrocolic reflex. Migrating long spike bursts started anywhere along the rectosigmoid and migrated from there aborad 82 percent of the time and orad or in both directions in 10 or 7 percent of the time, respectively. They originated pressure waves 99 percent of the time. Short spike bursts were more frequent before the meal (15.1 percent before and 9.6 percent after the meal), but the difference was not significant; they neither propagated nor initiated pressure waves detected by the miniballoon. CONCLUSIONS: Migrating long spike bursts were the only potentials that migrated, sometimes for short distances. Short spike bursts are a different phenomenon from the small-bowel migrating myoelectric complex because they do not migrate; they can occur during the postprandial period and never originated intraluminal pressure waves.Supported by a grant from the Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica, Proc. DBI-22086.Presented at the meeting of the Portuguese Congress of Gastrenterology, Vila Moura, Portugal, June 2 to 5, 1993.     

Determinants of thoracic electrical impedance in external electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation

The success of external cardioversion (ECV) of atrial fibrillation depends on generating sufficient transmyocardial current for defibrillation with minimal myocardial injury. Thoracic electrical impedance plays an important role in the relation between the delivered energy and transmyocardial current. This study assessed the determinants of thoracic electrical impedance in ECV of atrial fibrillation. ECV of atrial fibrillation was performed in 80 consecutive patients (mean age 73 +/- 9 years; men 69%; body mass index 26.0 +/- 3.6 kg/m(2)) within 12 months, using biphasic shocks (Multipulse Biowave) delivered through adhesive pads in an anteroposterior position. Thoracic electrical impedance was measured using the first shock. The mean thoracic electrical impedance was 57.7 +/- 12.3 Omega (energy 71 +/- 43 J, current intensity 33 +/- 12 A). Sinus rhythm was immediately restored in 75 patients (94%). Thoracic electrical impedance was greater (60.9 +/- 11.8 vs 51.7 +/- 11.0 Omega, p = 0.001) in patients requiring >1 shock (65%). At multivariate linear regression analysis (R = 0.761, p <0.001), female gender (+9.7 +/- 2.0 Omega, p <0.001), body mass index (+1.5 +/- 0.3 for a 1 kg/m(2) increase, p <0.001), hemoglobin concentration (+1.9 +/- 0.6 for a 1 g/dl increase, p = 0.004), and the presence of chronic heart failure (-5.3 +/- 2.0 Omega, p = 0.009) were independent predictors of thoracic electrical impedance. In conclusion, to increase ECV efficacy and minimize complications, the delivered energy should be adjusted in accordance with the clinical variables that independently affect thoracic electrical impedance and, hence, transmyocardial current.