交通事故导致颅脑损伤后智能损害相关因素分析

目的：探讨交通事故导致颅脑损伤后智能损害程度与损伤部位、损伤性质、昏迷时间、治疗方法等因素的关系。方法采用自编的调查表、简易智力状态量表（MMSE）结合临床表现对因交通事故致脑损伤后智能损害的51例司法鉴定案例进行分析。结果边缘智力7例（13.7％），轻度智能损害12例（23.5％），中度智能损害19例（37.2％），重度智能损害13例（25.6％）。结论颅脑损伤所致智能损害的程度与大脑损伤部位、昏迷时间呈明显正相关（ P＜0.01），与脑损伤性质呈明显负相关（P＜0.05），与MMSE呈明显负相关（P＜0.01），可作为司法神医学鉴定客观、有效的参考指标。     

颅脑损伤所致智能损害的司法精神病学鉴定资料分析

目的探讨颅脑损伤所致智能损害患者的司法精神病学鉴定特征。方法回顾分析2013年-2015年在泸州科正司法鉴定中心进行鉴定的431例颅脑损伤案例的鉴定资料,根据智能损害的鉴定结论将431例被鉴定者分为轻度及以下组和中度及以上组,对两组数据进行比较分析。结果两组在昏迷时长(χ~2=1.034,P=0.596)、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)(t=1.942,P=0.054)和颅脑损伤性质(χ~2=2.265,P=0.687)方面差异均无统计学意义;两组在住院天数(t=4.344,P0.01)、有无开颅手术(χ~2=9.094,P0.05)、大脑损伤位置分布(χ~2=13.156,P0.01)、智商值(t=18.997,P0.01)和智商与鉴定结论的一致性(χ~2=63.350,P0.01)方面差异均有统计学意义。结论颅脑损伤所致智能损害的程度可能与住院天数、有无开颅手术和大脑损伤位置分布等有关;轻度及以下智能损害患者的智商与鉴定结论的一致性优于中度及以上智能损害患者。     

颅脑损伤所致精神障碍的司法精神医学鉴定分析

目的探讨颅脑损伤所致的精神障碍类型，以及颅脑损伤受损程度、范围及距鉴定间隔时间与智力损害程度的关系。方法 对182例颅脑损伤患者的司法精神医学鉴定资料进行回顾性分析。结果 （1）182例颅脑损伤所致精神障碍者中，以智力障碍为首位，共123例次（67．6％）。（2）伤残等级评定为Ⅶ-Ⅹ级者共142例（78．0％）。（3）智力损害程度与受伤时间距鉴定时间无相关性（X^2=0．41，P〉0．05），但与脑损伤程度有相关性（P〈0．05）。（4）有智力损害组的脑干损伤（30．9％）、脑内血肿（25．2％）的比例高于无智力损害组（分别为16．9％和11．9％；P〈0．01），≥2个脑叶损伤（61．7％）的比例也高于无智力损害组（34．9％；P〈0．05）。结论颅脑损伤所致智力障碍占第1位，脑损伤受损程度与智力损害程度有明显的相关性，伤残等级以Ⅶ-Ⅹ等级的比例高。     

颅脑外伤所致智力障碍研究

目的：了解车祸所致颅脑外伤患者智力受损情况,探讨其影响因素。方法：对105例颅脑损伤患者进行回顾性分析。结果：智力受损99例,占94.3%,左半球受损比例高于右半球,中重度智力受损组颞叶受损、额叶受损、颅骨骨折、脑干损伤、3个以上脑叶同时受损,均明显高于轻度智力受损组。结论：颅脑外伤引起智力受损发生率较高,智力损害与受伤种类、严重程度和部位有明显关系。     

颅脑损伤所致精神伤残的影响因素分析

目的:探讨颅脑损伤后精神伤残与其影响因素如受伤部位、颅脑损伤程度、昏迷状况、智商等相关性。方法:对400例颅脑损伤者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,分析年龄、伤前受教育程度、受伤部位、颅脑损伤程度、昏迷状况、认知功能、后遗症等多种与精神残疾伤残程度相关的客观因素,进行多因素二元Logistic回归分析,筛查对伤残等级有重要影响的因素。结果:昏迷时间、GCS评分、损伤性质、人格改变、精神病性症状、软化灶、全量表智商与伤残等级有显著性相关,且GCS评分和全量表智商与伤残等级呈正相关,其他因素与伤残等级呈负相关;(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:昏迷时间、GCS评分、损伤性质、人格改变、精神病性症状、软化灶、脑积水、脑萎缩、全量表智商可以作为评定伤残等级的重要依据。     

交通事故致颅脑损伤患者智力评估及伪装情况分析

目的探讨交通致颅脑损伤患者智能损害情况厦评估中伪装情况。方法以2004年1～12月交通事故致颅脑损伤204例存活者为研究对象，进行韦氏智能测定、二项迫选数字记忆测定厦临床评估。结果204例颅脑损害患者有智能损害者149例（73．04％），其中边缘智力47例，轻度智力损害88例，中度智力损害12例，重度智力损害2例，无智力损伤者55例；二项迫选数字记忆测定有伪装倾向者70例（34．31％），其中边缘智力厦轻度智能障碍者42例，中度智能障碍者1例。无智能障碍者27例。结论交通事故致颅脑损伤患者多有不同程度的智力损害，但交通事故后智力评估中夸大智能缺损问题明显存在。     

脑损伤所致智能损害的相关分析

目的:探讨脑损伤所致智能损害的影响因素.方法:对我院2009年1月至12月因交通事故造成脑损伤所致智能损害案例的资料进行回顾性分析.结果:162例脑损伤所致智能损害以轻、中度智能损害为多见(136例);智能损害与昏迷时间、脑损伤程度、脑电图、年龄和手术时间明显相关.结论:交通事故造成脑损伤所致智能损害以轻、中度智能损害...     

颅脑损伤所致精神障碍的司法精神医学鉴定分析

目的探讨颅脑损伤所致精神障碍类型,以及颅脑受损程度、范围及鉴定时间与智力障碍程度的关系。方法对85例颅脑损伤患者的司法精神医学鉴定资料进行回顾性分析。结果85例颅脑损伤所致精神障碍中,以智力障碍为首位,共70例（82．4％）;伤残等级评定为Ⅶ—Ⅹ级共81例（95．3％）;智力障碍程度与损伤时间及鉴定时间无相关性（χ^2=0．53,P〉0．05）,但与脑损伤的程度有相关性（P〈0．05）;有智力障碍组脑干损伤（30．0％）、脑内血肿（29．1％）的比例高于无智力障碍组（分别为20．0％和13．3％;P〈0．01）,≥2个脑叶损伤的比例（62．5％）高于无智力障碍组（36．4％,P〈0．05）。结论颅脑损伤所致智力障碍占第一位,颅脑损伤程度与智力障碍有明显相关性,伤残等级以Ⅶ-Ⅹ级为高。     

190例颅脑外伤后智力研究

目的:探讨车祸导致颅脑外伤后智力受损情况及其影响因素. 方法:对190例颅脑外伤患者资料进行回顾性分析. 结果:智力受损者177例(93.2%).中重度智力受损组颅内血肿、颅骨骨折、脑干损伤以及≥3个脑叶同时受损的发生率均明显高于轻度智力受损组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01). 结论:颅脑外伤所致智力障碍发生率较高,智力受损与颅脑外伤严重程度和受伤部位有明显的相关性.     

司法鉴定中不同程度颅脑损伤所致精神障碍的临床特征对照研究

目的探讨精神疾病司法鉴定中严重程度不同的颅脑损伤所致精神障碍的临床特征及鉴定工作须注意的相关问题。方法根据综合医院神经外科的诊断和格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分,把118例被鉴定人分为重型颅脑损伤(A组)、中型颅脑损伤(B组)和轻型颅脑损伤(C组)3组,将被鉴定人及亲属提供的病史、社会功能受损状况同精神检查和社会调查进行对照分析。结果轻、中度颅脑损伤所致的精神障碍以神经症样综合征最多见,重度颅脑损伤所致的精神障碍以智能损害为多,3组间有显著性差异(P<0．01)。3组中出现频度均较高的是躯体不适症状群和痴呆样症状群,3组间无著性差异(P<0．05)。在鉴定时,被鉴定人及亲属均有过分描述精神症状和社会功能受损严重程度的倾象。结论在精神疾病司法鉴定中,不同严重程度的颅脑损伤所致的精神障碍既有不同的临床现象学特征,也有共同的社会-心理学特点,应予以注意。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

A contribution to the study of the architecture of the autonomic nervous system of the digestive tract of the rat

Summary The distribution of aminergic and non-aminergic nerve fibres to the different constituents of the wall of the digestive tract in various regions is described. Aminergic fibres synapse with all nervous perikarya. Densely interlacing networks of nerve fibres are found in both layers of the tunica muscularis and in the lamina muscularis mucosae. A finely meshed plexus is observed in relation to the wall of the blood vessels in the wall of the gut. There are many fibres connecting the muscular and the vascular plexus. No nerve fibres have been observed in direct relation to the epithelium.The functional implications of these findings are discussed.