重症急性胰腺炎的早期手术治疗——附21例病例分析

目的 探讨重症急性胰腺炎（ＳＡＰ）早期手术治疗的可行性，方法 ２１例患者分成３组，发病１天内手术者Ｉ组，２～３天为Ⅱ期，４～７天为Ⅲ期，胰腺被膜切开减压，胰床充分引流，适当清除胰腺坏死组织。结果 早期手术２１例，死亡２例，死亡率９．５％，结论 １．ＳＡＰ早期手术是可行的，２．手术疗效与手术方式的改进，手术适应症的选择及手术时机有关。     

重症急性胰腺炎的早期手术与延期手术

目的 探讨重症急性胰腺炎（ＳＡＰ）的最佳手术时机。方法 对经手术治疗的４５例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 早期手术组２３例,延期手术组２２例。两组病人术中平均血性腹水量分别为７００ｍｌ和１１００ｍｌ（ｐ〈０．０５）;术中平均胰腺坏死率分别为１６．７５％和５２．５１％（Ｐ〈０．０５）;术后死亡率分别为４．３５％和３１．８２％（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论 有手术指征时及早手术是降低ＳＡＰ手术死亡率的关     

急性坏死性胰腺炎211例治疗经验

为确立急性坏死性胰腺炎（ＡＮＰ）的治疗方案，作者对比研究了以早期手术为主的Ａ组（１９９２年以前的１２２例）和以早期非手术治疗为主的Ｂ组（１９９２年以后７５例，１９９２年以前１４例，共计８９例）患者的并发症发生率和死亡率。结果Ｂ组并发症（ＡＲＤＳ、肾衰、心衰）的发生率和死亡率明显低于Ａ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。对ＡＮＰ的治疗采取早期非手术治疗明显优于早期手术治疗。作者讨论了非手术治疗的方法、非手术治疗期中转手术的指征、及ＡＮＰ的治疗方案。     

重症急性胰腺炎的临床特点及治疗对策

目的 总结重症急性胰腺炎（ＳＡＰ）的临床特点,以完善其治疗对策。方法 回顾性分析６４例ＳＡＰ患者的临床资料。结果 本组老年病例占５１．６％,早期非手术治疗死亡率３５．３％,早期手术治疗死亡率５０％（Ｐ〉０．０５）。死亡病例均有器官衰竭,其中死于多器官功能衰竭者占６６．７％,死亡病例中老年患者占７０．４％。结论 不同个体的ＳＡＰ病理改变,病程进展,患者年龄、一般状况及合并症等均不同,导致了个体间 情     

早期重症急性胰腺炎的手术与非手术治疗

为探讨无明确急诊手术指征的早期重症急性胰腺炎（ＳＡＰ）是否需要急诊手术治疗，将符合ＳＡＰ临床诊断标准的８５例早期ＳＡＰ患者随机分为非手术治疗组（４３例）和手术治疗组（４２例）。非手术组予以ＩＣＵ病房行器官功能监测，ＴＰＮ支持，大量联合应用广谱抗菌素，早期、短期使用肾上腺皮质激素、生长抑素、Ｈ２受体阻滞剂，适时使用利尿剂，适时恢复胃肠功能和胃肠内营养；手术组确诊后立即急诊手术，方法为广泛切除胰包膜、松解胰床，胰周置多管引流，术后常规小网膜囊灌洗，余处理与非手术治疗组完全相同。结果：非手术组３６例治愈，２例病死，５例病程迁延，治愈率８３．７％；手术组２７例治愈，６例病死，８例病程迁延，治愈率６４．３％；两组治愈率存在显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。认为：早期重症急性胰腺炎以首先采用非手术治疗为佳。     

非手术治疗重症急性胰腺炎92例

为了探讨重症急性胰腺炎的诊断和选择适当的治疗方法，对９２例重症急性胰腺炎（ＳＡＰ）的临床资料进行了分析。结果发现：Ｒａｎｓｏｎ指标及ＣＴ诊断与临床经过大致相符。两个象限以上的腹膜炎，血性腹水和腹水淀粉酶≥２５６温氏单位同时存在，即可明确胰腺实质有出血坏死，可确诊为ＳＡＰ；结合ＣＴ检查可进一步了解胰腺的病理改变，更有利于临床治疗；ＳＡＰ极易并发成人呼吸窘迫综合症（ＡＰＤＳ），高渗晶胶混合液可防治ＡＲＤＳ，并可迅速纠正休克；在非手术治疗过程中，仍有部分病人需要中转手术。全组治愈７１例（７７．１７％），死亡２１例（２２．８２％）。认为：ＳＡＰ的诊断应以临床表现为主，大部分患者都可经非手术治愈。     

急性出血坏死性胰腺炎非手术治疗的关键环节

作者１９７０年１月至１９９６年８月共收治急性出血坏死性胰腺炎（ＡＨＮＰ）１６６例。１９８０年以前以简化手术为主，１９８０～１９９０年以经典手术为主，１９９０年以后以非手术治疗为主。在当今ＩＣＵ条件下，多数ＡＨＮＰ患者可以经积极的非手术治愈，但不是所有的患者所有的时候都要坚持非手术治疗。非手术治疗组的各种并发症及死亡率均低于手术治疗组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。并发症急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ＡＲＤＳ）、胰腺脓肿、腹腔出血可能和手术打击有关。因此非手术治疗值得提倡和推广。总结非手术治疗的经验，我们认为采用非手术治疗前，ＡＨＮＰ的诊断必须明确，病程的不同时期有不同的治疗重点：病程早期（发病１周内）以纠正内环境紊乱及减轻胰外器官损害为主；中期（发病２～４周内）以防治胰腺坏死组织继发感染为主；后期（发病４周后）以处理胰腺坏死组织引起的并发症为主。     

重症胰腺炎手术时机和手术方式的选择

目的探讨重症胰腺炎（ＳＡＰ）最佳手术时机和手术方式。方法对１９８５年～１９９４年间收治的５０例ＳＡＰ患者手术时机、术式及病死率进行回顾性分析。结果（１）手术病死率为１４％,其中８５．７％为４０～６０岁年龄段患者。性别及病因分类无差异。（２）随手术距发病时间延长,病死率逐渐降低,但差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。（３）随手术距入院时间延长,病死率明显降低,入院１２小时内手术者病死率显著高于其他时间组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（４）随胰坏死程度及胰外器官受累个数增加,手术病死率显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０１及Ｐ＜０．０５）。（５）休克、胰坏死及多脏器功能衰竭（ＭＯＦ）的相关病死率分别为３１．８％、３１．６％和２８．０％（Ｐ均＜０．０５）。（６）术式以胆胰联合手术及单纯胰病灶清除引流为主。结论ＳＡＰ手术时机是影响手术病死率的重要因素,最佳时机的选择应与ＳＡＰ自然病程相适应,避免在发病后１～７天,尤其在入院１２小时内手术。强调术前给予至少２４小时支持治疗。术式选择应以简单有效,充分引流,清除病灶,去除病因为基本原则。     

重症急性胰腺炎的综合治疗

目的 探讨重症急性胰腺炎（ＳＡＰ）的合适治疗方法。方法 回顾性总结８８例ＳＡＰ患者的治疗经验。结果 治愈７３例（８２．９５％），死亡１５例（１７％）。非手术组５６４例，死亡７例（１０．９％）；手术组２４例，死亡８例（３３．３３％）（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论 作者认为非手术治疗可以治愈大部分患者，重点在于维持血液动力学稳定和水电解质及酸碱平衡，营养支持，维持胰外受损器官功能，掏胰液分泌，促进胃肠道功能，     

急性坏死性胰腺炎的手术时机及手术指征

急性坏死性胰腺炎（ＡＮＰ）的手术时机及手术指征仍存争议。作者对该院１９８５年以来手术治疗的１１９例ＡＮＰ患者进行分析。将发病２周以内手术者定为早期手术，２周以后手术者为晚期手术。发现早期手术病例术中病理所见多为局灶性坏死（占７５．６％），术后并发症以循环及胰外脏器功能紊乱为主，术后死亡率达２８．２％；而晚期手术者多系全胰坏死型（占５３．７％），术后并发症以胰周局部脏器病变为主，死亡率降至１２．３％。因此作者认为ＡＮＰ应尽可能采用晚期手术，并对早期及晚期手术的指征进行了讨论。     

重症急性胰腺炎的治疗方案探讨

目的:确立重症急性胰腺炎(ASP)的治疗方案.方法:对比研究了以早期手术治疗为主的A组(125例)和以早期非手术治疗为主的B组(108例)的并发症发生率和死亡率.结果:B组的并发症(ARDS、肾衰、心衰、胰腺脓肿)发生率和死亡率均明显低于A组(P<0.001).早期手术治疗未能降低发生休克、胰腺广泛坏死感染及多器官功能衰竭的危险.结论:ASP宜首先进行非手术治疗.     

Surgery of pancreatic necrosis

Surgical intervention in the presence of pancreatic necrosis was indicated if infection of necrosis developed. The demonstration of necrosis by CT, without clinical evidence of infection was not sufficient for operation. From 155 patients with necrotizing pancreatitis 134 had an operation upon. Surgical technique was the necrotectomy, drainage formation of a compartment and the periodic local lavage of the pancreatic cavum. 53 (39%) of 134 operated patients died.     

B 超引导下经皮穿刺置管引流治疗重症急性胰腺炎局部并发症

目的:探讨B超引导下经皮穿刺置管引流(PCD)治疗重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)局部并发症的临床价值。方法:回顾分析2006年1月—2009年10月行B超引导下PCD治疗SAP局部并发症的42例患者的临床资料,其中急性液体积聚14例,无菌性胰腺坏死12例,感染性胰腺坏死9例,包裹性坏死感染1例,胰腺脓肿4例,胰腺假性囊肿2例。并检查穿刺液是否伴感染,观察引流后临床症状、引流效果和影像学的改变。结果:42例中,14例急性液体积聚均治愈(100%),但有2例发生胰周感染,1例出现肠外瘘,无死亡;无菌性胰腺坏死12例中治愈9例(75.0%),3例发生胰腺感染并手术,死亡1例;感染性胰腺坏死9例中治愈2例(22.2%),4例引流效果差而手术,死亡2例,3例放弃治疗;包裹性坏死感染1例PCD后囊内出血急诊手术后死亡;4例胰腺脓肿治愈1例(25.0%),3例中转手术,无死亡。2例胰腺假性囊肿分别于第1,2个月后治愈拔管。结论:B超引导下PCD便捷安全,在治疗SAP不同局部并发症中有着不同的意义。对部分SAP局部并发症,B超引导下PCD可避免传统外科干预。     

Outcome of severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: The treatment of severe acute pancreatitis has been evolving from routine operative management to nonoperative care for patients without evidence of pancreatic infection. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of patients with severe acute pancreatitis at a single institution during a 9-year period. RESULTS: Sixty consecutive patients had severe pancreatitis. Forty-two had pancreatic necrosis on computed axial tomography (13 infected and 29 sterile). Patients with infected necrosis and 8 with sterile necrosis had operative debridement; the remaining patients were managed without operation (n = 39). The overall mortality was 15%. Mortality was directly related to the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Examination II and Marshall organ failure scores (P <0.001). Patients who died had a greater incidence of nosocomial infection. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with infected pancreatic necrosis require early operative debridement, whereas those with sterile necrosis or severe pancreatitis without necrosis can usually be managed safely without surgery.     

Early operation in acute hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis]

Between 1973 and 1975, the "early" operation was carried out in 15 patients suffering from acute haemorrhagic-necrotizing pancreatitis to eliminate necrotic parts. Partially necrotizing pancreatitis was identified in 10 patients: 7 survived. All patients with total pancreatic necrosis died. Surgery consisted of digital removal of the necrosis (digitoclasia) and in left resection with adequate drainage. Patients with partially necrotizing acute pancreatitis can be saved by "early" surgery while in patients with total necrosis surgery must be undertaken even earlier, namely before fatal complications set in.     

猫胰腺坏死后的转归初探

１９只猫随机分成Ａ组和Ｂ组。Ａ组７只接受全胰腺点状注射酒精，Ｂ组１２只经主胰管插管注射酒精，并将导管留在主胰管内造成主胰管部分梗阻，再全胰腺点状注射酒精。结果：术后全部实验猫均发生急性坏死性胰腺炎（ＡＮＰ）。Ａ组２只猎（２８．６％）在４８小时内死亡，５只猫术后６周胰腺组织形态和外分泌功能基本恢复正常。Ｂ组死亡４只（占３３．３％），其中３只在术后４８小时内死亡，另１只在术后２周死亡。其余８只猫术后１５周全部发展成慢性胰腺炎。由此提示单纯胰腺坏死可在致病因去除后得到恢复；如果致病因继续起作用．可造成组织学和功能方面的不可逆损害，最终可能发展成慢性胰腺炎。     

Acute necrotizing pancreatitis: treatment strategy according to the status of infection

OBJECTIVE: To determine benefits of conservative versus surgical treatment in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Infection of pancreatic necrosis is the most important risk factor contributing to death in severe acute pancreatitis, and it is generally accepted that infected pancreatic necrosis should be managed surgically. In contrast, the management of sterile pancreatic necrosis accompanied by organ failure is controversial. Recent clinical experience has provided evidence that conservative management of sterile pancreatic necrosis including early antibiotic administration seems promising. METHODS: A prospective single-center trial evaluated the role of nonsurgical management including early antibiotic treatment in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. Pancreatic infection, if confirmed by fine-needle aspiration, was considered an indication for surgery, whereas patients without signs of pancreatic infection were treated without surgery. RESULTS: Between January 1994 and June 1999, 204 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis were recruited. Eighty-six (42%) had necrotizing disease, of whom 57 (66%) had sterile and 29 (34%) infected necrosis. Patients with infected necrosis had more organ failures and a greater extent of necrosis compared with those with sterile necrosis. When early antibiotic treatment was used in all patients with necrotizing pancreatitis (imipenem/cilastatin), the characteristics of pancreatic infection changed to predominantly gram-positive and fungal infections. Fine-needle aspiration showed a sensitivity of 96% for detecting pancreatic infection. The death rate was 1.8% (1/56) in patients with sterile necrosis managed without surgery versus 24% (7/29) in patients with infected necrosis (P <.01). Two patients whose infected necrosis could not be diagnosed in a timely fashion died while receiving nonsurgical treatment. Thus, an intent-to-treat analysis (nonsurgical vs. surgical treatment) revealed a death rate of 5% (3/58) with conservative management versus 21% (6/28) with surgery. CONCLUSIONS: These results support nonsurgical management, including early antibiotic treatment, in patients with sterile pancreatic necrosis. Patients with infected necrosis still represent a high-risk group in severe acute pancreatitis, and for them surgical treatment seems preferable.     

腹膜后入踣手术治疗胰腺坏死并感染的安全性及疗效分析

目的 探讨腹膜后入路手术治疗胰腺坏死并感染的方法、安全性及疗效.方法 分析2008年1月至2013年3月9例重症急性胰腺炎（serious acute pancreatitis,SAP）发生胰腺坏死并感染在局麻或者全麻下实施了腹膜后入路胰腺坏死组织清除引流术患者的临床资料.5例经过1次手术,4例经过2次手术;8例首次手术为双侧清除引流,1例为单侧.结果 术后患者全身中毒症状迅速缓解,无任何并发症发生,首次手术时间60～80 min,平均（73±5.7） min,随访期间8例患者症状均完全消失,无复发,1例患者于术后6周死于心肌梗塞.结论 对于重症急性胰腺炎发生胰腺坏死并感染的患者,腹膜后入路行胰腺坏死组织清除引流术是直接、安全、有效、可行的治疗方法.