蒸气吸入伤犬支气管肺泡灌洗后呼吸周期、通气量和血气的变化

目的　探讨蒸气吸入性损伤犬支气管肺泡灌洗（ＢＡＬ） 后呼吸周期、通气量和血气的变化,以期为临床治疗提供实验依据。方法　将纤维支气管镜楔入伤犬三～四级肺叶支气管管口,进行小剂量复方药物ＢＡＬ。结果　ＢＡＬ 后３０,６０,９０ｍｉｎ 的吸气时间（Ｔｉ） 和呼吸周期（Ｔｃ） 均显著低于对照值（Ｐ＜ ０－０５）,呼吸率（ＲＲ）均显著高于对照值（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５ 或Ｐ＜ ０－０１）;ＢＡＬ 后３０ ～６０ｍｉｎ 内,吸气时每分钟通气量（Ｖｉ） 和呼气时每分钟通气量（Ｖｅ） 均显著高于对照值（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１ 或Ｐ＜ ０－０５）,ＢＡＬ后９０ｍｉｎ Ｖｉ 和Ｖｅ 也高于对照值,但差异无显著意义;ＢＡＬ后３０ｍｉｎ ＰａＯ２ 较对照值显著下降（Ｐ＜ ０－０５）,表现为轻度缺氧,ＢＡＬ后６０～９０ｍｉｎ ＰａＯ２ 逐渐回升。与对照值比较,ＢＡＬ后各时相点的呼气时间（Ｔｅ） 、吸气和呼气时比（Ｔｉ／Ｔｅ）、吸气时潮气量（Ｖｔｉ） 、呼气时潮气量（Ｖｔｅ） 、ＰａＣＯ２ 和ｐＨ值均无明显变化。结论　小剂量复方药物ＢＡＬ能够减少呼吸周期,加快呼吸频率,提高每分钟通气量,而使潮气量保持恒定,可能存在呼吸“兴奋”作用,因而具有潜在的临床实用价值     

蒸气吸入伤犬支气管肺泡灌洗后呼吸周期,通气量和血气？…

目的 探讨蒸气吸入性损伤犬支气管肺泡灌洗（ＢＡＬ）后呼吸周期、通气量和血气的变化,以期为临床治疗提供实验依据。方法 将纤维支气管镜楔入伤犬三￣四级肺叶支气管管口,进行小剂量复方药物ＢＡＬ。结果 ＢＡＬ后３０,６０,９０ｍｉｎ的吸气时间（Ｔｉ）和呼吸周期（Ｔｃ）均显著低于对照值（Ｐ〈０．０５）,呼吸率（ＲＲ）均显著高于对照值（Ｐ〈０．０５或Ｐ〈０．０１）;ＢＡＬ后３０￣６０ｍｉｎ内,吸气时每分钟通气     

高频喷射通气对吸入性损伤犬呼吸气流与气体交换的影响

目的观察犬吸入性损伤时呼吸气流对气体交换的影响。方法用三维粒子动态分析仪测定犬自主呼吸时吸气和呼气流速。将实验动物通入高压蒸气5秒后随机进行五种不同条件高频喷射通气,每种通气方式通气20分钟,并根据公式Re=Vrρ/η计算出雷诺数,同时采取动脉血标本,观察Pa-CO_2、PaO_2PIP的变化。结果①自主呼吸时吸气为层流,呼气可能为层流,也可能为涡流;②高频喷射通气(HFJV)时呼气和吸气均为涡流;③高频双向喷射通气(HFTJV)与HFJV相比,呼气流速显著增加(P<0.05),PaCO_2显著降低(P<0.05),呼气流速与PaCO_2呈负相关(r=-0.9216,P<0.05),同时吸气流速也有增加的趋势。结论 HFJV可维持吸入性损伤犬正常通气,其机制可能与涡流有关。HFTJV是在HFJV基础上增加了反向喷射气流,可以增进呼吸气体速度,促进CO_2排除。     

Arduan肌松效果的临床观察

作者选20例开腹手术病人,以外呼吸变化作主要指标,对新肌松药Arauan肌松作用做了系统观察:常规麻醉前用药,清醒气管内插管后,用Lotighit通气量计先测病人呼吸数、潮气量及每分通气量作对照值。尔后静注硫喷妥钠及/或安定入睡后,静注Arduan,继之用普鲁卡因与安氟醚静吸复合法维持麻醉适当深度。术中施行辅助或控制呼吸。注入Arduan后1min开始直至每分通气量达到对照值及拔除气管内导管时分别测上述三个参数。结果表明,首次用arduan平均以0.049mg/kg(2～4mg)静注后1min每分钟通气量由7.36降至4.8L/min(P<0.01),直至48min(6.81L/min,P>0.5)恢复。其中14例首次用药后平均4min自主呼吸消失,持续17min。其初次用量、阻滞恢复时间均与文献报道一致。说明采用每分通气量恢复法作为推测神经肌肉接头的阻滞程度与用周围神经刺激法所得结果基本一致。     

SIMV+Press Support通气方式在脑干肿瘤高颈髓手术中的应用

本文选择脑干肿瘤、高颈髓病变病人共10例,男6例,女4例,年龄19～67岁,体重40～75kg,ASA分级为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。病人入室后用肺量计表测病人潮气量(TV),每分钟通气量(MV),呼吸频率(RF)作为基础值。静注安定、r-OH保留呼吸插管,麻醉平稳后接De-tax麻醉气体监测仪和肺量计表测病人自主呼吸情况下血压、心率、TV、MV、RF、P_(ET)CO_2值。之后接Ser-vo900C呼吸机行SIMV+Press Support呼吸治疗。SIMV5次/min,指令潮气量为400ml左右,吸气触发压为-1～-2cmH_20,吸气压力支持为6～10cmH_2O。分别测得接呼吸机后30min、1h、2h的呼吸各项参数进行统计学处理。     

小儿呼吸道取异物术前中后血气及呼吸变化的分析

我们对14例小儿支气管镜检+取异物术的患儿进行了血气、呼吸、心率变化的监测。均用氯胺酮基础麻醉+静脉麻醉,术前、术后用国产KR—Ⅱ型高频喷射呼吸机接面罩吸氧,术中则将呼吸机接至支气管镜侧孔持续通气,分别于基础麻醉后5～10min、置支气管镜、置镜后15～20min、术毕15～20min采右手指血作血气分析,同时测心率、潮气量、呼吸频率及分钟通气量。结果提示:置镜、术中、术后PO_2均高于术前(术后A组则低于术前),pH、PCO_2无显著差异。呼吸变化亦较明显,土要因静脉麻醉后呼吸频率减慢(P<0.05),潮气量增加不明显,致分钟通气量亦显著降低(P<0.05)。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中不同剂量维库溴铵对呼吸动力学与通气功能的影响

目的 观测不同剂量的维库溴铵对腹腔镜胆囊切除术中呼吸动力学的影响,以评价其是否对CO2气腹所致的呼吸动力学紊乱具有防治作用。方法 择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者63例,随机分为维库溴铵1×ED95(Ⅰ组)、2×ED95(Ⅱ组)、3×EB95(Ⅲ组)三组,每组21例。分别于气腹前、静注维库溴铵前、静注此药后5、10、15、20、25、30及35min,监测通气功能、呼吸动力学参数。结果CO2气腹前、气腹后(静注维库溴铵前)及静注3种不同剂量维库溴铵后各时点及三组间吸、呼气潮气量、分钟通气量、呼吸频率、吸、呼气峰流速、PEEP、内源性PEEP、压力-时间乘积、吸气时间比值及频率/潮气量比值的变化无显著性(P>0.05)。CO2气腹后,气道平均压,食道压(胸腔内压),吸气峰压,呼吸驱动力,气道阻力,呼吸机做功较气腹前显著增高或增加;动态顺应性显著下降(P<0.05);与CO2气腹后静注维库溴铵前相比较,静注不同剂量维库溴铵后各时点及三组间各时点此类呼吸动力参数的变化均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论 在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中及机械通气的条件下,CO2气腹主要影响呼吸动力学参数,而不同剂量的维库溴铵对此类呼吸动力学的紊乱无防治作用。     

分钟通气量对小儿呼气末异氟醚浓度的影响

目的探讨小儿麻醉中不同分钟通气量对小儿呼气末异氟醚浓度上升速度的影响。方法45例行四肢、下腹部及会阴手术的患儿随机分成三组,每组15例,潮气量设置分别为8 ml/kg(A组)1、0 ml/kg(B组)、12 ml/kg(C组),呼吸频率均设置为15次/分,挥发罐所开浓度为2%,持续观察PETCO2、吸入及呼气末异氟醚浓度(Fi,Fa)的变化,并以Fa/Fi作为平衡速度。结果三组的Fa/Fi差异有显著意义(P<0.05);三组的PETCO2分别为(44.33±1.09)、(38.67±1.29)和(34.80±0.78)mmHg,差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。结论小儿Fa随着分钟通气量的增加,平衡速度加快。     

脊柱后路手术对呼吸肌力量及呼吸功能的影响

目的探讨脊柱后路手术患者术后呼吸功能及呼吸肌力量的变化规律,为预防术后呼吸系统并发症提供依据。方法测量148例后路脊柱手术患者术前和术后第1、2天的肺活量、潮气量、每分钟通气量、最大吸气压力、最大呼气压力,并与手术时间、手术部位、手术原因行相关性分析。结果术后第1、2天呼吸功能及呼吸肌力明显下降,手术时间≥240 min和手术部位为颈、胸椎以及手术原因是肿瘤的患者下降尤其明显(P0.05)。结论脊柱手术对患者呼吸功能和呼吸肌力的影响除了全身麻醉手术的共同因素外,还与手术区域有关,特别是与膈神经的损伤有关。术前合理的手术方案和呼吸机能的锻炼、术中手术时间的控制、术后预防呼吸道并发症的措施,可减轻手术对呼吸系统的破坏,降低呼吸系统并发症。     

不同剂量布托啡诺静注对病人呼吸功能和镇静程度的影响

目的研究静脉注射不同剂量布托啡诺对病人呼吸功能和镇静程度的影响。方法选择择期手术病人45例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,年龄20~55岁,体重50~80kg,随机分成三组(n=15),麻醉前静注布托啡诺10μg/kg(Ⅰ组)、20μg/kg(Ⅱ组)、30μg/kg(Ⅲ组)。观察给药前(基础值)(T0)、给药后1min(T1)、3min(T2)、5min(T3)、7min(T4)、10min(T5)、15min(T6)、20min(T7)、30min(T8)各时点的潮气量(VT)、RR、SpO2、PETCO2、分钟通气量(MV)、HR、MAP等呼吸循环参数及BIS和镇静/警觉(OAA/S)评分。结果Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组RR、VT、MV各时点数值在注药后略有降低,Ⅲ组则在T1~T4时明显低于T0时(P<0.05)(RR降低24.3%~28.2%,VT降低22.1%~31.0%,MV降低31.1%~48.5%);PETCO2和SpO2各组均在正常范围内波动;Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组BIS变化不显著;Ⅲ组在T2~T8时BIS降低9.7%~14.5%(P<0.01),相应的OAA/S评分也明显下降(P<0.05)。结论小剂量布托啡诺(10~30μg/kg)静注是安全的。当剂量达到30μg/kg时对病人呼吸功能有轻度抑制作用(持续时间≤7min),同时BIS值下降,显示有轻度镇静作用。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.     

Surgical management of ductal carcinoma in situ in Australia in 1995

Background: In the present paper we describe the presentation and management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast in women in Australia in 1995. This representative, national data set provides a historical comparator for studies examining DCIS management that follow. Methods: Surgeons identified by population‐based cancer registries as having treated a new diagnosis of DCIS between 1 April and 30 September 1995 completed a questionnaire on the presentation and management of each case. Results: Two hundred and five surgeons supplied treatment details on 418 DCIS tumours in 415 women . Half of all tumours were detected at BreastScreen clinics and a further 25% were detected at other mammography centres. Twenty‐six percent of tumours were palpable at presentation, 33% were multifocal and 55% were high grade (including comedocarcinoma). Breast conserving therapy (BCT) rather than mastectomy was utilized in 260 (62%) of cases. Tumours that were of low grade, small in size and not multifocal were more likely to be treated by BCT. Surgeons seeing six or more DCIS cases in the 6‐month period were more likely to utilize BCT. Of the conservatively treated cases, 22% were referred for a radiation oncology consultation. The most common reasons for treating DCIS with mastectomy were that the tumour was too extensive or multifocal (63%), it extended to margins of the specimen (42%), or patient concerns about recurrence (34%). Conclusions: In 1995 the majority of DCIS was treated with breast conserving surgery alone. Surgeons treating more DCIS cases were more likely to perform conservative surgery than surgeons treating only one DCIS case in the study period.     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.