非手术治疗急性重症胰腺炎的营养支持对策

目的探讨非手术治疗急性重症胰腺炎(SAP)过程中营养支持的方法及作用。方法11例SAP在进行非手术治疗过程中选择阶段性营养支持的方法,观察其营养改善情况和预后,评价阶段性营养支持的疗效。结果9例痊愈,2例死亡。维持生理平衡阶段(52.0±11.2)h,全肠外营养(11.8±3.8)d,肠外营养 肠内营养(12.4±3.2)d。结论阶段性营养支持治疗在SAP非手术治疗过程中有助于改善患者的营养状态,从而对改善SAP的生存率和预后起着积极作用。     

肠外营养支持在新生儿食管闭锁术后的应用

目的 :探讨肠外营养 (PN)支持在新生儿食管闭锁术后治疗作用及与预后的关系。　方法 :PN组 12例病儿 ,平均胎龄 (39.9± 0 .7)周 ,平均出生体重 (32 11± 431) g,平均禁食时间 (8.3± 2 .8)天 ,术后 1～ 3天开始 ,平均每天给予脂肪乳剂 (1.8± 0 .6 ) g/ kg,氨基酸 (2 .1± 0 .7) g/ kg,葡萄糖 (7.8± 2 .1) g/ kg,平均热量摄入为 (2 38.5±46 ) k J/ kg,热氮比 15 0～ 2 5 0∶ 1,液量 (12 0± 12 ) ml/ kg,PN平均应用时间为 7.6天 ,以“全合一”方式经周围静脉大于 16 h均匀输入。对照组 7例病儿 ,平均胎龄 (39.4± 1.4)周 ,平均出生体重 (2 911± 2 0 4) g,平均禁食时间 (7.0±4.5 )天 ,平均热量摄入 (171.5± 37.6 ) k J/ kg。　结果 :PN组治愈 11例 ,死亡 1例 ,病死率为 8.3% ;存活儿体重增加 5例 ,不变 5例 ,下降 1例 ,平均每天体重增加 (11± 2 7) g。对照组治愈 3例 ,死亡 4例 ,病死率为 5 7.1% ;存活儿体重均下降 ,平均每天体重降低 (2 2± 2 1) g。两组病死率及体重变化经 Student s test及卡方检验统计存在显著差异 (P<0 .0 5 )。　结论 :围手术期积极而合理地应用肠外营养支持可改善食管闭锁术后病儿的营养不良 ,降低病死率 ,改善预后     

重症急性胰腺炎的营养支持效果评价

目的:探讨不同营养支持方式对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)病人的l临床应用效果.方法:对38例收住于SICU的SAP病人营养支持实施情况、EN相关性并发症及感染进行观察.17例病人在PN过程中加入EN(EN PN组),21例单纯应用PN(PN组),定期检测血清蛋白质,并进行统计学分析.结果:营养支持中PN应用总时间为(25.58±3.84)天,17例病人于发病后(17.00±3.35)天开始应用EN,(17.58±5.42)天达到最大喂养量;5例病人应用EN后肠功能明显恢复.EN 2周后感染性并发症明显降低;两组血清蛋白质轻度升高,PN7天、EN 14天血清前清蛋白升高(P＜0.05).结论:SAP早期应以PN为主,肠功能允许时,PN EN是较好的营养支持方式,肠道喂养有助于降低SAP病人的全身性感染.     

肠外瘘合并胆或胰外瘘时的营养支持研究

目的 :研究肠外瘘合并胆或胰外瘘时的营养支持方法及其作用。　方法 :2 3例肠外瘘合并胆或胰外瘘病人行TPN→PN +EN→TEN→EN +口服饮食序贯营养支持。收集各阶段的营养物质供给量、天数、所占比例及各营养支持阶段末期的肝酶谱 ;统计肠内营养给予途径、全组病例的预后及并发症发生情况 ;比较TPN支持前、TEN支持后 1 5天病人的体重、上臂中点周径、血清总蛋白、白蛋白和前白蛋白浓度。　结果 :2 3例病人住院总天数为 1 498天 ,使用TPN 90 1天 (60 1 % ) ,供给非蛋白质热量 (1 35 .9± 2 3 .4)kJ/(kg·d) ,氮 (0 .2 1± 0 .0 6) g/(kg·d) ;使用PN +EN 445天 (2 9.7% ) ,供给非蛋白质热量 (1 2 3 .4± 1 4 .2 )kJ/(kg·d) ,氮 (0 .1 8± 0 .0 3) g/(kg·d) ;使用TEN 1 52天 (1 0 .2 % ) ,供给非蛋白质热量 (1 1 6 .3± 1 9.6)kJ/(kg·d) ,氮 (0 .1 7± 0 .0 4 ) g/(kg·d) ,肠内营养途径依次是鼻肠管1 3例 ,空肠造口管 5例 ,堵瘘 3例 ,鼻胃管 2例。全组死亡 4例 ,治愈 1 9例 ;中心静脉导管感染 2例 ,肝酶谱改变 6例 ,腹胀、腹泻 3例 ;TEN支持后阶段营养指标明显改善。　结论 :TPN→PN +EN→TEN→EN +口服饮食的序贯营养支持模式是肠外瘘合并胆或胰外瘘病人的合理、有效营养支持方法 ,其中PN是主要手段     

重度营养不良合理肠外营养支持探讨

目的探讨更合理的重度营养不良肠外营养支持(parenteral nut^tion,PN)的方案.方法1998年12月～2000年5月收集仁济及新华医院住院患者应用PN≥5天且体质指数(BMI)≤16患者的临床资料共40例;年龄22～105岁,平均年龄(62.8±17.2)岁;平均PN持续(25.1±22.7)天(5～120天).结果40例患者中复查体重14例,体重增加11例,不变1例,下降2例.PN后血红蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白、总蛋白均有不同程度的增高,具统计学意义.支持期间肝肾功能有一定程度的改善,发生PN相关并发症4例(占10%),其中肝功能损伤1例,胆汁淤积3例.结论营养不良由于其特殊性,营养支持方案应有别于一般疾病,过度的营养支持不但不能改善其体内营养素的缺乏,反而会加重脏器的负担,唯有合理的营养支持才能改善其营养状况,同时对维持正常代谢及内环境的稳定具有积极意义.     

胃切除术后早期肠内营养的临床体会(附20例报告)

目的 :研究胃切除术后早期肠内营养的临床疗效及安全性、可行性。　方法 :将 2 0例胃切除的病人在术后2 4h给予百普素 ,待肛门排气后改为能全力 ,整个过程持续 10天时间。肠内制剂的投入均通过留置于空肠或十二指肠降部的鼻十二指肠 /空肠管。　结果 :术后第 7天均转入正氮平衡 ,前白蛋白 :术前为 (0 .2 2± 0 .0 3) g/ L,术后第7天为 (0 .2 4± 0 .0 4) g/ L;转铁蛋白 :术前为 (2 .13± 0 .33) g/ L,术后第 7天为 (2 .5± 0 .2 5 ) g/ L。血浆蛋白的术前和术后第 7天的统计学比较均无显著差别。　结论 :早期肠内营养符合生理要求、简便、经济、实用 ,避免了与胃肠外营养相关的并发症 ,并且安全有效     

重症急性胰腺炎的早期肠内营养支持

目的:通过对15例重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)病人进行早期肠内营养支持,探讨SAP时早期肠内营养的可行性、安全性及有效性.方法:对我院普通外科2002年4月至2003年6月间15例SAP病人在入院3～5天时放置空肠螺旋管,在到达空肠后,进行肠内营养支持.观察病人的一般情况、营养状况、免疫功能及并发症的发生率等.结果:11例病人在置管2～3天后到达空肠,3例置管第4天时在X线透视辅助下置入空肠,1例在置管第4天时在内镜辅助下进入空肠.所有病人对早期肠内营养耐受良好,无胰腺炎复发,而且肠内营养开始后1～2周营养状况及免疫功能与营养支持前比较明显好转,无胰腺坏死组织继发感染的发生.结论:对SAP进行早期肠内营养支持是可行、安全和有效的,能改善SAP病人的营养状况及免疫功能.     

急性胰腺炎的全肠外营养与生长抑素治疗

目的 :观察在禁食、胃肠减压和预防感染的基础上 ,加用生长抑素和全肠外营养对胰腺炎非手术治疗的影响。　方法 :将 1990年 1月至 1994年 12月底收治的急性胰腺炎 2 6例 ,归为A组。自 1995年以来收治的急性胰腺炎 2 8例 ,归为B组。两组胰腺炎的病因和严重程度无明显差别。B组病人采用全肠外营养支持和生长抑素治疗。　结果 :A组病人入院时血清白蛋白为 (30 .0± 1.2 ) g/L ,治疗 15天后 ,白蛋白仍在 (30 .4± 0 .8) g/L。B组病人于入院后即行全肠外营养支持 ,时间为 (17± 6 )天 ,施他宁使用时间为 (7± 2 )天。其血清白蛋白入院时为 (2 9.0±1.3)g/L ,治疗 15天后 ,白蛋白上升至 (35 .7± 0 .9) g/L ,明显高于入院时 (P <0 .0 1)。B组病人的病死率及住院日、中转手术率、淀粉酶的恢复天数较A组病人有明显改善 ,并发症发生率明显减少。　结论 :在急性胰腺炎非手术治疗原则的基础上 ,通过加用全肠外营养和生长抑素可最大程度地抑制胰腺的分泌 ,改善病人的营养状态 ,减少并发症的发生率与病死率 ,缩短住院时间。     

重组人生长激素对外科低蛋白血症治疗作用的临床研究

目的 :探讨重组人生长激素 (rh GH)对外科低蛋白血症病人的治疗效果。　方法 :71例术后低蛋白血症的外科病人随机分为实验组 (rh GH +低热量肠外营养支持 )和对照组 (低热量肠外营养支持 ) ,术后 1～ 9天进行临床实验研究和病人恢复情况的观察。　结果 :1外科手术病人术后 5天内血浆白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白都进行性下降 ,rh GH加低热量肠外营养支持组随后血浆蛋白浓度迅速回升 ,与治疗前和对照组相比都有显著差异。 2对照组术后病人免疫球蛋白 Ig G、Ig A、Ig M明显下降 ,rh GH治疗组下降不明显 ,术后第 9天 Ig G、Ig A、Ig M与术后第 1天相比明显升高 ,且与对照组有显著性差异。 3rh GH组术后并发症发生率 (17.6 % ) ,康复时间 (14.3± 4.7天 ) ,明显低于对照组 (并发症发生率 5 9.5 % ,康复时间 2 4.5± 12 .1天 )。　结论 :外科病人术后血浆蛋白浓度和免疫功能下降 ,重组人生长激素加低热量肠外营养支持 ,可显著提高外科病人血浆蛋白浓度 ,对术后低蛋白血症有明显的治疗作用 ,并能改善术后病人的免疫功能 ,降低术后并发症发生率 ,缩短康复时间。     

小肠减压、肠外营养支持、生长抑素联合应用治疗单纯性肠梗阻

探讨联合应用导管小肠减压、肠外营养支持、生长抑素治疗单纯性肠梗阻的效果。将 6 4例肠梗阻病人随机分为三组 ,分别予以小肠减压 (A组 ) ,小肠减压 +营养支持 (B组 ) ,小肠减压 +营养支持 +生长抑素 (C组 ) ,治疗时间为 7～ 14天 ,并定期评定其腹痛消失、肛门排气、气液平面消失和梗阻解除时间 ,小肠减压导管引流量和病人血浆前白蛋白亚油酸和氮平衡等营养状况。结果 :3组病人梗阻解除率为 85 .0 %、85 .7%、91.3% ,第 15天 B、C两组前白蛋白值为 30 1.32±72 .5 8、32 8.39± 6 4.19,亚油酸值为 6 6 .72± 2 0 .5 4、5 8.88±2 4.6 3,…     

营养环境与人群营养素摄入水平的相关性

完善了营养环境的概念及指标，提出可以用线性规划建立的数学模型计算营养环境的指标，即由该模型得出的营养素的理论达标率和营养素的边际成本。用天津１９８９年的营养素的理论达标率和１９８８年天津人群的营养素实际达标率进行线性回归分析，得出回归方程：实际达标率（％）Ｙ＝１５．１５（％）＋０．７８８Ｘ（Ｘ为理论达标率，％），其相关性显著（Ｒ＝０．９８６，Ｐ＜０．００１）；还发现天津营养环境中脂肪、动物性蛋白质的边际成本大于零。讨论了上述方程的意义，营养环境与营养干预的关系。认为，改善食物的营养素含量、降低价格、增加营养素含量丰富的食物品种的营养干预措施，效果较好。     

The enteral vs parenteral nutrition debate revisited

Many trials and several meta-analyses have been devoted to comparing enteral with parenteral nutrition support. In this review, these studies are subjected to critical analysis with particular emphasis on their methodology and clinical relevance. Evidence is produced to suggest that the heterogeneous patient populations of the studies and the rigid approach taken to comparing different nutrition therapies inter alia render their conclusions highly questionable and of very doubtful clinical significance. An alternative approach to nutrition research is suggested in which strategies of nutrition support rather than fixed menus are compared. It is suggested that objective measures of intestinal function be evaluated more fully in patients requiring nonvolitional nutrition support, and these are briefly reviewed. In addition, a more scientific approach to evaluating the physiological effects of nutrition support, including chemical tagging and evaluation of muscle function, is recommended.     

Ceramide in Lipid Emulsions Used in Parenteral Nutrition

Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease is a prevalent and severe complication of long term parenteral nutrition. We present here for the first time data on the presence of ceramide, a bioactive compound involved in a variety of metabolic processes, in different lipid emulsions used in parenteral nutrition. Further research is needed to determine whether this potential harmful bioactive compound is involved in parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease.     

Nutrition knowledge and attitudes of New Zealand registered midwives

Aim: The importance of nutrition for a healthy pregnancy is well established. In New Zealand, the majority of women choose midwives as their maternity provider. Therefore, it is important that midwives have an understanding of nutrition issues related to pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to determine the nutrition knowledge of New Zealand midwives, and to assess the importance they place on nutrition during pregnancy. Methods: An 18‐question postal survey was sent to all members of the New Zealand College of Midwives (n = 1340). Results: A total of 370 questionnaires were returned (response rate of 27.6%). Less than 40% of midwives reported that they had formal nutrition education; however, nearly 75% of respondents indicated that they had received nutrition information through their midwifery education. Most midwives indicated that nutrition was important or very important during pregnancy (98.4%), and that they had a significant or very significant role in educating pregnant women (94.9%) about nutrition. Midwives generally reported a high level of confidence in dealing with nutrition‐related issues. Midwives answered most of the nutrition knowledge questions correctly. However, 64.6% of midwives (n = 369) incorrectly identified spirulina as a good source of iron for vegetarians, 28.1% (n = 104) incorrectly answered that maternal intake of cabbage and beans are often responsible for colic in breastfed infants, and 40.0% (n = 128) incorrectly answered that to reduce food allergies all lactating women should avoid peanuts and shellfish. Conclusion: Overall, midwives were knowledgeable on nutrition issues related to pregnancy and reported a high level of confidence on educating women about nutrition.     

Practice Analysis of Nutrition Support Professionals

Background: The National Board of Nutrition Support Certification (NBNSC) is an independent credentialing board responsible for administering the multidisciplinary certification examination in nutrition support. For an exam to be legally and practically defensible, it must represent practice. Validation is by practice audit, the highest level of supporting evidence. Objectives: To define the role of the nutrition support professional (NSP) and the current elements (knowledge and functions) required for competent NSP practice. Methods: A survey instrument was constructed using a content validation strategy to establish the link between job tasks and the content of the examination. Internet‐based surveys were made available to 5100 NSPs. NSP duties performed and knowledge required for patient safety and welfare were analyzed for the group as a whole and for each profession separately. Results: A total of 765 surveys were completed (return rate of 15%). The results of the practice audit demonstrate a common core of practice across the nutrition support disciplines as well as a universal core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Conclusion: The results of this survey continue to support a common core of practice across nutrition support disciplines as well as a common core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Accordingly, the NBNSC will continue to offer one examination to all disciplines both nationally and internationally and confer the Certified Nutrition Support Clinician (CNSC) credential to all individuals who successfully pass this validated examination.     

Future Doctors' Perceptions about Incorporating Nutrition into Standard Care Practice

Objective: The increasing prevalence of chronic disease has been largely attributed to long-term poor nutrition and lifestyle choices. This study investigates the attitudes of our future physicians toward nutrition and the likelihood of incorporating nutrition principles into current treatment protocols.Methods: Setting: The setting of this study was an Australian university medical school. Subjects: Subjects including year 1–4 students (n = 928) in a 4-year medical bachelor, bachelor of surgery (MBBS) degree program. Students were invited to participate in a questionnaire based on an existing instrument, the Nutrition in Patient Care Attitude (NIPC) Questionnaire, to investigate their attitudes toward nutrition in health care practices.Results: Respondents indicated that “high risk patients should be routinely counseled on nutrition” (87%), “nutrition counseling should be routine practice” (70%), and “routine nutritional assessment and counseling should occur in general practice” (57%). However, despite overall student support of nutritional counseling (70%) and assessment (86%), students were reluctant to perform actual dietary assessments, with only 38% indicating that asking for a food diary or other measure of dietary intake was important.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that future physicians are aware of the importance of considering nutrition counseling and assessment. However, students are unlikely to adequately integrate relevant nutritional information into their treatment protocols, evidenced by their limited use of a basic nutritional assessment. This is potentially the result of a lack of formal nutrition education within their basic training.     

Transition Phase Nutrition Recommendations: A Missing Link in the Nutrition Management of Preterm Infants

Background: Despite the availability of international nutrition recommendations, preterm infants remain vulnerable to suboptimal nutrition. The standard approach of assessing nutrient intakes chronologically may make it difficult to identify the origin of nutrient deficits and/or excesses. Objective: To develop a “nutrition phase” approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabling analysis of nutrient intakes during the period of weaning from parenteral nutrition (PN) to enteral nutrition (EN), called the transition (TN) phase, and compare the data with those analyzed using the standard “chronological age” approach to assess whether the identification of nutrient deficits and/or excesses can be improved. Methods: Analysis of a comprehensive nutrition database developed using actual nutrient intake data collected on an hourly basis in 59 preterm infants (birth weight ≤1500 g, gestation <34 weeks) over the period of PN delivery (range, 2–21 days). Results: The nutrition phase analysis approach revealed substantial macronutrient and energy deficits during the TN phase. In particular, deficits were identified as maximal during the EN‐dominant TN phase (enteral feeds ≥80 mL/kg/d) of the infant’s nutrition course. In contrast, the chronological age analysis approach did not reveal a corresponding pattern of deficit occurrence but rather intakes that approximated or exceeded recommendations. Conclusion: Actual intakes of nutrients, analyzed using a nutrition phase approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabled a more infant‐driven rather than age‐driven application of nutrition recommendations. This approach unmasked nutrient deficits occurring during the transition phase. Overcoming nutrient deficits in this nutrition phase should be prioritized to improve the nutrition management of preterm infants.