血压的各种指标对中老年人心脑血管病死亡事件的预测价值

目的探讨中、老年人收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、脉压(PP)、平均动脉压(MAP)水平对远期心脑血管死亡事件预测价值的差异。方法对中老年人群10786例进行基线调查,随访8年,应用Cox回归分析4个血压指标对远期心脑血管死亡事件预测价值的差异。结果校正其他因素后,MAP和SBP分别为中、老年人最强烈的预测远期心脑血管病死亡事件危险程度的血压指标。中老年人4个血压指标每升高1个标准差(SD),其发生心脑血管病死亡危险的相对危险度(RR)由高到低分别为:(1)中年组:MAP(1.837),SBP(1.782),DBP(1.775),PP(1.750);(2)老年组:SBP(1.345),MAP(1.343),DBP(1.219),PP(1.215)。结论4个血压指标对心脑血管死亡事件的预测在不同的年龄段是不同的。中年人应着重于总体血压的控制,老年人应首先控制SBP。     

051 脉压与老年人冠心病及心衰危险间关系初探

晚近发现,脉压(PP)为非老年人心血管终末事件的强力预测指标,然而其与老年人心血管终末事件间关系尚未见报道.本文首次就PP可否为老年人心血管终末事件[冠心病(CHD)发病、心衰(HF)发生、以及总死亡率]的独立预测指标进行了大样本分析. 对象与方法 2152例受试老人,年龄≥65岁.研究初始均无CHD和HF佐证,同时检测各自SBP、DBP,藉此计算PP.嗣后人均随访10年,观察分析PP与继后CHD发病率、HF发生率以及总死亡率间的相关关系. 结果 PP与使用利尿剂、β-阻滞剂、洋地黄药、口服降糖药,以及平均动脉压(MAP)、SBP、高血压均明显正相关,与DBP不相关.随访10年间,在2152例受试老人中,罹发CHD事件328例(CHD死亡154例,MI174例),罹发HF事件224例(HF死亡26例,HF住院者198例),不幸死亡包括CHD致死者共1046例.分析显示,PP与继后前述3事件间均存在明显的线型相关关系.如PP每递增1.33kPa,则CHD风险相应升高22%,HF风险相应升高22%,总死亡风险相应升高16%.校正年龄、性别、地区差异、各合并症以及CHD诸公认危险因素后,PP每递增1.33kPa,则CHD危险仍相应升高12%,HF危险亦相应升高14%,总死亡危险相应升高6%.且SBP及MAP亦均与罹发前述3事间正相关,DBP与之不相关.进一步将PP与其它血压参数(SBP、DBP、MAP、高血压等)一同进行分析后发现,PP仍与前述3事件明显正相关,与其它血压参数逆相关;若将PP汇同伍用药物及正常血压、高血压一同分析后显示,PP与纯收缩期高血压发病正相关,与舒张期高血压发生并不相关. 讨论本文结果表明,即使在老年人群,PP增大仍为其远期心血管终末事件(CHD、HF发病以及总死亡率高低)的强力独立危险因素和可靠预测指标. (袁志敏摘)     

老年人心脑血管病与脉压关系的研究进展

近年来，关于脉压（PP）与老年人心脑血管病的流行病学调查和临床研究均证实，PP是老年人心脑血管疾病的独立危险因子，PP增大是动脉硬化的重要标志之一，其对老年人心脑血管病的预测作用甚至大于收缩压（SBP）与舒张压（DBP）。     

脉压研究的现状

大量研究均提示脉压（pulse pressure，PP）是心脑血管疾病尤其冠心病、心力衰竭的危险因子，其对中老年人冠心病发生和死亡的预测作用甚至大于SBP与DBP，有些学者甚至提出高血压治疗指南中应包括对PP的控制。但是现在尚不能肯定PP对冠心病的预测作用是否独立于SBP和DBP，亦不清楚PP对心脑血管疾病的影响在不同年龄段是否有所不同，     

脉压研究的现状

大量研究均提示脉压(pulse pressure,PP)是心脑血管疾病尤其冠心病、心力衰竭的危险因子,其对中老年人冠心病发生和死亡的预测作用甚至大于SBP与DBP,有些学者甚至提出高血压治疗指南中应包括对PP的控制.但是现在尚不能肯定PP对冠心病的预测作用是否独立于SBP和DBP,亦不清楚PP对心脑血管疾病的影响在不同年龄段是否有所不同,PP对冠心病危险的界值也没有统一的看法.有些研究也得出了相反的结论.另一方面,许多观察性资料都显示,目前降压治疗中普遍存在"60/90规则",即大约90%的患者DBP能控制在90mm Hg以下,但只有60%左右的患者SBP可以控制在140 mm Hg以下.这又引起了高血压降压治疗过程中SBP与DBP下降不平行是否会导致PP加宽的争论.中国目前大约1.3亿高血压人群,中老年人群中则有一半以上患有不同程度的高血压,而单纯收缩期高血压是中老年人最常见的类型,这使对脉压研究的重要性更显突出.     

老年人脉压指数与心电图异常的关系

老年人脉压(PP)是比收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)更有效的预测心血管事件危险性的指标.由于PP评价血管硬化有一定的局限性,有报道脉压指数(PPI)能更好地反映血管硬化[1].本研究探讨老年人动态PPI对心电图异常的影响.     

血压4组份预测中老年亚洲人10年卒中危险价值评价

迄今,有关选用血压4组份[收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、脉压(PP)及平均血压(MBP)]预测心脑血管病,尤其是卒中危险仅有选用单一组份的零散报告,且结论亦远未统一。本文意就选用血压4组份联合预测中老年亚洲人10年间卒中风险的远期价值进行了评价。对象与方法4989例日本中老年人,男1523例,女3466例,年龄35～79岁,基线均无卒中或卒中央。研究初始均测定血压4组份。尔后人均随访长达10年,每年均不定期监测血压各组份。最后旨在观察分析血压4组份对继后卒中(包括总体卒中、缺血和出血性卒中)危险的综合预测价值。     

脉压差是否可作为预示冠心病危险因素

血压主要由平均动脉压(MAP)和脉压差(PP)组成。 该研究采用以前Framingham心脏研究组群,第一次研究目标定在各个血压组成部分(PP,DBP,SBP)各自作为CHD危险因素进行比较;第二次研究目标定在评价任何二种血压组成成分对CHD危险性的共同影响,以决定PP的介入是否增加SBP或DBP对CHD事件发生的预示值。     

健心胶囊对冠心病脉压影响的临床观察

研究表明，在正常血压和高血压患者中，脉压（PP）是心脑血管疾病的发生和死亡的独立危险因子，其危险作用甚至大于收缩压（SBP）和舒张压（DBP）。大量调查资料显示PP与心血管事件具有独立而极其显著的相关性，尤其是在预测冠心病危险性方面。本文拟观察中药制剂健心胶囊对冠心病患者PP的影响，以寻找降低心血管不良事件发生的有效方法。     

中老年心脑血管事件患者危险因素的探讨

目的:评估中、老年人心脑血管危险因素与心脑血管事件发生的关系。方法:采取病例配对的方法,对98例首次发生心脑血管事件患者进行心血管危险因素分析,对照组随机选择同期因呼吸、消化疾病住院的中老年患者。以心脑血管事件为因变量,以各种危险因素为自变量,进行logistic逐步回归分析,并对事件组患者进行危险因素的回顾性探讨。结果:事件组收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、脉压(PP)、静息心率(RHR)、血糖(GLU)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)均高于对照组,STT异常、左室肥厚(LVH)发生率较高。logistic回归分析表明:LVH、TG、TC、PP、RHR、STT异常与心脑血管事件呈正相关,有显著统计学意义。结论:高血压、高血脂、静息心率增快、STT异常、左室肥厚等心血管危险因素与心脑血管事件的发生密切相关,随着年龄增高,单纯收缩期高血压、脉压升高是心脑血管事件的最常见危险因素。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.