饮用水中甲型肝炎病毒灭活研究

用ＰＬＣ／ＰＲＦ／５肝癌细胞培养甲型肝炎病毒（ＨＡＶ），用ＥＬＩＳＡ方法检测经细胞培养增殖病毒的方法，进行评价氯灭活水中ＨＡＶ的效果。实验结果表明，甲型肝炎病毒对氯的抗力比大肠杆菌强，在脱氯自来水中加入ＨＡＶ，氯投加量３．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，接触５～３０ｍｉｎ，余氯１．１ｍｇ／Ｌ，才能灭活水中的ＨＡＶ。而用氯胺消毒，必须达１５ｍｇ／Ｌ，接触时间５～３０ｍｉｎ，才能灭活水中的ＨＡＶ。     

氯灭活水中甲型肝炎病毒指示微生物的实验研究

为研究氯灭活水中甲型肝炎病毒的指示微生物，用组织培养的ＨＡＶ污染水样，用游离氯进行灭活，同时与氯灭活水中大肠杆菌，大肠杆菌噬菌体ｆ２、脊髓灰质炎病毒效果进行比较。结果表明氯灭活蒸馏水中各微生物的浓－时（Ｃ－Ｔ）积分别为１０．００、０．８５、４．３７、１２．８１；灭活脱氯自来水中各微生物的Ｃ－Ｔ积分另为１５．００、７．８５、１２．４８、２９．９９，故认为ＰＶ１可作为氯灭活水中ＨＡＶ的指示微生物。     

不同活化剂对稳定态二氧化氯消毒效果的比较研究

目的比较盐酸和柠檬酸作为活化剂对稳定态二氧化氯的消毒效果。方法以盐酸和柠 檬酸作活化剂,评价稳定态二氧化氯的消毒效果。结果当消毒剂为４．５ｍｇ·Ｌ－１时,消毒２ｍｉｎ, 对大肠杆菌的杀灭率分别为９９． ９９％及７８． ００％,对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭率分别为９９． ９９％及 ９６． ２５％。当消毒剂为９０ｍｇ·Ｌ－１时,１５ ｍｉｎ对细菌芽孢的杀灭率分别为９９．９９％及９７．００％。加 １０％小牛血清的菌悬液要达消毒效果,用盐酸活化只需１８０ ｍｇ·Ｌ－１作用５ｍｉｎ,而柠檬酸则需 ２７０ ｍｇ·Ｌ－１作用１５ ｍｉｎ。以盐酸为活化剂,二氧化氯２００ ｍｇ·Ｌ－１,５ ｍｉｎ即可灭活ＨＢｓＡｇ;而柠檬酸则需４００ ｍｇ·Ｌ－１。结论作为稳定态二氧化氯的活化剂,盐酸明显地优于柠檬酸。     

水中细胞结合和分散的甲肝病毒灭活

水中细胞结合和分散的甲肝病毒灭活消毒是灭活饮水中肠道等致病微生物的首要措施。肠道中病毒比细菌更能抵抗消毒。作者在５℃，以０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ游离氯和１０ｍｇ／Ｌ一氯胺，观察９９．９９％灭活分散和细胞结合的两种ＨＡＶ的消毒剂浓度（Ｃ）和时间（Ｔ）的乘积，Ｃ×...     

维生素C—铜体系对甲型肝炎病毒的灭活作用

为探讨维生素Ｃ－铜体系对甲型肝炎病毒的灭活作用，将ＨＡＶ Ｎｊ－３株用ＰＬＣ／ＰＲＦ／Ｔ细胞株进行培养，在磷酸盐缓冲液中进行灭活试验，单独使用维生素Ｃ或铜离子接触３０ｍｉｎ，不能灭活污染ＰＢＳ中的甲型肝炎病毒。     

二氧化氯对乙型肝炎表面抗原灭活效果的研究

为探讨二氧化氯的消毒效果,应用酶联免疫吸收实验,研究了ＣｌＯ２对乙型肝炎病毒表面５抗原的灭活效果并与液氯进行对比。结果表明：２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＣｌＯ２可使５８．４％的ＨＢｓＡｇ灭活,１２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的Ｃｌ;２可灭活５２．２％的ＨＢｓＡｇ;在不同的ｐＨ条件下,ＣｌＯ２对ＨＢｓＡｇ的灭活效果都高于Ｃｌ２,在ｐＨ＝７消毒效果最好;     

液氯和二氧化氯对病毒灭活作用对比实验研究

应用病毒细胞病变法（ＣＰＥ）研究液氯和二氧化氯对六种病毒［脊髓灰质炎病毒Ⅰ型（ｐｏｌｉｏ＿１）、柯萨奇病毒Ｂ＿３（ＣＶＢ＿３）、艾可病毒１１型，（ＥＣＨＯ＿１１）、腺病毒７型（ＡｄＶ＿７）、单纯性疱疹病毒Ⅰ型（ＨＳＶ＿１）、腮腺炎病毒（ＭＶ）］的灭活作用。结果表明，液氯投置最高浓度达７．０ｍｇ／Ｌ、作用时间６０分钟时对上述六种病毒均达不到灭活效果。而二氧化氯投置仅在１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ、作用时间３０分钟时即可达到灭活效果。二氧化氯在ｐＨ３．０～７．０时对病毒有显著的灭活作用。总之，二氧化氯是一种优于液氯的广谱、高效、快速的饮水杀病毒剂。     

HCl—NaBH4—K3Fe（CN）6体系气态原子吸收光谱法测定饮料中铅

采用ＶＡ－９０气态原子化装置与ＷＦＸ－１Ｄ原子吸收分光光度计联用测定饮料中铅，采用ＨＣｌ－ＮａＢＨ４－Ｋ３Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）６体系，经Ｌ９（３４）正交试验选择最佳实验条件为：ＮａＢＨ４２０ｇ／Ｌ，Ｋ３Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）６１００ｇ／Ｌ，ＨＣｌ１．５ｍｌ，氩气流量为０．８Ｌ／ｍｉｎ。在０～１００μｇ／Ｌ范围内，相关系数ｒ＝０．９９９６，回收率为９４．１％～１０７．５％，Ｒ·Ｓ·Ｄ％＝３．３～５．２特征浓度和检出限分别为１．２９μｇ／Ｌ／１％和０．０４９μｇ／Ｌ。干扰试验表明，Ｓｎ、Ｈｇ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ在５００μｇ／Ｌ以下，Ｚｎ、Ａｓ、Ｆｅ、Ｎｉ、Ａｇ在１０００μｇ／Ｌ以下，不干扰测定     

生活饮用水总余氯卫生标准的研究

通过不同氨氯比例消毒后不同时间的效果观察和３０份出厂水的总余氯、自由性余氯、结合性余氯、细菌总数和总大肠菌群数的测定，结果发现氨氯比例为１：５时，在消毒３０分钟后，观察至１５０分钟，总余氯均维持在０．４ｍｇ／Ｌ以上。利用累积频率概率制图与直线回归方程求得当细菌学指标符合国家标准、余氯为０．３ｍｇ／Ｌ时，总余氯量应为１．４１ｍｇ／Ｌ，可作为现阶段生活饮用水卫生标准的总余氯建议值。并提出目前执行的出厂水余氯０．３ｍｇ／Ｌ可改为０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ的可能性     

补充加氯控制旅客列车二次供水微生物污染的试验研究

［目的］探讨补充加氯控制旅客列车二次供水微生物污染的效果。［方法］对实验室条件下用脱氯自来水制在的人工污染大肠埃希氏菌水样及现场旅客列车水箱水进行二次补充加氯。分别用３,３’,５,５’－四甲基联葳胺分光光度法和半乳糖苷酶膜荧光分析法检测水中游离性余氯和总大肠菌群（ＴＣ）。［结果］实验室条件下脱氯自来水加氯后水肿游离性余氯≥０．０９ｍｇ／Ｌ,５ｍｉｎ可全部杀灭人工污染的大肠杆菌,列车水箱水经三种方式     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.