双侧多节段开窗法治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症

目的介绍一种治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症的手术方法。方法应用双侧多节段开窗法治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症患者57例。结果全部病例平均随访1年8月,优良率89．5％．结论手术治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症不需要行全椎板或半椎板切除,只需行双侧多节段开窗减压即可获得满意疗效,对脊柱的稳定性影响小,不需加用内固定。     

微型钛板腰椎管成形术在腰椎管狭窄症的应用

目的 探讨采用微型钛板腰椎管成形术在治疗腰椎管疾病应用中的安全性及有效性。方法2000年6月～2004年9月，收治腰椎管狭窄症患者18例，男10例，女8例，年龄28～56岁。病程3个月～3年。其中发育性腰椎管狭窄11例，退变性腰椎管狭窄7例。均伴腰椎间盘突出：L5、S1 6例，L4,5,9例，L3,4 2例，L3～5 1例；伴侧隐窝狭窄13例。应用微型钛板腰椎管成形术治疗，半侧椎板回植3例，全椎板回植14例，2个节段椎板回植1例。结果患者术后获随访3个月～4年3个月，平均1年8个月。术后症状缓解，无并发症发生，3～9个月后骨性融合。CT随访示无回植椎板移入椎管或移位倾向，无截骨前缘过度增生对硬脊膜产生新的压迫等，无明显椎间退变及椎间不稳；椎管矢状径扩大1．8～5．6mm，平均3．2mm；横径扩大1．3～4．4mm，平均1．8mm，症状无复发。结论微型钛板腰椎管成形术在腰椎管狭窄手术应用中安全可靠、疗效好，椎管扩大明显，椎板重建可靠，恢复了局部解剖和维持脊柱稳定。     

显微镜下手术治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症

目的评价显微镜下手术减压治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症的临床效果.方法2006年1月～2006年12月在显微镜下行手术减压治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症患者36例,单节段13例,双节段23例.术前及术后8个月时应用ODI(Oswestry disability index)评分法对患者进行评定,并进行综合满意度评估.结果均顺利完成手术,单节段手术时间60～180min,平均85min,出血50～130ml,平均73ml;双节段手术时间70～180min,平均95min,出血50～150ml,平均80ml.术中4例患者发生硬膜破裂,予以相应处理后痊愈,术后无神经根损伤、感染及腰椎失稳等并发症发生,所有病例均获得8个月以上随访,术前ODI评分平均78.22±17.62分,术后8个月时平均30.17±15.26分,Wilcoxon秩和榆验手术前后ODI评分差异显著(P＜0.05).手术综合满意程度评估,优28例,良5例,可3例,优良率92%.结论显微镜下手术减压治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症可以获得良好的疗效.     

Dynesys治疗腰椎退变和不稳(附13例报告)

[目的]探讨动力性固定器Dynesys治疗腰椎退变和不稳的固定原理、适应证和初步疗效。[方法]作者于2004年在瑞士Basel大学骨科进修学习期间,随访Dynesys治疗12个月以上的13例患者,平均随访16个月(范围12～25个月);年龄58～78岁,平均65岁;所有患者均有保守治疗难以治愈的腰痛或腰腿痛6个月以上,术前Oswestry评分50～69分,平均58分;Ⅰ度退变性腰椎滑脱1例,腰椎管狭窄症6例,腰椎间盘突出症或伴节段性不稳3例,退变性脊椎关节病3例。[结果]Oswestry评分至最后随访改善到24～53分,平均31.3分;参照Nakai标准,优5例,良5例,可2例,差1例;无螺钉弯曲或断裂。差者1例术后1年再次行椎管探查、改行强直性固定融合。[结论]Dynesys是治疗腰椎退变和轻度不稳的一种有效的非融合性、动力性固定系统。     

Quadrant通道下精准治疗老年腰椎管狭窄症伴退变性侧弯

[目的]探讨采用Quadrant通道下技术微创治疗腰椎管狭窄症伴退变性腰椎侧弯的近期临床效果。[方法]2008年7月～2013年6月,采用Quadrant通道下微创治疗26例腰椎管狭窄症伴退变性腰椎侧弯患者。其中男10例,女16例;年龄64～78岁,平均70.8岁。病程6个月～4年,平均27.48个月。26例患者术前均行X线片、CT、MRI检查,均显示腰椎管狭窄伴退变性腰椎侧弯,Cobb角度10°,病变部位L_(4/5)19例,L_5S_17例。采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)和改良MacNab标准评估临床效果。[结果]所有患者均手术顺利,手术时间(32.69±5.59)min,术中出血量(33.84±13.61)ml,住院时间(9.32±4.61)d。术后切口均I期愈合,无神经血管损伤、感染等并发症。随访12～36个月,平均25.3个月。术后随访6个月时患者平均腿痛VAS评分为(1.31±0.79),与术前VAS(5.50±1.03)比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术前ODI评分为(52.18±6.71)%,术后6个月为(15.57±2.57)%,差异具有统计学意义;疗效评定按改良Mac Nab标准,优16例,良10例。[结论]在严格掌握手术适应证的情况下,应用Quadrant通道治疗老年腰椎管狭窄症伴退变性侧弯是一种安全、有效的方法。     

有限椎板切除减压内固定术治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症的近期疗效分析

[目的]探讨有限椎板切除减压内固定术治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症的近期疗效.[方法]回顾性分析2007年8月～2009年8月,采取有限椎板切除减压内固定术治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症且资料完整的患者41例,男16例,女25例;年龄44～72岁,平均57岁;病史6个月～10年,平均18个月.采用日本骨科学会(JOA) 15分法及疼痛视觉模拟评分法(VAS)对术前、术后和末次随访时的神经功能与自觉症状进行评估,计算改善率,并对结果进行统计学分析.[结果]随访15～32个月,平均26个月,术后3个月优良率为82.9％,术后26个月随访时优良率80.5％ (P＞0.05).比较术前,术后腰腿痛VAS评分明显减少(P＜0.01),JOA评分明显改善(P＜0.01),术后26个月与术后3个月无明显差别(P＞0.05).[结论]有限椎板切除减压内固定术是治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症的一种可靠术式,把握好手术适应证与减压范围可以获得良好的疗效.     

显微内窥镜下改良工作通道单侧入路双侧减压治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症

目的:探讨显微内窥镜下应用改良工作通道单侧入路双侧减压治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症的可行性及疗效。方法:2003年9月～2008年12月应用脊柱显微内窥镜配置改良工作通道行单侧开窗双侧潜式减压中央椎管及神经根管治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症217例,其中单节段163例,双节段54例。术后行CT和X线片检查,并按Nakai标准评定疗效。结果:手术时间25～95min,平均48±13min;术中出血25～180ml,平均37±9ml;切口长度1.8～2.4cm,平均2.2±0.2cm。术中硬脊膜撕裂2例,予明胶海绵填塞,并严格卧床2周,术后无脑脊液漏;定位错误1例,术中予以纠正;无神经损伤、术后感染等手术并发症。术后CT显示椎管减压充分。随访3～24个月,平均14个月,末次随访时按Nakai标准评定,优134例,良63例,可16例,差4例,优良率为90.8%;无腰椎不稳。结论:显微内窥镜下应用改良工作通道单侧入路双侧减压治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症创伤小、并发症少、疗效确切,是治疗该疾病较理想的微创手术。     

双边对口开窗椎管潜行扩大术治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症

目的总结退变性腰椎管狭窄症的手术治疗效果。方法对97例退变性继发性腰椎管狭窄症患者，采用腰椎板双边多节段对口开窗椎管潜行扩大术，解除狭窄，增加椎管容量。结果平均随访1．8（0．5—3）年，优良率92．8％。结论双边对口开窗椎管潜行扩大术，能彻底解除退变性腰椎管狭窄，临床疗效满意。     

腰椎管狭窄症的病因学评估与椎管环切术

腰椎管狭窄症是多种椎管管壁狭窄因素综合表现的一种病症,遗留致压因素势必影响疗效,减压不彻底或盲目扩大减压均与手术目的相悖。自1 996年5月～2 0 0 1年6月采用术前评估致病因素及棘间入路椎板撑开椎管环切术治疗腰椎管狭窄症5 2例,疗效满意,报告如下。1　临床资料1 1　一般资料　本组5 2例,男35例,女1 7例。年龄2 6～72岁,平均5 5岁。退变性椎管狭窄4 1例;发育性椎管狭窄8例;医源性椎管狭窄3例。所有病例均有腰痛和(或)下肢麻痛。其中1 8例行走或腰部活动时臀部和鞍区感觉异常;4 6例间歇性跛行;3例大小便功能障碍;1 7例直腿抬高及加强…     

内窥镜下有限减压治疗老年退变性腰椎管狭窄症

目的观察后路显微内窥镜下有限减压治疗老年退变性腰椎管狭窄症的临床疗效。方法自2007年5月至2011年6月,后路显微内窥镜下有限减压治疗下腰椎管狭窄症36例,通过术前、术后1周、术后6个月与末次随访时进行Oswestry功能指数比较以确定手术疗效,记录所有患者手术相关并发症。结果手术时间35～140min,平均65rain;术中出血30～280mL,平均120mL。随访时间6～45个月,平均26个月。术后3次Oswestry功能指数与术前比较均有统计学差异（P〈O．01）。结论后路显微内窥镜下有限减压治疗老年退变性腰椎管狭窄症创伤小,恢复快,减压充分,对腰椎后柱结构破坏小,同时可以获得良好疗效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.