儿童青少年心理健康量表的编制和信效度检验

目的:编制一个用于儿童和青少年的心理健康量表,检验其信度和效度。方法:用新编的心理健康量表测查全国12个省(市)9278名儿童或他们的父母和143名异常样本,间隔5周的重测样本有87人,父母和儿童报告一致性检验样本56人,效标效度样本30人。用相关分析和因素分析考查量表的信度和效度。结果:新编量表的重测信度为0·713,Crobachα系数为0·847,分半信度为0·800,评定者信度为0·874;正常儿童在量表上的得分显著高于异常样本的得分(F=63·34-238·8,P<0·01);新编量表总分及分量表与儿童行为量表(CBCL)得分有一定的正或负的相关(r=0·27~0·609,P<0·05或0·01);探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析结果显示因素模式与量表编制者的理论构想一致。结论:儿少心理健康量表具有较好的信度和效度,可以用于儿童和青少年的心理健康评估。     

老年人痴呆筛查问卷的编制和信效度研究

目的：编制一个用于老年人痴呆筛查的问卷．检验问卷的信度和效度。方法：借鉴MMSE和ADL的评定范武编制一个以评估认知缺陷为核心，兼顾日常生活能力、精神症状和人格改变等内容的痴呆筛查问卷（简称DSI—E），包含11个领域55个条目：存2815名社区样本、215名重测样本和199名效度样本中，检验问卷的重测信度、同质信度和结构效度。结果：问卷总分的重测相关、分半相关和α系数分别为0．96，0．91和0．85；新编问卷与MMSE、ADL、MMAS记忆商数和CCAS智商的相关分别为0．92、0．89、0．71和0．63；因素分析获得3个因子．分别命名为认知能力、生活能力和精神病理．可解释60．1％的方差。结论：新编痴呆筛查问卷的信度和效度较理想．符合心理测量学要求。     

Barratt冲动量表用于儿童的信度和效度初步研究

目的：考察父母评BIS冲动评定量表的信度和效度。方法：从分半信度、重测信度、以及同质性信度等方面进行信度检验。效度主要从以下两方面加以考察：①结构效度：包括内部一致性和因素结构两方面；②效标效度：包括冲动评定量表与CBCL、Conners量表的多动冲动因子的相关，并比较研究组与异常组得分的差异结果：分半相关系数0．722；重测信度为0．825；量表及因子内部一致性α系数为：注意0．387、运动0．64l、缺少计划0．643、总分0．794；与Conners的多动冲动因子及CBCL的相应因子相关：分析量表因素提了取出6个因子：异常组得分明最较研究组高。结论：父母量袭BIS评定量表的信，效度均较理想．符合心理计量学要求。     

中文版青少年癫痫患者生活质量问卷信度及效度检验

目的：将英文版青少年癫痫患者自陈式生活质量调查问卷（QOLIE-AD-48）翻译为中文,并检验其信度、效度及敏感度。方法：信度指标包括内部一致信度及重测信度．效度指标包括聚合及判别效度、结构效度。敏感度分析通过比较不同发作严重程度总分的差异是否显著来评价。结果：聚合／判效度结果显示,分量表内的何道题目与所在分量表的相关系数在0．4以上,每一题目与所在分量表的相关性高于其他分量表。总分内部一致信度为0．93,分量表在0．60～0．91之间,总分重测信度为0．76。总分随发作严重程度的增加而显著下降,敏感度良好。结论：QOLIE-AD-48中文版具有良好的效度、信度及敏感度,可以胜任中国青少年癫痫患者健康相关生活质量研究所需。     

中文版长处和困难量表(自评版)在832例青少年中的试用

目的:建立长处和困难量表(自评版)(self-report SDQ)中文版,并分析其信、效度.方法:832名青少年完成了SDQ自评问卷,分析量表的内部一致性和重测信度、条目间平均相关系数、效标效度、进行验证性因子分析,并与英文版英国常模进行比较.结果:SDQ自评问卷的全量表Cronbach's α系数为0.81;各因子α系数在0.48～0.88之间;重测信度为0.72;5个分量表的条目与相应的因子分相关系数在0.47到0.75之间;SDQ困难总分及各分量表得分与相应的YSR总分及分量表得分有中到高度相关.验证性因子分析的各个拟合指数均符合测量学标准.中国青少年样本在情绪问题、多动/注意障碍及亲社会行为分量表上得分均低于英国常模,在同伴关系问题分量表上得分高于英国常模.结论:中文版SDQ自评问卷具有良好的信、效度,可以试用于我国青少年常见心理问题的筛查.     

人际好奇量表测评青少年的效度和信度

目的:引进人际好奇量表(IPC),检验其在青少年学生中的效度和信度。方法:选取青少年学生632人(样本1)用于条目分析和探索性因子分析;另选取青少年学生456人(样本2)用于验证性因子分析、聚合效度、区分效度、组合信度和内部一致性信度检验。样本1中,选取301人施测认知好奇量表(ECS)和状态-特质好奇量表(STCI)检验效标效度;随机选取88人进行间隔2周的重测。结果:IPC中文版共17个条目,包含窥探行为、情绪好奇、侦探意愿、隐秘好奇4个因子;模型拟合良好(χ²=251.92,df=113,χ²/df=2.23,CFI=0.93,TLI=0.92,GFI=0.94,IFI=0.94,RMSEA=0.05);IPC得分与ECS和STCI得分均呈正相关(r=0.53、0.71,均P<0.001)。总量表的Cronbachα系数为0.84,4个因子的Cronbachα系数分别为0.75、0.76、0.75和0.71;总量表的重测信度为0.84,4个因子的重测信度分别为0.81、0.70、0.63、0.84。结论:修订后的人际好奇量表测评青...     

亲密关系体验问卷修订版的信效度研究

目的：测定亲密关系体验问卷修订版（ECR—R）的信度和效度。方法：取286名本科生及研究生进行ECR—R的Cronbachd系数、分半信度及结构效度分析，取31名大学生测定重测信度，取32名病例组样本检验效标效度。结果：总量表和焦虑、回避分量表的Cronbachd系数分别为0．87、0．86、0．81，重测信度分别为0．75、0．82、0．61（P〈0．01）。两个分量表具有较好的区分效度。因素分析的结果验证了依恋的两因素学说，焦虑、回避两因素分别解释21．28％和11．20％的变异量。结论：ECR—R适用于中国青少年依恋心理研究。     

BIS-11中文版的信度与效度检验

目的：翻译、修订Barratt冲动性量表第十一版（BIS-11），并在中国的社会文化背景下，检验其信度和效度。方法：78名大学本科生和283名社区居民接受测验，大学生样本两周后接受重测。结果：项目分析以后，删除4个CR值未达统计等湿著性意义的条目，组成26个条目的新量表。验证性因素分析发现BIS-11中文版基本符合原文的理论构想；总量表和三个维度的Cronbaeh’s α系数分别为0．7590，0．5648，0．6584和0．6872；总量表和三个维度的重测信度分别为0．853，0．665，0．791和0．838；条目-总分相关系数均有统计学显著性意义。结论：BIS-11中文版具有较好的信度和效度，符合心理测量学的要求，可以在我国用于冲动性的研究。     

早期父子关系量表中文版的信效度检验

目的：考察父子关系量表中文版的信度和效度。方法：对400名幼儿的父亲进行了父子关系量表的测查，并间隔一个月进行重测，还对106名幼儿进行了9个月的追踪测查。结果：验证性因素分析显示数据与测量模型的拟合程度较好；以儿童行为问题和社会能力为效标的效标关联效度检验表明，总量表及亲密性、冲突性维度与儿童当时及9个月后的行为问题、社会能力均普遍存在显著相关；信度检验也发现，总量表的克伦巴赫α系数为0．71，重测信度系数为0．68（P〈0．001）。结论：本研究修订的父子关系量表总量表具有较好的信、效度。     

中国人婚姻动因问卷的初步编制

目的：编制婚姻动因问卷，检验其信效度。方法：根据婚姻动因的概念和临床经验．编制由40个条目组成的婚姻动因问卷；在1303名基本样本、52名重测样本和95名效度样本中，检验问卷的重测信度、同质信度、结构效度和实证效度。结果：问卷各领域的重测相关、分半相关和α系数分别为0．616-0．800、0．614-0．7866和0．615-0．797。各种婚因动因间有一定的相关性。离婚或分居者与在婚者的婚姻动因有些差异。验证性因素分析显示，四因素模型的各项参数达到可以接受的水平。结论：新编婚姻动因问卷的重测信度、同质信度、结构效度和实证效度达到了心理测量学的要求。     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

类赖氨酰氧化酶2与肿瘤转移和发生

类赖氨酰氧化酶2(lysyl oxidase-like 2,LOXL2)是赖氨酰氧化酶(lysyl oxidase,LOX)基因家族的成员之一,其表达产物能促进胶原沉积.LOXL2的过表达能促进纤维化,并与肿瘤侵袭、转移及不良预后有关.目前大部分学者认为LOXL2是一种转移促进基因,也有实验支持其是一种肿瘤抑制基因.研究发现LOXL2可以通过激活Snail/Ecadherin通路或Src/FAK通路促进转移.LOXL2有望作为肿瘤生物标志物,用于预后判断,成为一个新的治疗靶点.