长期吸烟对心脏结构和静息心功能的影响

探讨正常万年 群长期吸烟者心脏解剖结构和功能变化及可能的参与因素，以超声心动图检查一组确无心血管系统疾病及其它相关严重疾病的３０例长年吸烟和５２例除性别构成外，年龄、体重指数、血压水平相匹配但不吸烟的正常健康成人心脏结构和功能指标；以协方差分析校正性别构成不均衡，以及年龄、收缩压、舒张压、体重指数可能的影响后进行对比分析和相关分析。结果：长期吸烟者一些心脏解剖及收缩功能指标与吸烟程度间存在显著性相     

长期吸烟对Ⅱ型糖尿病胰岛素作用的影响

目的 探讨长期吸烟对Ⅱ型糖尿病患者胰岛素作用的影响。方法 观察、监测８４例吸烟组和非吸烟组Ⅱ型糖尿病患者的血脂、尿微量白蛋白、糖基化血红蛋白（ＨｂＡ１ｃ）、以及口服７５ｇ葡萄糖后血糖、Ｃ肽、胰岛素变化。结果 吸烟组血脂、Ｃ肽、胰岛素分泌量比非吸烟组明显升高。结论 长期吸烟能导致Ⅱ型糖尿病胰岛素作用敏感性下降,形成胰岛素抵抗。     

吸烟与血脂检测指标的联系与分析

目的：探讨吸烟、吸烟量、烟龄与血脂指标的关系及注意事项。方法：采用美国产Beck—manDXC800全自动生化分析仪对200例吸烟者及100例不吸烟健康者血脂指标（血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、同型半胱氨酸、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇）进行检测。结果：吸烟者血脂指标中血清总胆固醇及同型半胱氨酸均异常尤以同型半胱氨酸增高明显,并且与烟量及烟龄呈正相关。吸烟者血脂指标中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低,并且与吸烟数量及烟龄呈负相关。结论：吸烟与血脂指标的异常具相关性。     

胆囊结石患者胰岛素抵抗相关因素的多因素分析

目的 探讨胰岛素抵抗相关因素与胆囊结石发病风险之间的关系。方法 选择24例糖耐量正常的胆囊结石患者和28例健康对者，测量其体重指数和腰臀比，并采空腹肘前静脉血测定血糖、糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素、C肽及血脂。采血后立即口服75g葡萄糖，2小时后再次采血测定血糖、胰岛素和C肽。结果 结石组与对照组各项临床观测变量之间无显著性差异。单因素分析显示，各变量与胆囊结石发病风险无明显联系。多因素分析显示，经控制混杂因素的影响后，胰岛素敏感指数及血甘油三酯可影响胆石症的发病风险。结论 胰岛素抵抗程度加重、甘油三酯增高均为胆囊结石发病的危险因素。     

血脂水平和胰岛素敏感性与冠状动脉病变的相关性分析

目的探讨血脂水平和胰岛素敏感性与冠状动脉病变的相关性。方法回顾分析收治的95例冠心病患者的临床资料,分析血脂和胰岛素敏感性与冠状动脉病变支数及Gensini积分的关系。结果随着病变支数的增加,Gensini积分的增加,总胆固醇(TC)、血清三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)/空腹血糖(FBG)、胰岛素敏感性指数(ISI)均发生显著变化,其中LDL-C、ISI各组之间的差异具有统计学意义。Logistic回归分析显示,TC、LDL-C、HDL-C、ISI与冠状动脉病变支数有独立相关性,LDL-C、HDL-C、ISI与冠状动脉病变Gensini积分有独立相关性。结论血脂代谢异常程度和胰岛素敏感性与冠状动脉病变的严重程度相一致,可作为初步预测冠状动脉病变的手段。LDL-C、HDL-C及ISI是影响冠状动脉病变程度的独立影响因子。     

胰岛素抵抗与脑梗死的关系

目的 :探讨胰岛素抵抗 ( IR)、血脂异常与脑梗死之间的关系。方法 :测定脑梗死病人急性期和恢复期胰岛素、血脂并与健康对照比较。结果 :脑梗死病人血糖、血脂及胰岛素敏感指数 ( ISI)与对照组相比有显著性差异 ( P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :胰岛素抵抗可作为缺血性脑血管病的一个独立危险因素。     

胆囊结石患者胰岛素抵抗相关因素的多因素分析

目的　探讨胰岛素抵抗相关因素与胆囊结石发病风险之间的关系。方法　选择 2 4例糖耐量正常的胆囊结石患者和 2 8例健康对照者 ,测量其体重指数和腰臀比 ,并采空腹肘前静脉血测定血糖、糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素、C肽及血脂。采血后立即口服 75 g葡萄糖 ,2小时后再次采血测定血糖、胰岛素和 C肽。结果　结石组与对照组各项临床观测变量之间无显著性差异。单因素分析显示 ,各变量与胆囊结石发病风险间无明显联系。多因素分析显示 ,经控制混杂因素的影响后 ,胰岛素敏感指数及血甘油三酯可影响胆石症的发病风险。结论　胰岛素抵抗程度加重、甘油三酯增高均为胆囊结石发病的危险因素。     

吸烟医务人员控烟知识、态度、行为及其影响因素分析

目的为了解云南省男性吸烟医务人员吸烟控烟的知识、态度和行为及其影响因素 ,为有关控烟政策的制定提供科学的背景资料和决策依据。方法采用自行设计的调查表对云南省六地区 981名男性吸烟医务人员吸烟控烟知识、态度及行为进行调查 ,对调查结果进行单因素、多因素分析。结果 ( 1)吸烟者知识得分最高 ,态度得分次之 ,行为得分最低 ,形成知与行相互分离的特点。( 2 )不同民族吸烟医务人员在知识、态度得分上有显著性差异 ;不同文化程度吸烟医务人员在知识得分上有显著性差异 ;随着开始吸烟年龄的后移 ,吸烟者知识、态度和行为得分逐渐增加 ,差异有显著性。( 3 )吸烟者知识得分、态度得分、是否采取戒烟行为得分受多个因素的影响。结论云南男性吸烟医务人员在吸烟问题上知而不信、信而不行 ,不利于我省控烟运动的开展。     

上海曹家渡社区居民吸烟与血脂现况调查

目的　了解吸烟对社区居民血脂的影响。方法　对人口相对稳定、生活水平、生活习惯相似的 35～ 74岁社区居民 786人 ,按是否吸烟、吸烟年限分组 ,进行血脂测定。结果　吸烟者与不吸烟者的HDL -C、Apo -B、TC间差别有显著性意义 (P <0 0 1) ,且不同吸烟年限者的HDL -C、Apo -B间差别有显著性的意义 (P <0 0 5 )。日吸烟量 >2 0支与 <10支者的HDL -C、Apo -B间差别均有显著性的意义 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　吸烟是高脂血症的危险因素     

冠心病患者冠状动脉病变与胰岛素抵抗的相关性研究

目的探讨冠心病患者冠脉病变与胰岛素抵抗(IR)的关系。方法68例经冠状动脉造影(CAG)证实至少有1支血管病变≥50％的患者为研究对象,所有患者均行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)及血脂、胰岛素测定。以胰岛素敏感性指数作为评价胰岛素抵抗程度指标,对冠状动脉病变程度、冠心病危险因素行相关分析。结果胰岛素抵抗与体重指数、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、血脂、高血压病史均有明显相关性,而且胰岛素抵抗程度与冠脉病变程度呈正相关。结论胰岛素抵抗是促进冠状动脉粥样硬化形成及发生心血管疾病的危险因素。     

Studies in the distribution of body fat. III. Effects of cigarette smoking

Cross-sectional associations between smoking habits, body mass index, and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were examined in 1122 men aged 19 to 102 years. Weight and body mass index were significantly lower in cigarette smokers than in nonsmokers when age was taken into account. The WHR in smokers was significantly higher than in nonsmokers. A graded dose-response relationship was found between the number of cigarettes smoked and the WHR. Longitudinal associations between changes in smoking habits and changes in the WHR were examined during follow-up visits. In the period between these pairs of visits, weight increased when subjects quit smoking and decreased when they started smoking, as expected. The increase in WHR among those who quit smoking was, however, significantly less than the expected increase if smoking had continued. The WHR in those who started smoking actually increased despite their loss of weight. These paradoxical changes in WHR indicate that there are harmful effects of cigarette smoking on the pattern of distribution of body fat. These facts introduce still another reason to suggest that the decision to initiate or to continue smoking to control body weight is unwise.     

吸烟对健康人血液流变学影响的观察

本文报道对59例健康吸烟者血液流变学9项指标的观察,并与非吸烟组进行比较。吸烟组的血小板粘附率、红细胞压积和全血粘度均较非吸烟组升高,差异非常显著(P<0.001)血浆比粘度在大量吸烟组升高,差异有显著性(P<0.05)说明吸烟使部份血粘滞因素升高,给血液的流变性带来不利影响。不同吸烟量的两组之间各项指标变化无显著差异。本文对发生机制及临床意义略加讨论。     

吸烟对男性不育患者精液质量的影响

目的: 探讨吸烟对男性精液质量的影响. 方法: 选择597例男性不育患者精液标本,其中395例为吸烟者,202例为非吸烟者,观察比较2组精液标本的各项参数. 结果: 吸烟者和非吸烟者相比,精子的正常形态数、精子的密度和精子的活力降低,2组之间有显著性差异(P<0.01, P<0.05, P<0.01).吸烟龄>10 a,其精子的密度降低(与<10 a者相比P<0.05). 吸烟量＞20支/d者,其精子的活力和密度降低 (与<20支/d者相比P<0.05). 吸烟状况、年吸烟总量和吸烟深度均与精子的质量下降有关. 结论: 吸烟行为可能与精子的质量下降有关. 中、大量吸烟或吸烟龄长者对男性生育有不良影响.     

吸烟对血浆尿酸水平的影响

目的 测定吸烟对血浆尿酸的影响及其与烟草代谢物的关系.方法 选取健康体检者300例,其中吸烟者162例（男性145例,女性17例）,不吸烟者138例（男性62例,女性76例）,测定血浆尿酸、肌酐以及尿可替宁水平.结果 吸烟者血浆尿酸水平较不吸烟者明显降低,差异有统计学意义.血浆尿酸水平与吸烟量、吸烟时间呈负相关.结论 在排除影响血浆尿酸的因素以后,吸烟者尿酸水平较不吸烟者明显降低,且这种降低与尿酸内源性生成减少有关,是吸烟促发人体应激反应作用的结果.由于血浆尿酸测定方法简单,而且能反映人体的抗氧化物水平,因此它有可能作为了解吸烟应激状态的常规测定指标.     

Smoke exposure in pipe and cigar smokers. Serum thiocyanate measures

Pipe or cigar smoking traditionally has been considered a less risky alternative to cigarette smoking. Some surveys and experimental studies have suggested, however, that former cigarette smokers who switch to cigars and/or pipe (CP) are more likely to inhale then CP users who never smoked cigarettes; but this relationship has not been consistently noted. To clarify smoke-exposure levels from CP smoking, smoking histories and serum thiocyanate (SCN) levels were studied in 9,106 adults aged 25 to 74 years in population-based surveys of seven upper Midwestern communities. Analyses of the 306 male CP smokers indicated a significantly higher SCN level in the ex-cigarette-smoking CP users vs the CP users who never smoked cigarettes. Serum thiocyanate levels of both CP groups were significantly higher than those of nonsmokers and lower than cigarette-only smokers. However, the number of pipe bowls or cigars smoked per day was also significantly related to SCN levels, and this could account for much of the association between SCN and previous cigarette smoking status. Individuals currently smoking four or more pipe bowls or four or more cigars per day had an elevated smoke exposure equivalent to about ten cigarettes per day, whether or not they previously smoked cigarettes. Because of these findings and because former cigarette smokers were more likely to report heavy CP usage, cigarette smokers should be advised to quit rather than to switch to a pipe or cigar.     

Transfer factor in smokers and non-smokers after smoking two cigarettes

Impairments of lung functionality as long-term effects of cigarette smoking have been well established. To our knowledge, no study on acute recovery patterns in any important lung function index after smoking a very limited number of cigarettes has ever been reported. The present study reports recovery patterns of lung transfer factor (TF) and related parameters in smokers and non-smokers who smoked two Camel cigarettes. Lung transfer factor and other indices were determined by the single breath-holding technique. From our results, the TF and related indices of healthy Malaysians are similar to previously published normals of comparable age. On smoking two cigarettes, male smokers began to recover from the 30th minute; male non-smokers had not begun recovery even by the 50th minute. Extrapolation of the recovery curves suggests that a "safer" interval between cigarettes for male smokers is about 114 minutes.     

Personality differences between smokers and nonsmokers

Findings from a study of differences in personality traits among smoking and nonsmoking former Johns Hopkins University medical students are evaluated. Results of the long-term, cross-sectional comparisons indicate that individuals with different smoking habits were aware of reacting to stress in different ways. Scale scores for anxiety under stress increased significantly, on the average, with the quantity of cigarettes smoked daily. The scale scores for anger under stress showed a similar trend, but did not reach significance. Comparisons based on smoking habits over time indicate that continuing smokers differed significantly from lifetime smokers. Light continuing smokers showed more anxiety, and heavy continuing smokers showed more anger under stress, with former smokers in an intermediate position. When their strong vocational interest blanks were compared, the profiles of heavy smokers were significantly different from those of nonsmokers while they were medical students. When longitudinal comparisons were made later between former heavy smokers and continuing heavy smokers, 10 of the 11 occupational scales which significantly differentiated the nonsmokers from the heavy smokers in medical school also differentiated the former smokers from continuing smokers in the same direction. It is concluded that the habits of nervous tension, occupational profiles, and behavioral patterns related to heavy smoking reflect personality characteristics which are associated with difficulty in stopping smoking, while the characteristics of nonsmokers are related to personality dimensions which either make smoking distateful in the 1st place, or make it easy to stop.     

Smoking and death rates: report on forty-four months of follow-up of 187,783 men. 2. Death rates by cause

Information was gathered on the smoking habits of 187,783 white men between the ages of 50 and 69 between January 1 and May 31, 1952. The men were subsequently traced through October 31, 1955. 11,870 men died during this period. The total experience covered 667,753 man years. For microscopically proved cases of cancer and for the total cases reported as cancer it was found that the death rates were higher among regular cigarette smokers than among men who never smoked, that the mortality ratio increased with the number of cigarettes smoked each day, and that the death rates were higher among pipe and cigar smokers than among men who never smoked. 7316 deaths occurred among regular cigarette smokers; this was an excess of 2665 over the 4651 deaths that would have occurred had the age-specific death rates for smokers been equal to that for nonsmokers. Coronary disease accounted for 52.1% of the excess; lung cancer accounted for 13.5% of the excess; and cancer of other sites accounted for 13.5% of the excess. An extremely high association between cigarette smoking and death rates for men with lung cancer was found in both rural areas and large cities. Only 338 deaths were ascribed to pulmonary diseases other than lung cancer. Only 1120 (9.4%) of the 11,870 deaths were attributed to diseases other than cancer, cardiac, circulatory, and pulmonary diseases and accidents, violence, and suicide. Only 3 of the specific disease entities - gastric and duodenal ulcers and cirrhosis of the liver - showed a statistically significant degree of association with smoking habits. The most important finding of this study was the high degree of association between cigarette smoking and the total death rate.     

无症状吸烟者的肺功能改变

[目的]探讨吸烟对人体肺功能的影响,提高尽早戒烟的意识。[方法]采用MedGraphics 1085D肺功能仪（美国）对大连医科大学附属第二医院健康体检中151名健康成年人进行肺功能检测,分析吸烟对肺功能的影响。[结果]在肺功能检测指标中,吸烟组（81例）与不吸烟组（70例）相比,吸烟组肺活量（VC）、1秒率（FEV1/FVC）、最大分钟通气量（MVV）、FEF50%、FEF75%、MMEF均较非吸烟组明显降低（P均〈0.05）;吸烟组与非吸烟组FVC、FEV1、FEV1/VC差异无显著性意义。[结论]无临床症状吸烟者与非吸烟者相比,肺活量、通气功能、小气道功能明显降低;肺功能检查对无临床症状吸烟者具有重要意义。