HPLC测定不同产地和不同部位贯叶金丝桃中的金丝桃素

目的 测定自四川、湖北、甘肃、陕西等4省48个样地的贯叶金丝桃中金丝桃素的含量,为评价药材质量提供依据.方法 采用HPLC方法,色谱柱为Agilent zorbax extend-C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-6 mmol·L-1磷酸氢二钠(87.5∶12.5,用磷酸调pH6.5),检测波长为590 nm,柱温30℃,流速1 mL· min-,进样量10 μL.结果 金丝桃素4.04～252.5 ng与峰面积之间的线性良好(r2 =0.9996);回收率为99.69％,RSD=1.28％ (n =9).不同产地贯叶金丝桃中金丝桃素的含量为0.186 ～0.382 mg·g-1,不同部位中的含量为花＞叶＞茎;光照在提取过程中对金丝桃素检测结果的影响较大.结论 不同产地贯叶金丝桃的不同部位中金丝桃素的含量均不同.     

不同方法除鞣质后贯叶金丝桃提取物中金丝桃素的含量变化

目的 考察用不同方法检测除鞣质后金丝桃素的含量变化和收率,建立贯叶金丝桃良好的除鞣质方法。方法采用明胶沉淀法、改良明胶沉淀法及碱性醇沉法除鞣质后,用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定贯叶金丝桃提取物中金丝桃素含量变化和收率;色谱柱为Phenomenex—C18柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-0．006mol／LNa214PO4（7：1V／V,H3P04调至pH=6．5）,流速为1．0mL／min,柱温30℃,检测波长590nm,外标法计算。结果金丝桃素的进样量线性范围为0．0194～0．7760μg（r=0．9999）,平均回收率为100．25％。RSD：1．29％（n=5）;明胶沉淀法、改良明胶沉淀法和碱性醇沉法除鞣质后金丝桃素含量分别为0．092％,0．098％和0．093％,收率分别为70．15％,85．21％和89．16％。结论改良明胶沉淀法具有鞣质去除完全、金丝桃素含量较高、损失较少的优点,且方法简便易行．可应用于贯叶金丝桃提取物除鞣质处理。     

HPLC测定贯叶金丝桃中黄酮的含量（英文）

目的建立同时测定贯叶金丝桃中4种黄酮芦丁、金丝桃苷、扁蓄苷和槲皮素的HPLC分析方法.方法 C18柱;流动相A:水(磷酸调pH 3.1～3.5),B:乙腈,梯度洗脱;流速1.0 mL*min-1;检测波长254 nm.结果线性范围为芦丁1.376～8.256 μg*mL-1(γ=0.9999),金丝桃苷3.160～18.960 μg*mL-1(γ=0.9996),扁蓄苷0.968～5.808 μg*mL-1(γ=0.9998),槲皮素0.776～4.656 μg*mL-1(γ=0.9993).平均加样回收率为芦丁97.8%,RSD(n=3) 4.8%;金丝桃苷100.7%,RSD(n=3) 4.1%;扁蓄苷97.3%,RSD(n=3) 0.7%;槲皮素100.5%,RSD(n=3) 4.4%.4个化合物的精密度RSD(n=5)均<2%,重现性RSD(n=5)均<3%.结论本方法简单、有效、可行,可用于贯叶金丝桃黄酮的含量测定.     

HPLC法测定不同产地贯叶连翘不同部位中金丝桃素的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法测定贯叶连翘中金丝桃素含量的方法,并对不同产地贯叶连翘不同部位中金丝桃素的含量进行比较。方法:色谱柱为Boston pHlex ODSC18(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(85:15,氨水调pH9.5),检测波长为588nm,流速为1.0mL·min-1。结果:金丝桃素检测浓度在0.14～3.60μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.9997);平均回收率为100.7%,RSD=1.98%(n=6)。不同产地贯叶连翘不同部位中金丝桃素的含量在0.005～0.562mg·g-1之间。结论:不同产地贯叶连翘药材不同部位中金丝桃素含量均不同。本方法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于贯叶连翘的质量控制。     

贯叶金丝桃药材中萘骈二蒽酮类成分的分光光度法和HPLC法定量分析

目的:建立测定贯叶金丝桃药材中萘骈二蒽酮类成分的紫外-可见分光光度法和HPLC法,比较两者测定结果的差异与定量可靠性。方法:紫外-可见分光光度法以金丝桃素为指标性成分,在590nm处测定。HPLC法以DiamonsilC18柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm为色谱柱,甲醇-10mmol/L CH3COONH4水溶液(pH值为6.2)(90∶10)为流动相,流速1.0ml/min,检测波长590nm,柱温30℃。经紫外光谱与质谱确认其中主要色谱峰成分为伪金丝桃素和金丝桃素,并以伪金丝桃素、金丝桃素为对照品进行定量,萘骈二蒽酮大类成分含量以伪金丝桃素、金丝桃素含量之和来表征。结果:紫外-可见分光光度法定量金丝桃素在2.44～19.52μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 6,n=3),测得贯叶金丝桃药材中萘骈二蒽酮类成分以金丝桃素计为(0.990 2±0.006 0)μg/mg。HPLC法定量伪金丝桃素在0.402～8.032μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 5,n=3)),定量金丝桃素在0.488～9.760μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 7,n=3)),测得贯叶金丝桃药材中伪金丝桃素和金丝桃素含量分别为(0.387 2±0.001 4)、(0.220 2±0.000 7)μg/mg,两者的总量为(0.605 5±0.001 2)μg/mg。结论:对贯叶金丝桃药材中萘骈二蒽酮类成分的定量分析,紫外-可见分光光度法和HPLC法测定结果差异明显;即使化学结构与光谱特性相似的大类成分,其紫外-可见分光光度法的定量准确性仍需要验证与评价。     

不同产地贯叶连翘中金丝桃素和伪金丝桃素的含量分析

目的比较不同产地贯叶连翘中金丝桃素和伪金丝桃素的含量。方法样品经甲醇超声波提取,采用KromasilC18柱(200mm×4.6mm,5μm)分离测定,以甲醇-0.006mol/L磷酸氢二钠(87.5∶12.5,V/V,用磷酸调节pH值至6.5)为流动相,检测波长为590nm,流速为1.0mL/min。结果不同产地贯叶连翘中金丝桃素和伪金丝桃素的含量存在一定差异。结论该方法为制订贯叶连翘药材质量控制标准提供了重要依据。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定元宝草中金丝桃素和金丝桃苷的含量

目的 采用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)法对元宝草中金丝桃素和金丝桃苷含量进行测定. 方法 DiamonsilTM C₁₈色谱柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),加装Phenomenex保护柱. 流动相分别是甲醇-乙腈-1.0%磷酸二氢钠溶液(340：15：5)和甲醇-0.025 mol.L^-1磷酸溶液(50：50);检测波长分别是588,360 nm. 结果金丝桃素和金丝桃苷分别在0.02～0.18 μg(r＝0.999 9,n＝6)和0.05～0.80 μg(r＝0.999 7,n＝6)范围内呈良好线性关系,回收率分别为98.08%和97.58%,RSD分别为1.05%和0.89%. 结论 该方法检测结果准确,重复性好,可用于元宝草的质量控制.     

RP-HPLC法测定不同产地不同部位贯叶金丝桃中金丝桃苷的含量

目的：建立测定贯叶金丝桃中金丝桃苷含量的方法,并测定不同产地不同部位贯叶金丝桃中金丝桃苷的含量。方法：采用反相高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Boston Breeze-C18（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸水溶液（40∶60,V/V）,检测波长为360nm,流速为1.0mL·min-1。结果：金丝桃苷进样浓度在0.14～2.80μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系（r=0.9994）,平均加样回收率为95.97%,RSD=1.16%（n=6）。四川产地贯叶金丝桃花、叶中的金丝桃苷含量最高。结论：本方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于贯叶金丝桃的质量控制。     

不同采收期及药用部位的长柱金丝桃中有效成分的含量变化

目的 考察长柱金丝桃药用部位、采收期对金丝桃苷和金丝桃素的含量变化.方法 采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax Extend-C18 (250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),金丝桃苷的流动相为乙腈-0.4％磷酸梯度洗脱,柱温为室温,检测波长360 nm,流速1.0mL·min-1;金丝桃素流动相为甲醇-0.1 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钠(90∶10),柱温为室温,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长590nm.结果 长柱金丝桃花中金丝桃苷及金丝桃素的含量最高;长柱金丝桃在5月中旬其有效成分含量达到最高,后又逐渐降低.结论 长柱金丝桃中金丝桃苷和金丝桃素的含量随着采收时间的不同而不同,而且不同器官中含量差异显著.     

高效液相色谱法测定贯叶连翘中金丝桃甙的含量

目的:采用高效液相色谱法测定贯叶连翘中金丝桃甙的含量。方法:色谱柱:YWG-C18;流动相:乙腈-磷酸盐缓冲液(70:30,v/v),流速:1.0m1.min-1,检测波长370nm。结果:金丝桃甙的线性范围为0.0440～0.4398μg,r=0.9998(n=5),平均回收率98.5%,(RSD=1.4%n=5),方法精密度为(RSD=1.1%n=5)。结论:本法具有准确性、灵敏性、专一性,为测定中药贯叶连翘中金丝桃甙的含量提供了新的方法。     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Genotoxic effects of chlorophenoxy herbicide diclofop-methyl in mice in vivo and in human lymphocytes in vitro

Diclofop-methyl (DM) is a chlorophenoxy derivative used in large quantities for the control of annual grasses in grain and vegetable crops. In this study, the genotoxic effects of DM were investigated by measuring chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in mouse bone-marrow cells and CA and the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. Mice were treated with 15.63, 31.25, 62.5, and 125?mg/kg body weight of DM intraperitoneally for 24 hours, and 15.63-, 31.25-, 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations were applied to human lymphocytes for both 24 and 48 hours. In in vivo treatments, DM significantly, but not dose dependently, increased the total chromosome aberrations, compared to both negative and solvent controls. Cell proliferation was significantly, but not dose dependently, affected by all doses. In in vitro treatments, DM (except 15.63 µg/mL) significantly and dose dependently increased the frequency of chromosome aberrations. Also, 250 µg/mL of 48-hour treatment was found to be toxic. Cell proliferation was significantly and dose dependently affected by DM applications, when compared to negative control. In in vitro treatments, DM significantly decreased the mitotic index only at the highest concentration for 24 hours, and 62.5- and 125-µg/mL concentrations for 48 hours. In the comet assay, a significant and dose-dependent increase in comet-tail intensity was observed at 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations. The mean comet-tail length was significantly increased in all concentrations. Our results demonstrate that DM is genotoxic in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro.     

2010调脂治疗领域进展

2010年在调脂治疗领域针对他汀治疗心血管病的防治又进行了许多探索。本文通过综述他汀类药物的国际大规模临床试验结果,重新评价了他汀类药物在冠心病一级预防和冠心病二级预防中的地位,阐明了强化他汀治疗的意义;对他汀的心肾保护作用和安全性新证据进行了说明。     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.