两种肌内效贴贴扎方法对脑卒中后偏瘫痉挛期患者肩痛的效果

目的观察两种贴扎方法对脑卒中后偏瘫痉挛期患者肩痛的疗效。方法 2015年10月至2017年9月,75例脑卒中后偏瘫痉挛期肩痛患者随机分为A组(n=25)、B组(n=25)和对照组(n=25)。三组常规治疗相同,A组和B组分别运用两种贴扎方法进行治疗。治疗前、治疗4周后,分别采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)评定患侧肩痛,Fugl-Meyer评定量表(FMA)评定上肢运动功能,改良Barthel指数(MBI)评定日常生活活动能力。结果治疗4周后,三组VAS评分均显著降低(P0.001),A组和B组均低于对照组(P0.05),A组明显低于B组(P0.01);三组FMA和MBI评分均显著升高(P0.001),A组和B组均高于对照组(P0.05),A组高于B组(P0.05)。结论肌内效贴联合康复训练能有效减轻脑卒中偏瘫痉挛期患者的肩痛,提高上肢运动功能和日常生活活动能力;且不同的贴扎方法,疗效不一。     

肩胛控制训练对偏瘫患者上肢功能及肩痛的影响

目的 探讨肩胛控制训练对偏瘫患者上肢功能及肩痛的影响.方法 60例偏瘫患者分成观察组30例与对照组30例.对照组采用常规训练方法 ,观察组在对照组训练方法 的基础上加入肩胛骨控制训练.于治疗前后对患者的上肢功能及肩痛程度进行评定.结果 训练后两组患者上肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分较治疗前明显提高(P<0.01),观察组上肢功能优于对照组(P<0.05).训练后两组患者肩痛症状较训练前明显减轻(P<0.01),观察组较对照组改善更为明显(P<0.05).结论 肩胛控制训练对改善偏瘫患者上肢功能、缓解肩痛有治疗意义.     

强化肩胸关节训练对卒中致偏瘫后肩痛及肩关节功能障碍的疗效

目的:观察强化肩胛胸壁关节运动训练对治疗卒中后偏瘫患者肩痛及肩关节功能障碍的疗效。方法:选取60例脑卒中后偏瘫伴有肩痛及肩关节功能障碍的患者,应用随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组,每组各30例。2组均予以脑卒中后偏瘫肩痛及肩关节功能障碍的常规康复方法治疗,治疗组在常规治疗的同时再予以8周的强化肩胛胸壁关节运动训练。运用Constant-Murley肩关节功能评分量表(Constant-Murley Shoulder Function Score Scale,CMS)、基本概念视觉模拟疼痛评分法(Visual Analogue Scale,VA S)、Fugl-Meyer Motor A ssessment简式Fugl-meyer上肢运动功能评分量表(Fugl-Meyer Motor A ssessment Fugl-meyer Simple Upper Limb Motor Function Score,FMA-UE)对患者情况进行评估。评估时间分别是治疗前、治疗4周后、治疗8周后。结果:治疗4周后与治疗前相比,两组在CMS评定量表中5个方面都有好转(P0.05),VAS疼痛得分明显降低(P0.05),FMA-UE上肢功能评定也有显著好转(P0.05);治疗8周后,治疗组和对照组CMS 5个方面,VAS,FMA-UE都有显著好转,且与治疗4周后相比,两组各方面也都有明显好转(P0.05)。治疗4周后,只有VAS疼痛得分治疗组明显低于对照组(P0.05);治疗8周后,两组CMS评分除却力量测试上无明显区别(P0.05)外,其他4个方面以及FMA-UE上肢功能评定、VA S疼痛得分上都存在明显区别(P0.05),并且治疗组优于对照组。结论:对于卒中后偏瘫患者的肩痛及肩关节功能障碍,常规综合康复治疗方法以及强化肩胛胸壁关节运动训练都有着不错的治疗效果,然而强化肩胛胸壁关节运动训练对缓解肩痛及改善肩关节功能障碍的疗效更为显著。     

双侧运动训练对脑卒中恢复期上肢运动功能障碍的疗效

目的探讨双侧运动训练对脑卒中恢复期偏瘫患者上肢运动功能障碍的治疗效果。方法 52例偏瘫患者随机分成治疗组(n=26)和对照组(n=26)。治疗组采用双侧运动疗法,对照组采用传统神经发育法训练患侧上肢,共治疗6周。分别于治疗前后采用Fugl-Meyer评定的上肢部分(FMA-UE)和改良Barthel指数(MBI)进行评定。结果两组治疗后,FMA-UE、MBI评分均较治疗前明显改善(P0.01),治疗后治疗组FMA-UE、MBI评分显著高于对照组(P0.001)。结论双侧运动训练能显著提高脑卒中恢复期偏瘫患者的上肢运动功能及日常生活活动能力。     

推拿疗法结合肩胛带稳定性训练对脑卒中后偏瘫患者肩痛和上肢运动功能的影响

目的 观察推拿疗法结合肩胛带稳定性训练对脑卒中后偏瘫患者肩痛及上肢运动功能的影响。 方法 选取符合入组标准的脑卒中患者96例,采用随机数字表法分为推拿组、易化组和对照组,推拿组,每组患者32例。3组患者均给予神经内科常规药物治疗,推拿组在此基础上接受推拿疗法结合肩胛带稳定性训练,易化组则增加易化技术结合肩胛带稳定性训练,对照组仅增加易化技术治疗。3组患者均于治疗前、治疗4周后（治疗后）以及治疗结束6个月后（随访时）进行疗效评定。评定标准包括采用Fugl-Meyer上肢运动功能评价(FMA-UE)评定患者的上肢功能;采用改良的Barthel指数(MBI)评定患者的日常生活活动能力;采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评定患者的肩部疼痛。 结果 治疗后和随访时,3组患者的FMA-UE、MBI和VAS评分与组内治疗前比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）,其中推拿组随访时的FMA-UE、MBI和VAS评分分别为（48.13±15.0）分、（79.25±15.12）分和（1.49±1.34）分。推拿组和易化组治疗后以及随访时的FMA-UE、MBI和VAS评分与对照组同时间点比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 推拿疗法结合肩胛带稳定性训练可明显缓解脑卒中患者的肩痛并改善其上肢的运动功能。     

镜像视觉反馈和肌电生物反馈对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能的影响

目的研究镜像视觉反馈(MVF)、任务导向训练和肌电生物反馈(EMGBF)对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能的恢复的作用。方法 90例脑卒中偏瘫患者采用随机数字表法分为对照组(n=30)、EMGBF组(n=30)和MVF组(n=30)。所有患者均接受常规康复治疗和任务导向性训练,EMGBF组在此基础上加EMGBF,MVF组在EMGBF组的基础上加MVF,共8周。治疗前后进行Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定(FMA)、Carroll手功能评定(UEFT),并测定偏瘫上肢相关肌电积分。结果治疗后,所有患者上肢FMA评分,UEFT评级和上肢肌肉肌电积分均较治疗前改善(P0.05)。组间比较,EMGBF组各项指标均优于对照组(P0.05),MVF组优于其他两组(P0.05)。结论镜像视觉反馈结合肌电生物反馈可以更有效地促进脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能的改善。     

肩胛带稳定性人脸模式训练对脑卒中病人肩痛的影响

[目的]探讨脑卒中病人实施肩胛带稳定性人脸模式训练在肩痛防护中的效果。[方法]将80例脑卒中病人随机分为对照组和观察组各40例,对照组病人按照Brunnstrom分级评定实施常规肩痛病房日常生活活动能力(ADL)管理措施,观察组在此基础上进行肩痛的认知强化教育和肩胛带稳定性人脸模式训练。干预前和干预后4周采用简式Fugl-Meyer运动量表(FMA)评定肢体运动功能,采用Barthel指数法(MBI)评定日常生活活动能力,视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评定疼痛程度。[结果]两组病人干预后VAS评分降低,且观察组低于对照组(P0.05);两组病人FMA和MBI评分升高,且观察组高于对照组(P0.05)。[结论]加强肩痛的认知强化教育和肩胛带稳定性人脸模式训练可明显缓解肩痛及提高病人日常生活活动能力和上肢运动功能。     

垂直振动训练对脑卒中偏瘫上肢肌张力和运动功能的影响

目的研究垂直振动训练对脑卒中患者偏瘫上肢肌张力和运动功能的影响。方法将60例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为治疗组(n=30)和对照组(n=30)。两组均给予常规肢体功能康复训练,治疗组加垂直振动训练。8周后,比较两组患者改良Ashworth量表(MAS)评分、简化Fugl-Meyer量表(FMA)评分及改良Barthel指数(MBI)评分。结果治疗8周后,两组MAS评分[(1.16±0.32)分和(1.62±0.36)分]、FMA评分[(28.26±4.33)分和(21.24±5.31)分]、MBI评分[(72.8±24.6)分和(55.3±18.7)分]均较治疗前有改善(P0.05),治疗组优于对照组(P0.05)。结论常规肢体功能康复训练配合垂直振动训练能更有效改善脑卒中患者偏瘫上肢的肌张力和运动功能。     

强化蹬踏训练对偏瘫患者下肢功能恢复的影响

目的探索强化蹬踏训练对偏瘫患者下肢功能恢复的影响。方法60 例脑卒中后偏瘫患者分为对照组(n=30)和治疗组(n=30),均接受常规运动治疗、作业治疗、针灸治疗和电刺激治疗,治疗组在此基础上增加强化蹬踏训练。于治疗前及治疗8 周后分别采用Berg 平衡量表(BBS)、Fugl-Meyer 下肢运动功能评分量表(FMA-L)、改良Barthel 指数(MBI)、功能性步行分级(FAC)、改良Ashworth 量表(MAS)进行评定。结果治疗后,两组患者的BBS、FMA-L、MBI、FAC、MAS 评分较治疗前均明显改善(P<0.01),治疗组改善情况均优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论强化蹬踏训练可明显改善偏瘫患者下肢功能。     

动作观察疗法对痉挛型脑性瘫痪偏瘫患儿上肢功能的效果

目的探讨动作观察疗法(AOT)对痉挛型脑瘫偏瘫患儿上肢功能的效果,及AOT的最佳治疗强度和治疗周期。方法 2017年3月至11月,将45例痉挛型脑瘫偏瘫患儿随机分为对照组和AOT组。对照组采用常规康复治疗并观看风景视频,分为A组和B组,A组(n=11)每次20 min,B组(n=13)每次30 min;AOT组在常规康复基础上辅以AOT,分为C组和D组,C组(n=10)每次20 min,D组(n=11)每次30 min;每周5次,共治疗12周。分别于治疗前、治疗8周、12周后对四组进行握力评定、Carroll上肢功能评定(UEFT)和儿童功能独立性评定(Wee FIM)。结果治疗后,D组握力和UEFT评分优于B组和C组(P0.05),C组优于A组(P0.05);且12周的评定结果优于8周(P0.05)。治疗8周、12周后,各组间Wee FIM量表评分无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论 AOT可改善痉挛型脑瘫偏瘫患儿上肢运动功能。训练时间长,训练效果更佳。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.