部分背阔肌皮瓣游离移植修复前臂背侧组织缺损并重建伸指功能

目的 报告应用部分背阔肌皮瓣游离移植修复前臂背侧复合组织缺损,并重建伸指功能的手术方法.方法 对11例因外伤致前臂背侧大面积复合组织缺损的患者,采用保留内侧部分背阔肌及胸背神经内侧支的部分背阔肌皮瓣游离移植修复,将皮瓣中胸背神经近端与受区桡神经深支或指总伸肌肌支缝合,背阔肌远端腱膜修复2～4指指总伸肌.皮瓣切取面积为21 cm×9 cm-27 cm×13 cm.结果 术后11例肌皮瓣全部存活,3例因皮瓣臃肿再次行皮瓣、肌皮瓣修整术,2例指伸肌腱松弛再次行肌腱紧缩术.术后2例失访,9例获得6个月至3年的随访,其中指伸肌力恢复至Ⅲ级2例、Ⅳ级6例、V级1例,肢体功能大部分恢复且外形满意.按中华医学会手外科学会上肢功能评定标准评定:优2例,良5例,可2例;优良率为77.8%.结论 应用游离部分背阔肌皮瓣修复前臂背侧复合组织缺损并重建伸指功能可取得较好的临床疗效,同时供区保留了部分背阔肌的功能.     

改良背阔肌皮瓣的临床应用

目的 报道背阔肌皮瓣术式的改进及临床应用效果. 方法 用改良背阔肌皮瓣,即携带一小束包含胸背动脉穿支的肌束、并保留支配残存背阔肌的胸背神经,修复全身各部组织缺损7例. 结果 皮瓣最大为22 cm×21 cm.最小为16 cm×9 cm.所携带的肌束最小为3 cm×6 cm,最大为7 cm x 10 cm,皮瓣全部成活,没有严重的并发症发生,供、受区创面均一期愈合.随访8～30个月,皮瓣外形均满意,无需二次手术修薄皮瓣.供区隐蔽,无背阔肌功能障碍. 结论 该皮瓣尤其适用于大的、表浅的组织缺损的修复,兼有背阔肌肌皮瓣和胸背动脉穿支皮瓣的优点,操作简单,成活率高,应用范围广.     

背阔肌肌皮瓣窗瓣修复头部大面积缺损

目的 探讨改良背阔肌肌皮瓣修复头部大面积缺损的临床疗效。方法 采用改良的游离背阔肌肌皮瓣移植修复头部大面积缺损患者6例,其中1例为慢性溃疡,5例为鳞状细胞癌;肿瘤扩大切除后形成的最大创面面积为20 cm×21 cm。相较于传统的背阔肌皮瓣切取后需要供区植皮覆盖创面的方法,改为肌瓣表面携带部分皮瓣作为观察窗的切取方法,皮瓣大小以供区能够拉拢缝合为宜。肌皮瓣切取最大面积为22 cm×23 cm,表面携带部分皮瓣形成观察窗,以便观察血供情况,其余肌瓣表面行植皮覆盖;侧胸背部皮瓣供区直接拉拢缝合。结果 6例患者的移植皮瓣均成活良好,修复效果满意。皮瓣供区伤口均一期愈合,仅遗留线性瘢痕。结论 采用改良的游离背阔肌肌皮瓣移植修复头部大面积缺损,可避免皮瓣供区植皮,减轻传统术式带来的皮瓣供区继发畸形。     

携带少量肌袖的胸背动脉穿支皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨携带少量肌袖的胸背动脉穿支皮瓣修复缺损创面的手术方法及临床效果.方法 自2005年3月至2009年12月,应用携带少量肌袖的游离胸背动脉穿支皮瓣修复10例皮肤缺损患者,其中头颈部肿瘤切除术后皮肤缺损者3例,四肢部位皮肤缺损者7例.在游离皮瓣过程中,将胸背神经和大部分背阔肌留存于供区.根据创面缺损情况设计携带穿支血管处的少量背阔肌肌袖的胸背动脉穿支皮瓣,皮瓣大小为4.5 cm×7.0 cm～6.5 cm×12.0 cm.供区直接拉拢缝合.结果 术后随访10例患者2～41个月,游离移植的皮瓣成活良好,缺损修复后其外形较满意;供区余留的背阔肌其收缩功能仍存在,切口愈合良好.结论 该术式中保留的部分背阔肌肌袖,既有利于保护穿支皮瓣,又可改善皮瓣的臃肿外形;保留了胸背神经和大部分背阔肌,使供区损伤较小,符合皮瓣切取原则.     

背阔肌肌皮瓣移植修复上肢大面积复合组织缺损

目的　探讨应用背阔肌肌皮瓣修复上肢大面积复合组织缺损的疗效。方法　用带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣修复上肢皮肤肌肉缺损 3例 ,并重建肱二头肌和肱三头肌功能 ;游离背阔肌肌皮瓣修复上肢皮肤肌肉缺损 9例 ,其中 3例将胸背神经与桡神经缝合 ,另 6例将胸背神经与正中神经缝合。皮瓣切取面积为 7～ 15cm× 18～ 42cm。结果　 12例皮瓣全部存活 ,4例肌力恢复至M4,6例恢复到M3 ,2例为M3 -。结论　应用背阔肌肌皮瓣修复上肢大面积皮肤、肌肉缺损时 ,能恢复伸屈肘关节的功能及大部分伸屈手指的功能。     

改良背阔肌肌皮瓣游离修复软组织缺损的临床应用

目的：探讨应用胸背动脉外侧支供血的改良背阔肌肌皮瓣移植修复软组织缺损创面的临床效果。方法对7例软组织缺损的患者采用胸背动脉外侧支供血改良背阔肌肌皮瓣进行移植修复。利用胸背血管的外侧支供血带少许肌袖,皮瓣解剖时保留胸背神经的主干及内侧支,皮瓣面积15.0 cm×8.0 cm~22.0 cm×12.0 cm。结果7例皮瓣完全成活,1例胫前软组织缺损的患者术后2 h 出现血管危象,经探查重新吻合静脉,创口Ⅰ期愈合。背部供区植皮创面4例Ⅰ期愈合,3例边缘部分皮片坏死,经换药治愈。对所有患者随访3~12个月,皮瓣外形与功能均较满意。结论利用胸背动脉外侧支供血改良背阔肌肌皮瓣移植修复软组织缺损是较为理想的方法,临床上值得推广应用。     

背阔肌岛状皮瓣修复上臂软组织缺损

目的 观察背阔肌岛状皮瓣修复上臂软组织缺损的临床效果。方法 应用背阔肌岛状皮瓣修复１４例上臂软组织缺损。结果 １例皮瓣远端皮肤部分坏死,１３例完成成活。随访４０－６年,受区外形及功能恢复基本满意,供区愈合良好。结论 背阔肌皮瓣由胸背动脉供给血运,该岛状皮瓣具有血供丰富,血管解剖恒定和血管蒂长以及切取容易等优点,带蒂移植适宜修复上臂软组织缺损。     

应用游离背阔肌皮瓣修复四肢大面积皮肤软组织缺损

目的报道应用游离背阔肌皮瓣修复四肢大面积皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法和临床效果。方法对骨折行简单内固定，然后行游离背阔肌皮瓣修复创面。术前做动脉造影检查，了解血管的走向情况。切取背阔肌皮瓣于腋皱纹下缘、背阔肌范围内按需要设计一梭形肌皮瓣。手术时沿切口标线的外下方切开皮肤皮下组织，在背阔肌的深面逐渐向上解剖，在近腋窝处即可见胸背动脉及其伴行的静脉、神经。完全游离背阔肌皮瓣。受区准备：上肢部位要解剖正中神经、尺动脉、头静脉；下肢解剖出胫前动静脉、大隐静脉备用。按照先吻接动脉后吻接静脉的原则用10-0的无损伤缝针作端端吻合，上肢以尺动脉与胸背动脉做端端吻合或端侧吻合，胸背静脉与头静脉吻接，下肢胫前动脉与胸背动脉吻接，胫前静脉或大隐静脉与胸背静脉吻接。前臂前侧合并有肌腱缺损者，将游离的背阔肌卷成条状，两端与屈指肌腱吻合。合并神经损伤者，将正中神经和胸背神经在手术显微镜下作外膜缝合。切取皮瓣的面积范围16em×8cm～22cm×13cm。结果1例出现静脉危象，经处理后远端表皮坏死，经换药而愈。6例切口甲级愈合。1例因皮瓣臃肿行皮瓣、肌皮瓣修整术。1例屈指肌腱缺损以游离背阔肌重建患者肌力从1级恢复到3级。其余病例肢体功能大部分恢复且外形满意。结论在动脉造影的指导下，应用游离背阔肌皮瓣修复四肢大面积皮肤软组织缺损可取得较好的疗效。根据缺损的不同部位、范围和性质，选择不同的手术方法进行修复，可获得满意的临床效果。     

岛状背阔肌肌皮瓣或穿支皮瓣修复上臂内侧皮瓣供区缺损的应用

目的探讨应用岛状背阔肌肌皮瓣或穿支皮瓣修复上臂内侧皮瓣供区缺损的可行性和技术要点。方法自2015年12月至2019年6月,应用预扩张上臂内侧皮瓣修复头颈部皮肤软组织缺损,同期应用岛状背阔肌肌皮瓣或胸背动脉穿支皮瓣带蒂转移修复上臂供区缺损11例。采用近端蒂上臂内侧皮瓣修复3例,远端蒂上臂内侧皮瓣修复8例。术中切除病变组织后遗留缺损面积为12 cm×7 cm～15 cm×11 cm。预扩张上臂内侧皮瓣面积为18 cm×8 cm～27 cm×14 cm;背部组织瓣切取面积为16 cm×7 cm～22 cm×10 cm。所有供区直接拉拢缝合。结果所有皮瓣均成活,受区及供区均一期愈合,无手术相关并发症发生。随访1～18个月,转移皮瓣的颜色、质地和厚度均与受区皮肤相似,患者对头面部、上臂内侧和背部供瓣区的美学形态均较满意。结论在应用上臂内侧皮瓣修复头颈部较大面积皮肤软组织缺损时,可同期切取一个岛状背阔肌肌皮瓣或胸背动脉穿支皮瓣修复上臂内侧皮瓣供区缺损,既能保证足够的组织量,又能确保供区的美学修复,从而达到较好的修复效果。     

吻合血管的背阔肌皮瓣在早期四肢创伤中的应用

吻合血管的背阔肌皮瓣在早期四肢创伤中的应用侍宏，成红兵背阔肌肌皮瓣可切取的面积较大，因血管径粗，肌肉血供丰富，抗感染力强，可修复四肢早期大面积皮肤软组织缺损。它有神经支配的肌肉，可重建肢体功能，这是其它皮瓣所不能代替的，并首先由Ｔａｙｌｏ报告￣（１）...     

同侧颈7移位修复臂丛上干不全损伤的疗效与背阔肌功能的关系

目的：分析用同侧颈7移位治疗臂丛上干不全损伤的疗效与背阔肌功能的关系，方法：1997例3月至2000年9月，对9例臂丛神经上干损伤或上，中干不全损伤伴膈神经损伤患者采用同侧颈7移位于上干前股以恢复屈肘功能，术前检查伤侧背阔肌肌力，并在术后分析疗效时观察同侧颈7移位与背阔肌肌力的关系。结果：6例术前背阔肌肌力正常者作同侧颈7移位于上干前股后，伤侧屈肘功能均得到恢复，3例术前背阔肌肌力减退或肌力消失者，术后屈肘功能均未恢复。结论：臂丛神经上，中干不全损伤时如伤侧背阔肌肌力减退或肌力消失时，不应选择同侧颈7作动力神经。     

Partial muscle harvest: our first 100 cases attempting to preserve form and function at the donor site

The authors report their first 100 partial muscle flaps as a strategy to preserve form and function of the donor site in muscle transplantation. Between 2003 and 2007, 62 partial superior latissimus (PSL) flaps and 38 partial medial rectus (PMR) flaps were transplanted for head and neck, upper and lower extremity, and chest wall reconstruction. All flaps survived. There were hematomas at the donor sites in two PMR cases. Form and function were preserved at the donor site in all cases. The PSL provided comparable muscle volume and pedicle length to the entire rectus abdominis muscle. An additional benefit was its use as a functional muscle. The PMR flap provided comparable muscle volume to the gracilis muscle. An additional benefit was a much longer vascular pedicle. Small to moderate sized flaps can be harvested from the fabric of the latissimus dorsi and rectus abdomenis muscles and be reliably transplanted. When positioned at the superior edge of the latissimus or medial edge of the rectus muscle, adequate blood flow and innervation to the residual muscle result in preservation of form and function at the donor site. The benefits of muscle transplantation can be realized without the associated morbidity of muscle harvest.     

多种背阔肌瓣游离移植修复下肢缺损

目的 寻找应用背阔肌瓣游离移植修复下肢缺损的方法.方法 1996年2月-2008年2月,笔者单位应用游离背阔肌瓣修复下肢皮肤及组织缺损患者42例,其中膝部4例,小腿22例,足、踝部15例,膝下至足背严重撕脱1例.清创后采用背阔肌肌皮瓣、背阔肌肌瓣植皮、保留肌袖的背阔肌穿支皮瓣、分叶背阔肌组织瓣修复创面.组织瓣切取范围18 cm×8 cm～40 cm × 18cm.结果 除3例患者术后发生血管危象,2例供区植皮和1例肌瓣植皮部分坏死外,其余患者创面均一次性愈合.随访3～24个月,6例患者皮瓣外形臃肿,影响穿鞋,再次行皮瓣修薄术;3例肌瓣植皮区有轻度瘢痕挛缩.结论 个性化设计不同形式的背阔肌瓣,可满足下肢皮肤软组织缺损的修复.     

Split thoracodorsal nerve funicular graft combined with functional latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap transfer for immediate facial reanimation after tumor ablation

The authors report a case of immediate facial reanimation resulting from functional latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap transfer and funicular grafting of the thoracodorsal nerve after cheek tumor ablation. After wide excision of the tumor, including the facial nerve except the temporal branch and part of the zygomatic major muscle and masseter muscle, the authors reconstructed the cheek skin and provided movement by performing a small-segment latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap transfer using Harii's method and the defect of the buccal and marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerve by funicular grafting from one of the two funicles of the thoracodorsal nerve. After 6 months, the transplanted, small-segment latissimus dorsi muscle showed good voluntary movement, and the lower orbiculus oris and depressor oris presented good functional recovery. The authors believe the two funicles of the thoracodorsal nerve can be used independently for two purposes: one for functional segmental muscle transfer and the other for nerve grafting to defects of branches of the facial nerve. This concept makes it possible to reconstruct multiple facial movements while minimizing donor site morbidity by means of immediate facial reanimation.     

应用带少许肌袖的背阔肌肌皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损

目的探讨应用带少许肌袖的背阔肌肌皮瓣移植修复下肢软组织缺损的临床效果。方法2000年6月～2006年12月,应用带少许肌袖的背阔肌肌皮瓣移植修复8例下肢软组织缺损患者。男6例,女2例;年龄25～69岁。其中创面位于足跟3例,足背2例,胫前2例,右小腿鳞癌1例。软组织缺损范围10cm×7cm～18cm×12cm,皮瓣切取范围15cm×8cm～22cm×15cm。结果术后6例皮瓣成活;1例术后2h出现皮瓣血管危象,经探查重新吻合静脉,植皮后成活;1例胫前创面因骨髓炎感染,经引流后皮瓣成活。创面及供区均期愈合。8例患者获随访3～12个月。皮瓣外形满意,无臃肿。供区功能不受影响。结论应用带少许肌袖的背阔肌肌皮瓣移植是修复大面积肢体软组织缺损较为理想方法之一。     

End-to-side neurorrhaphy of motor nerves: reinnervation of free muscle transplants—first clinical application

End-to-side neurorrhaphy may offer a practical solution in limited cases of nerve reconstruction when no donor nerve or nerve transfer is available for direct end-to-end nerve suture, or when extremely long distances for nerve regeneration cause irreversible atrophy of the targets. We report our experience with the successful clinical use of a completely new technique of end-to-side neurorrhaphy for motor reinnervation of free functional muscle transplants. Since 1995 we have used end-to-side nerve repair for motor or sensory reinnervation in 13 cases. A free functional muscle graft was reinnervated by an end-to-side neurorrhaphy in four patients after tumor resection (two myocutaneous latissimus dorsi flaps), Volkmann's contracture (one myocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap), and in a long-standing brachial plexus lesion (one gracilis muscle flap). All four patients showed reinnervation of their muscle graft through the end-to-side nerve suture site. Two functional muscle grafts to the upper extremity had positive outcome of M3-M4 for elbow and finger extension in one case, and M4 for finger flexion in one case more than 2 years after transplantation. The transplant in the brachial plexus lesion is too early for a final functional result. One patient had a M3 for knee extension 8 months postoperatively. In the clinical cases there was no downgrading of the muscle functions supplied by the "donor" nerve. Good and clinically relevant reinnervation of a functional muscle graft is possible through an end-to-side nerve suture. Proximal avulsion, missing proximal nerve stumps, partial recovery, shortening of long distances for nerve regeneration, and prevention of long nerve grafts in proximal lesions are good indications for reinnervation of a functional muscle transplant by end-to-side neurorrhaphy without harm to the donor nerve. Donor nerves supplying synergists should be preferred.     

背阔肌功能恢复后再移位重建屈肘屈指功能

[目的]探讨利用经神经移位修复胸背神经而恢复的背阔肌作为动力肌再移位重建屈肘、屈指功能的疗效。[方法]2000年3月~2003年6月,共有全臂丛根性撕脱伤患者经多组神经移位术后屈肘功能无恢复而背阔肌恢复良好者5例,屈指功能无恢复,背阔肌功能良好者3例,均采用恢复的背阔肌再移位重建屈肘、屈指功能。[结果]术后随访1 a~3 a 6个月,移位背阔肌皮瓣全部成活,肘关节活动度为伸肘10°~25,°屈肘100°以上,肌力达Ⅲ~Ⅳ级。手指可抓握,各指屈距掌纹2 cm左右,肌力达Ⅲ级。[结论]利用经神经移位恢复的背阔肌作为动力肌再移位重建屈肘、屈指功能疗效可靠,因此在治疗全臂丛根性撕脱伤患者时应常规修复胸背神经以恢复背阔肌功能。     

机器人和腔镜背阔肌乳房重建关键技术

机器人和腔镜背阔肌乳房重建是目前乳房重建的重要手术方式,包括背部供区“无痕化”背阔肌乳房重建、“皮岛式”背阔肌乳房重建。其特点为：腋窝无切口,仅做3个trocar孔,在微创视野下通过皮下隧道完成背阔肌皮瓣切取或转移,随后3个trocar孔可用于术后引流,不增加额外切口;背部供区不遗留瘢痕;微创视野下获取背阔肌肌瓣整个过程不需要拉钩。机器人和腔镜辅助背阔肌乳房重建优势为切口隐蔽、创伤小,美容效果好,是一种安全、可行的手术。     

Restoration of elbow function in severe brachial plexus paralysis via muscle transfers

SUMMARY: Reconstruction of elbow function in severe or late brachial plexus injuries represents a challenge to the reconstructive microsurgeons. The current sophisticated techniques of nerve reconstruction in combination with secondary local or free functional muscle transfers, may offer satisfactory outcome. Latissimus dorsi can be transferred as a pedicled or free muscle to restore elbow function. We present our experience with elbow reanimation in late cases of brachial plexus paralysis utilising latissimus dorsi muscle transfer. From 1998 to 2006 we operated 103 patients with brachial plexus paralysis. Amongst these patients, 21 were late cases and underwent latissimus dorsi muscle transfer for elbow reanimation. Ten patients had free latissimus dorsi transfer for elbow flexion. Free latissimus dorsi muscle was neurotised either directly via three intercostals in three patients or with a nerve transfer procedure using the contralateral seventh cervical nerve root in seven patients. Care was taken to maintain the proper tension to the muscle, which must hold the elbow in static flexion of about 120 degrees at the end of the procedure. Powerful elbow flexion (M4-M4+) or extension (M4) was obtained after the first 3 months in all patients who had an ipsilateral pedicled latissimus dorsi transfer. In the group of free muscle transfers, elbow flexion was seen after 6-8 months. After the initiation of muscle contraction, eight of the patients regained elbow flexion of M3-M4+. Latissimus dorsi muscle transfer is a reliable method for elbow reanimation. Appropriate postoperative management is also an important factor to obtain better outcome.     

机器人和腔镜背阔肌乳房重建关键技术

机器人和腔镜背阔肌乳房重建是目前乳房重建的重要手术方式，包括背部供区“无痕化”背阔肌乳房重建、“皮岛式”背阔肌乳房重建。其特点为：腋窝无切口，仅做3个trocar孔，在微创视野下通过皮下隧道完成背阔肌皮瓣切取或转移，随后3个trocar孔可用于术后引流，不增加额外切口；背部供区不遗留瘢痕；微创视野下获取背阔肌肌瓣整个过程不需要拉钩。机器人和腔镜辅助背阔肌乳房重建优势为切口隐蔽、创伤小，美容效果好，是一种安全、可行的手术。