面罩吸氧辅助治疗急性肺损伤及急性呼吸窘迫综合征的效果观察

急性肺损伤(ALI)及急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)是在严重感染、休克、创伤及烧伤等非心源性疾病过程中,肺毛细血管内皮细胞和肺泡上皮细胞损伤造成弥漫性肺间质及肺泡水肿,导致急性低氧性呼吸功能不全或衰竭[1].早期主要表现为顽固性低氧血症和呼吸窘迫,是一种常见危重症,病死率高达60%以上,严重影响病人生存质量.氧疗是纠正ALI及ARDS病人低氧血症的基本手段,常规鼻导管吸氧难以奏效,面罩吸氧可提供较高浓度的氧气[2],易于实施.临床实践中对20例病人采用面罩吸氧,取得满意效果.现报告如下.     

中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶与急性肺损伤

1994年欧美ARDS联席会对急性肺损伤（ALI）和急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的相关概念做出明确定义，此后，这一概念在基础研究及临床实践中不断得到修正。目前研究认为，ALI／ARDS是机体遭受严重创伤、休克、酸中毒及严重的感染如严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS）等因素引起的肺泡毛细血管膜弥漫性损伤而导致的肺水肿和微肺不张，临床表现为呼吸窘迫和顽固性低氧血症的综合征，ALI和ARDS具有相同的病理、生理改变，ARDS是严重的ALI.ALI／ARDS的病因各不相同，发病机制复杂。作为重要的炎性损伤因子，中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶（neutrophil elastase，NE）是引起ALI的炎症级联反应的主要终效应因子，主要通过消化和降解细胞外基质及上皮连接结构导致肺损伤。本文对NE在ALI发病中所起的作用机制及治疗对策进行综述如下。     

中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶致急性肺损伤机制的研究进展

急性肺损伤（Au）和急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDs）是机体遭受严重创伤、休克、酸中毒及严重感染，如严重急性呼吸综合征（sARs）等因素引起的继发性弥漫性肺实质损伤，临床表现为呼吸窘迫和顽固性低氧血症。目前认为，ALI／ARDS发病的根本原因是肺内过度、失控的炎性反应。ALI和ARDS同属急性呼吸衰竭（ARF）范畴，是临床常见呼吸系统急危重症．其病因及发病机制错综复杂，致病环节多，病死率高，已成为临床危重病学研究的热点和难点。     

急性肺损伤／急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者机械通气管理策略

急性肺损伤（acute lung injury，ALI）急性呼吸窘迫综合征（acute respiratory distress syndrome，ARDS）是临床常见的肺部综合征，临床以进行性呼吸困难、低氧血症、肺顺应性下降为特征，病死率为40％-50％。机械通气作为支持呼吸的重要手段，能够缓解呼吸窘迫、改善肺压力-容量关系，为ALI／ARDS患者的病因治疗争取时间、创造条件。本文将重点讨论ALI／ARDS患者的机械通气管理策略。     

应用储氧袋面罩救治1例急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的护理

氧疗是纠正急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者低氧血症的基本手段[1],常规用鼻导管吸氧对ARDS患者常难以凑效.本科应用储氧袋面罩吸氧治疗ARDS患者,解决了鼻导管吸氧难以凑效的问题,报告如下.     

静脉输注高氧液对急性肺损伤的治疗作用

目的探讨静脉输注高氧液对急性肺损伤（ALI）的疗效。方法将高浓度氧气溶解在常规输液用液体内制备成高氧液，通过静脉输液的方式进行输氧。33例ALI患者入选，给予高浓度面罩吸氧2h后仍缺氧者即给予静脉输氧，于静脉输氧1、3h后进行血气分析，并与治疗前比较；对低氧血症仍未纠正并进展为急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）者，给予机械通气并继续静脉输氧治疗。结果在静脉输注高氧液1h和3h后，有25例患者动脉血氧分压（PaO2）升高明显（P〈0．01），氧合指数改善明显（P〈0．01）；对8例进展为ARDS者，及时进行机械通气并继续静脉输氧，其中5例低氧血症纠正并最终脱机。结论静脉输氧对AL1患者的低氧血症具有较好的治疗作用，并能防止AL1进展为ARDS。     

从炎症本质看急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征

急性肺损伤／急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ALI／ARDS）是一种常见的灾难性临床综合征，以急性呼吸窘迫和顽固性低氧血症为特征。自1967年Ashbaugh等首次报道以来，该病的流行病学、发病机制及探讨新的治疗策略等方面有了许多重要的进展，但是目前对该综合征尚缺乏有效的治疗，病死率仍居高不下（40％～60％）。目前的研究发现，ALI／ARDS发生前均存在全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS），发生ALUARDS时常合并其他功能障碍，严重时发生多器官功能衰竭（MOF）。本文拟从ALI／ARDS的炎症本质出发，探讨其发病机制及治疗的相关进展。     

核因子-κB与急性肺损伤／急性呼吸窘迫综合征

急性肺损伤／急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ALI/ARDS）为多种疾病所引起，表现为急性呼吸困难、低氧血症和双侧肺部浸润性病变。发病机制错综复杂，其病理生理基础是多种炎症细胞及炎症介质参与的炎症反应，多种效应细胞和炎症介质是参与ALI／ARDS两个主要因素，对ALI／ARDS的发病机制起关键作用。核因子-κB是一种具有基因转录调节作用的核蛋白，调控多种炎性细胞因子的表达，它在ALI／ARDS中的作用日益引起人们的关注。本文对近年NF-κB与ALI／ARDS发病关系的研究进展作一综述。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征肺复张策略的研究进展

急性呼吸窘迫综合征（acute respiratory distress syndrome，ARDS）的概念是由Ashbaugh等于1967年首次提出的，以非心源性肺水肿、呼吸窘迫和难治性低氧血症为其主要临床特征，当时称之为成人呼吸窘迫综合征（adult respiratory distress syndrome）。后来人们逐渐认识到，ARDS是急性肺损伤（acute lung injury，ALI）的终末阶段，是由各种原因所致急性肺部损伤所引发的呼吸衰竭，于是美国胸科医师学会和欧洲危重病学会分别于1992年5月和10月将成人呼吸窘迫综合征更名为急性呼吸窘迫综合征。     

抗凝治疗——急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征治疗的新思路

急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ALI/ARDS)是指由心源性以外的各种肺内外致病因素导致的急性、进行性呼吸衰竭,以呼吸窘迫和低氧血症为特点,常需要机械通气治疗[1].     

Pathogenesis of acute encephalitis and acute encephalopathy

Many aspects of the pathogenesis of acute encephalitis and acute encephalopathy have been clarified in this decade, although many unknown mechanisms remain to be elucidated. According to progress of MRI and neuroimmunological analysis and the observation of clinical findings, many new syndromes were found, which enhanced our understanding of acute encephalitis and acute encephalopathy. The pathogenesis of encephalitis is divided into infection and immune mediated mechanisms. The antibodies to neuronal surface antigens(NSA) such as NMDA receptors, leucin-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) and aquaporin 4 were demonstrated in specific encephalitis, limbic encephalitis and neuromyelitis optica. Anti-NSA antibody encephalitis should be treated by immunotherapy such as corticosteroid and plasmapheresis. Acute encephalitis with refractory repetitive partial seizures (AERRPS) is a devastating postinfectious disease in children and adults, although the pathogenesis of AERRPS is poorly understood. Influenza associated encephalopathy(IAE) is characterized by it's high incidence in Japanese children between 1 year and 5 years of age, its onset in the first or the second day of illness and its high mortality (15-30%) and morbidity (25-40%). We proposed the classification of IAE with poor prognosis from the neuroradiological findings. Four types of encephalopathy seem to be differentiated from each other, acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) type, hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome (HSES) type, acute brain swelling (ABS) type, febrile convulsive status epilepticus (FCSE) type. The notable radiological features are thalamic lesions in ANE, diffuse cerebral cortical cytotoxic edema in HSES, reversible cerebral swelling in ABS which sometimes reaches lethal brain herniation, and in FCSE type, dendritic high signal in subcortical white matter by DWI ("bright tree appearance") appears simultaneously with the later onset of repetitive focal seizure. These four types are not specific to IAE but are noticed in another encephalopathies caused by HHV6, rotavirus, etc.     

Concomitant acute sinusitis and acute lung rejection

Two lung transplant recipients had concomitant acute sinusitis and acute lung rejection. Antibiotics and decongestants alleviated the sinusitis, but the symptoms of cough and dyspnea as well as spirometric defects necessitated treatment of acute lung rejection. In patients with clinical evidence of acute sinusitis after lung transplantation, concomitant acute lung rejection should be suspected if dyspnea or pulmonary dysfunction is also present. This appears to be the first report of concomitant acute sinusitis and acute lung rejection.     

从急性肾衰竭到急性肾损伤

早在古希腊时代,医学研究者就已经对肾脏疾病有所认识.作为临床肾病学的奠基人,希波克拉底曾经这样描述:"尿液表面出现泡沫可以表明肾脏疾病的发生和迁延."这可能是关于肾脏疾病最早的临床记录.在20世纪的两次世界大战中,大量伤员死于休克后的肾衰竭,而当时将这种疾病描述为"战争性肾炎".直到1951年,急性肾衰竭(ARF)这一名称才首次出现在Smith所编写的教科书中,他从生理学、病理学和临床方面对其进行了全面描述并提出了治疗原则[1].直至2002年,一个由肾脏科与危重症医师组成的团体--"急性透析质量指导组"(ADQI)建议使用急性肾损伤(AKI)代替ARF,这样就把轻度的急性肾功能减低也包含其中,更加有利于早期诊断和干预[2].无论称谓如何变迁,ARF的主要临床特点仍然是肾小球滤过率(GFR)下降,以及由此导致的代谢产物潴留、水和电解质及酸碱平衡紊乱等一系列病理生理改变,并伴随着血液中某些反映肾功能的标志物如血肌酐(SCr)、尿素氮(BUN)等明显升高.     

A focus on acute cholecystitis and acute cholangitis

Biliary infections are very common intra-abdominal infections. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis and endoscopic retrograde management of acute cholangitis play important roles in the treatment of biliary infections. Also antimicrobial therapy is nevertheless important in the overall management of biliary infections. A multidisciplinary team of physicians, including surgeons trained in laparoscopic techniques, interventional gastroenterologists, and interventional radiologists may improve outcomes of patients with biliary infections. This review focuses the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and state of the art management of acute cholecystitis and acute cholangitis.     

Assessment of acute phase proteins in acute ischemic stroke

Acute phase proteins (APPs) have been implicated to play important roles during both acute and chronic inflammatory processes in different diseases including ischemic stroke. Though there are several studies showing the importance of APPs as inflammation markers in acute ischemic stroke (AIS), the time course of these proteins during acute phase of AIS is not well known. Thus, the aim of this study was to show the changes in plasma levels of six APPs (i.e., haptoglobin [Hp], ceruloplasmin [Cp], high-sensitive C-reactive protein [h-CRP], fibrinogen, complement 3 [C3] and complement 4 [C4]) during the first 10 days after acute stroke. The study group consisted of 34 female and 19 male patients (n = 53; mean age 65 +/- 12 years), who had first acute ischemic stroke (AIS). An age-matched control group (n = 53; 32 female and 21 male subjects, mean age 62 +/- 6 years) was also included. To evaluate the plasma levels of six APPs, the blood samples of patients with AIS were withdrawn on admission (day 1), and after 3, 5 and 10 days, whereas only one measurement was performed in the control group. In addition, several cerebrovascular risk factors were determined. The peak levels of APPs were higher in the AIS group than the control group (p < 0.0001). In serial measurements, the levels of h-CRP, Hp, C3 and C4 showed alterations during 10 days after AIS (p < 0.0001, p < 0.05, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, respectively). The alterations in levels of fibrinogen and Cp were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). After stroke, h-CRP, C3 and fibrinogen reached their highest values on the third day, Cp and C4 on the fifth day, and Hp on the tenth day. The plasma levels of h-CRP correlated positively with other five APPs studied (p < 0.05). These findings support the importance of inflammation processes after stroke. We suggest that the differences in levels of APPs could be used in predicting the outcome of stroke patients.     

高血脂症性急性胰腺炎误诊急性阑尾炎患者的护理

目的 探讨高血脂症性急性胰腺炎患者病情观察及护理的要点.方法 回顾分析3例高血脂症性急性胰腺炎误诊为急性阑尾炎病例的临床资料,并对护理方法进行总结.结果 3例误诊病例入院时均有明显的三酰甘油水平升高（14.1～61.0 mmol/L）,血标本呈乳糜状脂浊血清,1例存有明显诱发因素,临床特点除右下腹症状、体征外,上腹部症状、体征持续存在,早期B超提示有腹腔积液,血、尿淀粉酶升高不明显.确诊后经严密观察病情、心理护理、营养支持护理、降血脂护理及健康宣教等护理后均痊愈出院.结论 临床护理工作中应提高对高血脂症性胰腺炎的认识,入院后全面的护理评估、仔细病情观察有助临床医生分析、判断病情,综合的护理干预促进疾病康复,重视健康宣教,有效控制血脂,去除诱发因素是疾病防治重点.