Influence of age and previous use of diazepam dosage required for endoscopy

In 19 patients (10 men and 9 women) a 22-fold variation was observed in the intravenous dose of diazepam necessary as preparation for endoscopy (median dose, 20 mg; range, 5 to 110 mg). Analysis of plasma samples for diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam revealed that the clinical response did not relate to the rate or character of initial drug distribution. There was a high correlation (r = 0.96) between the dose and the plasma concentration 10 minutes after administration. Users of diazepam displayed tolerance to its pharmacologic effects, requiring a significantly larger (P less than 0.05) dose than nonusers (median doses, 35.0 mg and 14.5 mg respectively). Older patients required less than younger patients (r = -0.54, P less than 0.05). The variation between individuals in the dose of diazepam required as preparation for endoscopy cannot be explained by variation in drug disposition but instead reflects previous diazepam use, age and probably differences in sensitivity at the site or sites of drug action.     

Long-term use of diazepam

Plasma concentrations of diazepam and its major active metabolite nordiazepam were measured in 108 neurosurgical patients taking diazepam in doses of 5 to 40 mg/day for periods from one month to 16 years. Diazepam was used for relief of pain or muscle spasm, or anxiety and sleeplessness associated with these two symptoms, and was considered to be beneficial by 83% of the patients, although use of other drugs confounded this evaluation. Concentrations of total diazepam-nordiazepam ranged from 0 to 2,584 ng/mL, with nordiazepam being the predominant metabolite. "Low" concentrations (less than 250 ng/mL) were found in 35 of the 108 patients, with 19 having concentrations lower than 100 ng/mL. "High" concentrations (greater than 900 ng/mL) were found in 20 patients and did not occur more frequently than in other studies of long-term diazepam ingestion. Even with long-term use, diazepam seemed to retain its efficacy and did not lead to any clear-cut abuse.     

The use of anaesthetic agents to provide anxiolysis and sedation in dentistry and oral surgery

Throughout the world there is considerable variation in the techniques used to manage anxious dental patients requiring treatment. Traditionally anxious or phobic dental patients may have been sent for general anaesthesia to allow dental treatment be undertaken. While this is still the case for the more invasive oral surgical procedures, such as wisdom teeth extraction, sedation in general dentistry is becoming more popular.Various sedation techniques using many different anaesthetic agents have gained considerable popularity over the past 30 years. While the practice of sedating patients for dental procedures is invaluable in the management of suitably assessed patients, patient safety must always be the primary concern. Medical, dental and psychosocial considerations must be taken into account when evaluating the patient need and the patient suitability for sedation or general anaesthesia.The regulations that govern the practice of dental sedation vary throughout the world, in particular regarding the techniques used and the training necessary for dental practitioners to sedate patients. It is necessary for medical and dental practitioners to be up to date on current practice to ensure standards of practice, competence and safety throughout our profession.This article, the first in a two-part series, will provide information to practitioners on the practice of sedation in dentistry, the circumstances where it may be appropriate instead of general anaesthesia and the risks involved with sedation. It will also discuss the specific training and qualifications required for dental practitioners to provide sedation. The second article in this series will outline the different techniques used to administer inhalation, oral and intravenous sedation in dentistry and will focus on specific methods that are practiced.     

肌内注射氯氨酮咪达唑仑镇静技术在儿童牙科门诊手术中的应用

目的提出一种新的儿童牙科治疗镇静技术并评价其安全性和有效性。方法选择需要进行小的牙科门诊手术(舌系带延长术和小外伤缝合术)2～7岁的儿童37人采用镇静技术,给予氯氨酮(3mg/kg),咪达唑仑(0.05mg/kg)。必要时再给氯氨酮(1mg/kg)。术中术后观察心率、血压,呼吸频率,氧饱和度并记录药物副作用和评价患儿的治疗依从性。结果32名患儿在第一次注射后即取得了较好的镇静满意度。另外5名患儿在进行第2次注射后也取得了成功。一般注射后5分钟药物开始起效,持续时间大约半个小时,结论肌内注射氯氨酮和咪达唑仑是一种安全、有效的儿童牙科镇静技术。这一技术因其效果良好和易于推广而具有广阔的发展前景。     

Influence of cimetidine on pharmacokinetics of propranolol

Whole-blood propranolol concentrations were estimated for 12 hours after a single 80 mg oral dose was given in six patients taking cimetidine and two weeks after they had stopped the drug. Mean blood propranolol concentrations were higher throughout the sampling period when the patients were taking cimetidine than when they were not, and the difference was statistically significant between one and four hours (p less than 0.05). The mean relative bioavailability of propranolol, measured as the area under the concentration time curve, was significantly higher when the patients were taking cimetidine (p less than 0.025). The mean increase in bioavailability was 136.5 +/- 57.6%, and the results were consistent in each subject. It is concluded from these results that cimetidine reduces the hepatic first-pass extraction of propranolol.     

Prevention of alcohol withdrawal seizures with oral diazepam loading

Twenty patients withdrawing from alcohol who had reliable histories of previous alcohol-withdrawal seizures and thus were at high risk for a subsequent seizure were treated in hospital with oral diazepam loading: 20 mg of the drug was given every hour to a minimum total of 60 mg. None of the patients had a seizure during the stay in hospital. We believe that phenytoin prophylaxis is not necessary in these circumstances. However, if the patient is already taking phenytoin, this drug should not be abruptly discontinued in the withdrawal period in favour of diazepam loading.     

A comparative study of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia morphine and tramadol in patients undergoing major operation

The success of major surgery depends partly on providing effective post-operative pain relief, which can be commonly achieved by morphine administration via patient- controlled analgesic (PCA) system. Alternatively, tramadol which is a weak opioid analgesic, can be used for post operative pain relief. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of intravenous PCA tramadol in comparison with PCA morphine in term of analgesic properties, sedation and side effects. A randomized, double-blinded study was conducted on 160 ASA I and II patients who underwent major operations. Eighty of them received a loading dose of intravenous morphine 0.1 mg/kg followed by PCA morphine bolus of 1 mg (1 mg/ml) as required, while the other 80 patients received a loading dose of 2.5 mg/kg of intravenous tramadol followed by PCA infusion of 10 mg (10 mg/ml) as required. Patients were monitored for pain, sedation and side effects as well as respiratory rate, nausea, vomiting, pruritus, blood pressure and pulse rate. Patients were evaluated 30 minutes, 4 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours post operation. There were no differences in the demographic data between the two groups (p > 0.05). The overall mean pain score in tramadol group was 0.70 +/- 0.60 as compared to 0.75 +/- 0.67 for morphine group. The mean pain score for tramadol and morphine groups at 30 minutes, 4 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours post operation were 1.32 +/- 0.79, 104 +/- 0.79, 0.35 +/- 0.48, 0.09 +/- 0.33 and 1.35 +/- 0.99, 1.14 +/- 0.81, 0.40 +/- 0.54, 0.10 +/- 0.34 respectively. The overall mean sedation score in tramadol and morphine group was 0.39 +/- 0.44 as compared to 0.35 +/- 0.43 for morphine group. The mean sedation score for tramadol and morphine group at 30 minutes, 4 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours post operation were 0.90 +/- 0.74, 0.56 +/- 0.59, 0.075 +/- 0.27, 0.025 +/- 0.16 and 0.84 +/- 0.70, 0.46 +/- 0.64, 0.08 +/- 0.27, 0.01 +/- 0.11 respectively. There was no significant difference in the overall mean pain and sedation score between the two groups as well as for each duration assessed (p > 0.05). There were also no significant differences between the two groups with regard to the blood pressure and heart rate. The incidence of nausea, vomiting and pruritus were the same in the two groups. This study indicates that PCA tramadol is as equally effective as PCA morphine control following major surgery. The incidences of sedation, nausea or pruritus were the same in the two groups.     

Monitoring tricyclic antidepressant plasma concentrations.

Plasma concentrations of tricyclic antidepressants were monitored during treatment of 126 patients. Noncompliance in taking medication was suspected in 19 patients because of unusually low plasma concentrations in relation to the presumed dose. Determinations of plasma concentrations may also be useful for detecting inadequate treatment as judged by levels below the presumed therapeutic range. Attempts to correlate plasma concentrations with clinical response to amitriptyline hydrochloride and nortriptyline hydrochloride failed, probably because of the heterogeneity of depressive syndromes being treated. Plasma concentrations were correlated highly with dose in the case of amitriptyline, less so in the case of other drugs. Amitriptyline and imipramine hydrochloride generally produced plasma concentrations of the parent drug and metabolite higher in nanograms per milliliter than was the daily dose in milligrams; nortriptyline and desipramine hydrochloride did the opposite.     

血浆hs-CRP、BNP、vWf在脑梗死TOAST分型中的意义

目的 探讨血浆hs-CRP、BNP、vWf在脑梗死TOAST分型中的意义.方法 将脑梗死患者分为大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死（LAA）组、小动脉闭塞性脑梗死（SAO）组、心源性脑梗死（CE）组,每组50例,并选取同期健康体检者50例作为对照组.通过检测LAA、SAO、CE各组血浆hs-CRP、BNP、vWf水平,与对照组比较,进行分析.结果 CE组血浆hs-CRP、BNP、vWf水平[（3.33±1.64）mg/L、（270.21±120.47）pg/ml、（31.12±6.59）ng/ml）]与对照组[（1.08±0.36） mg/L、（32.57±10.27） pg/ml、（8.65±3.09 ）ng/ml ）]比较差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.01）,其中CE组血浆BNP、vWf水平与其他组比较均为最高 LAA组血浆hs-CRP、BNP水平[（8.86±3.58） mg/L、（110.47±42.30） pg/ml）]与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.01）,血浆hs-CRP在各组中为最高,而vWf水平与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P ＞0.05） SAO组血浆vWf水平[（12.47±4.54 ）ng/ml）]与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,血浆hs-CRP、BNP水平与对照组比较均无统计学意义（均P ＞0.05）.血浆hs-CRP、BNP、vWf水平不受平均动脉压、血糖、血胆固醇、LDL等的影响.结论 急性脑梗死患者血浆hs-CRP水平能辅助LAA的分型,BNP、vWf水平能辅助CE的分型.     

右美托咪定与地西泮用于ICU重型颅脑外伤患者镇静效果比较研究

目的探讨ICU重型颅脑外伤采用右美托咪定镇静的临床效果。方法选择2013年1月至2013年7月昆明市延安医院收治的76例ICU重型颅脑外伤患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为地西泮组和右美托咪定组各38例,地西泮组首次用量0.1 mg/(kg·h),然后根据镇静效果再进行剂量调整;右美托咪定组首次剂量1.0μg/kg,再以0.5μg/(kg·h)的剂量和速度持续微量泵入,然后逐渐减少使用剂量至停止,比较两组镇静效果。结果右美托咪定组患者镇静4、6、8 h时,生命体征各指标与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);地西泮组镇静直至8 h时,生命体征各指标与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。右美托咪定组与地西泮组相比,镇静入睡时间[(17.3±6.2)min vs(20.1±6.0)min]、自然清醒时间[(31.4±9.6)min vs(83.7±9.3)min]、不良反应发生率(15.8%vs 44.7%)、Ramsay镇静评分[(3.7±0.3)分vs(5.2±0.4)分]的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 ICU重型颅脑外伤采用右美托咪定镇静,不良反应少、可控性好、镇静满意度高,值得临床推广。     

Hypnotic accumulation and hangover in elderly inpatients: a controlled double-blind study of temazepam and nitrazepam

The hypnotic and residual sedative effects of the first and seventh of seven regular night-time doses of nitrazepam 5 mg, temazepam 20 mg, and placebo were studied in 58 elderly inpatients. Plasma temazepam and nitrazepam concentrations rose by about 50% and 113% respectively between the mornings of day 1 and day 7. Patients reported sleeping well more often after the first dose of either hypnotic (p less than 0.05), but there was no difference after the seventh dose. Reaction time was unchanged on the morning after the first dose but was significantly prolonged after the seventh dose of both hypnotics (p less than 0.01). The time taken to eliminate the letter E from a page of prose tended to be prolonged after the first dose of both drugs (temazepam v placebo, p less than 0.05; nitrazepam v placebo, not significant) and was further prolonged on the morning after the seventh dose of nitrazepam (nitrazepam v placebo, p less than 0.05). Thus plasma accumulation of the drug was associated with a deterioration in daytime performance. This change in performance did not correlate with age, cerebral blood flow, or plasma concentration, but patients of low intelligence tended to be more severely affected.     

咪达唑仑静脉注射对儿童埋伏多生牙拔除术中镇静效果的临床评价

目的:旨在评估咪达唑仑静脉镇静联合局部麻醉拔除儿童上颌埋伏多生牙的镇静效果及其安全性。方法:选择在北京大学口腔医院牙科门诊拔除上颌埋伏多生牙的患儿(6～14岁)41名,美国麻醉医师协会(AmericanSociety of Anesthesiology,ASA)分级Ⅰ级,咪达唑仑静脉滴定到中度镇静,在局部麻醉下进行手术,记录患儿入室5min(作为基础值)、局部麻醉时、手术切开时、手术10 min、手术结束时的心率(heart rate,HR)、血压(blood pres-sure,BP)、脉搏氧饱和度(pulse oxygen saturation,SpO2)、呼吸频率(respiratory rate,RR)、脑电双频指数值(bispectralindex,BIS)和Ramsay镇静评分(Ramsay sedation score,RSS),手术结束后评价治疗的总体镇静效果。结果:41名儿童中男29名、女12名,年龄(9.76±2.46)岁,手术时间为(23.83±9.98)min,用药总量为(2.96±0.92)mg,用药剂量为(0.084±0.016)mg/kg。年龄与用药总量呈显著正相关(r=0.69,P<0.01),与用药剂量之间呈明显负相关(r=-0.37,P<0.05);随着年龄减小,患儿在局部麻醉时发生体动或哭泣的概率增大;随着年龄增加,患儿对牙钻或锤敲击有记忆的概率增大;RSS和BIS值相关系数为r=-0.854(P<0.01),RSS为3时对应的BIS值中位数是75;所有患儿均完成手术且术中的SpO2在95%以上。结论:在儿童上颌埋伏多生牙拔除术中,采用咪达唑仑滴定法静脉镇静,使患儿处于嗜睡、反应迟钝状态,且BIS值不低于75是安全有效的。     

Propranolol pharmacokinetics during the menstrual cycle

The pharmacokinetics of propranolol during menstruation and in the mid menstrual cycle have been studied in nine young women taking a single 80 mg tablet on each occasion. There were wide between-individual differences in the serum concentration at any given time (4-5 fold at peak concentrations) but the serum concentration time curves within individuals showed only mild variations. The differences between the average pharmacokinetic parameter estimates for the group did not differ significantly between the two periods of study.     

笑气/氧气吸入镇静在儿童牙科畏惧症患者中的应用

目的 :探讨笑气镇静麻醉在儿童牙科畏惧症(DF)患者中的应用效果。方法:选择DF患儿231例,随机分为实验组(116例)和对照组(115例)。实验组在使用笑气/氧气吸入镇静技术下进行治疗,对照组按常规程序进行治疗。比较治疗前后DF发生率、CFSS-DS评分变化等。结果:术后实验组DF发生率为31.03%,对照组DF发生率为85.21%,两组差异有统计学意义(x2=69.601,P=0.000);实验组治疗后CFSS-DS评分明显下降(P<0.05)。结论:使用笑气/氧气吸入镇静技术,可缓解患儿的紧张、恐惧心理,降低DF发生率,对儿童心理的健康成长有良好的保护作用。     

脑电双频指数反馈控制下的异丙酚闭环靶控输注在ICU镇静中的应用价值

目的探讨脑电双频指数（BIS）反馈控制下的闭环靶控镇静（CLTC）I技术应用于ICU机械通气患者镇静治疗的可行性和应用价值.方法接受机械通气治疗的30例患者,随机分为3组,Ⅰ组使用微量泵连续输注异丙酚进行镇静,Ⅱ组使用靶控输注（TC）I异丙酚进行镇静;Ⅲ组使用闭环靶控输注异丙酚进行镇静,闭环靶控的目标BIS值设定为80～70,记录平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、BIS值、Ramsay评分情况和三组24h异丙酚平均使用量.结果镇静治疗开始后,三组平均动脉压与基础值比较均有下降（P〈0.05）,三组MAP下降幅度无明显差异（P〉0.05）,三组患者心率与基础值比较变化不明显（P〉0.05）;各组BIS值和Ramsay评分具有较好的相关性;Ⅲ组维持理想镇静时间百分比与其它组比较有明显差异（P〈0.05）;Ⅲ组达到60～80范围BIS值时间百分比与其它组比较有明显差异（P〈0.05）;Ⅲ组24 h异丙酚平均用量明显少于其它组（P〈0.05）.结论CLTCI与TCI和恒速输注方法比较,是更为理想的镇静方法,CLTCI能够在提供较为理想的镇静效果同时保持患者血液动力学的相对稳定,有效减少镇静不足或过度镇静的发生,并减少镇静药物的使用量.     

冠脉旁路移植术后患者的异丙酚镇静效果评价

目的对比异丙酚和咪达唑仑对重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU)内冠状动脉旁路移植术(coronary artery bypass graft,CABG)后患者的镇静效果。方法 50名CABG术后进入ICU,并需要气管插管的患者被随机分为两组,分别接受异丙酚和咪达唑仑镇静。两组患者按需要使用芬太尼镇痛。患者的纳入标准包括:年龄40~60岁、血流动力学稳定、射血分数大于40%。主要观察指标为镇静深度,由Ramsay镇静评分(Ramsay sedation score,RSS)表示。其余指标包括气管拔管前连续监测得到的有创平均动脉压、心率、动脉血气和呼吸机通气参数。结果异丙酚组和咪达唑仑组的镇静深度大致相同(RSS=4.5 vs RSS=4.7,P=0.295),但是咪达唑仑组的芬太尼使用量明显大于异丙酚组(12.5mg/h vs 4mg/h,P=0.004)。两组间平均动脉压(P=0.510)和心率(P=0.410)差异无统计学意义。异丙酚组患者的平均拔管时间短于咪达唑仑组患者(102±27min vs 245±42min,P=0.019),但两组间ICU住院时间比较差异无统计学意义(47.5h vs 36.3h,P=0.240)。结论异丙酚能为CABG术后患者提供较为理想的镇静,能够明显减少镇痛药的需求量,并缩短气管插管时间。     

Alcohol, barbiturate and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndromes: clinical management.

The symptoms and clinical management of alcohol, barbiturate and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndromes are discussed in this article. People who suffer alcohol withdrawal should be admitted to hospital if they have medical or surgical complications or severe symptoms; supportive care and pharmacotherapy, especially diazepam loading, are the essential components of treatment. Barbiturate withdrawal requires pharmacotherapy and admission to hospital for patients who have taken more than 0.4 g/d of secobarbital or an equivalent amount of another barbiturate for 90 days or longer, or 0.6 g/d or an equivalent dose for 30 days or longer, or who have had withdrawal seizures or delirium; phenobarbital loading is recommended. Regular benzodiazepine therapy that has lasted at least 3 months should be gradually stopped. Short-acting agents should be replaced with long-acting ones, such as diazepam, to avoid withdrawal symptoms. Most of these patients can be managed on an outpatient basis.     

硬膜外麻醉下丙泊酚靶控输注镇静在老年患者中的应用

目的: 评估老年患者在硬膜外麻醉下使用丙泊酚靶控输注镇静的效果。方法: 选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,硬膜外麻醉下行下肢手术的患者,按年龄分为两组:老年组(65～80岁)20例,非老年组(18～55岁)20例。待麻醉平面、效果和血液动力学平稳后,予以丙泊酚靶控输注镇静,设定镇静水平为警觉/镇静(OAA/S)评分3分,观察镇静前与OAA/S评分3分时患者血液动力学的变化、靶控浓度、丙泊酚的累积量和需要的时间。结果: 在OAA/S评分3分时,两组患者的血液动力学变化与镇静前比较均无统计学意义(P>0.05),老年患者的靶控浓度、累积量和需要的时间均显著低于非老年组(P<0.001)。结论: 丙泊酚靶控输注镇静应用于硬膜外麻醉下的老年患者时应注意靶控浓度、丙泊酚的累积量和时间,只要将OAA/S评分控制在3分,就能较好的应用于老年患者。     

舒芬太尼复合布托啡诺用于上腹部术后镇痛临床观察

目的 观察舒芬太尼-布托啡诺和舒芬太尼-咪达唑仑用于病人自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的镇痛效果和不良反应.方法 120例择期行上腹部手术的患者(ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级),按随机数字表随机分为4组:①S组(舒芬太尼0.15mg);②B组(布托啡诺15mg);③ SM组(舒芬太尼0.1mg+咪唑安定10mg);④SB组(舒芬太尼0.1...     

A comparative study of paediatric oral premedication: midazolam, ketamine and low dose combination of midazolam and ketamine

In a prospective randomised double-blind trial, 90 patients aged 1-7 years (ASA I) undergoing elective surgery less than 90 minutes duration were allocated into three separate groups to compare the safety and effectiveness of oral midazolam, ketamine, and low dose combination of midazolam and ketamine for premedication in paediatric patients. Group M received midazolam 0.5 mg kg(-1), group K received ketamine 6mg kg(-1) and group C received combination of ketamine 2.5 mg kg(-1) and midazolam 0.25 mg kg(-1) orally in 0.2ml kg(-1) of sugar syrup to make it palatable. The sedation score and emotional state on a four -point scale, ease of parental separation, cooperation for venepuncture, ease of mask acceptance and peri-operative cardiorespiratory status were evaluated. Peri-operative incidence of vomiting, nystagmus, emergence phenomenon and postanesthetic recovery time were noted. In the present study it was found that C group was more effective in sedating the children within 10 minutes and 20 minutes, whereas, the combination and midazolam groups are comparable in sedating the children at 30 minutes. Side-effects and recovery time were more in ketamine group. The recovery time was significantly less in group C. In conclusion oral combination of low dose ketamine and midazolam produced quick onset of satisfactory conscious sedation and more rapid recovery without significant side-effects, so that more children could be separated easily from their parents and provides smooth induction than the individual drug.