基于动物实验的应力与股骨近端生长关系的生物力学模型

目的　建立可数值量化的应力与骨生长目的建立可数值量化的应力与骨生长生物力学模型。方法　将动物实验、骨生长方程中未知参数的反演识别和计算机技术相结合，研究应力环境对快速生长期大鼠股骨生长与重建的影响，依据大鼠股骨所受外力刺激以及近端骨密度数值的改变，反演骨生长方程中的未知参数B和K。结果　文中所建的生物模型不仅能够数值模拟快速生长期大鼠股骨骨密度变化和外界刺激的关系，而且能够预测大鼠生命周期中某段时间内不同应力环境下股骨的生长趋势。结论：本文的建模思路和方法为人体骨骼重建适应模型的确立起到提示和借鉴作用。     

不同力学激励对骨重建数值模拟的影响

目的研究采用应变能密度、等效应力、等效应变3种不同力学激励对骨重建数值模拟结果的影响。方法建立股骨近端的二维有限元模型,基于力学稳态理论的重建控制方程并结合有限元法,分别用3种不同力学激励模拟股骨近端的内部结构及密度分布,并与CT数据计算得到的骨密度值进行定量分析比较。结果 3种力学激励模拟得到的重建结果均能反映出股骨近端的主要特征结构,但采用等效应力作为激励时得到的股骨密度曲线图的趋势和数值都与CT图像数据更为一致。结论在骨重建力学调控机制中,应力可能起主导作用。准确预测和模拟骨重建过程将对矫形外科、骨伤治疗、人工假体的优化和个体化设计等临床实践提供理论依据。     

去势大鼠骨形态计量学、生物性能变化

目的 通过观察大鼠血清学、骨形态计量学测定、骨生物性能等方法研究去卵巢大鼠骨变化.方法 采用7-12月龄SD雌性大鼠30只,随机分为对照组、模型组和尼尔雌醇组.模型组和尼尔雌醇组大鼠切除双侧卵巢进行造模.尼尔雌醇组大鼠造模后45天开始灌服尼尔雌醇,连续90天;对照组和模型组大鼠手术后第45天开始灌服去离子水,连续90天.所有大鼠给药第80、87天时两次ip四环素20mg/kg进行骨荧光标记.实验结束时,取出大鼠股骨及第四腰椎骨进行股骨形态计量学测定、股骨骨密度测量、股骨三点弯曲实验及椎骨压缩实验,同时测定血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(StrACP)水平.结果 大鼠去双侧卵巢后,股骨骨密度、骨最大载荷、最大应力、弹性模量、刚度水平和骨小梁体积显著性提高;椎体压缩性能、股骨形态计量学、股骨弯曲性能有明显改变;而雌激素对以上变化有不同程度改善作用.结论 骨组织形态、骨生物性能是评价骨质疏松模型或药物疗效的重要指标;发生骨质疏松时,骨组织形态学变化先于骨生物性能变化.     

基于表观压缩实验与有限元分析相结合的骨微观力学性能参数预测方法的研究

骨表观力学性能参数常被用来评定骨质量,而微观力学性能参数由于难以测得尚未被广泛应用。为从微观水平评判骨质量,本研究提出一种骨微观力学性能参数的预测方法。该方法以大鼠股骨皮质骨为研究对象,预测其在微观水平的失效应变。首先依据扫描影像建立大鼠股骨皮质骨有限元模型,然后以表观压缩实验为研究依据,模仿实验条件,模拟皮质骨有限元模型在压缩载荷作用下的断裂过程,并通过与实验所测表观应力-应变曲线进行对比、反演,预测出大鼠股骨皮质骨在微观水平的失效应变。分析结果显示四只7月龄大鼠股骨皮质骨的微观失效应变数值处于4.53%~4.75%之间。经验证,本方法能够准确预测出骨结构在微观水平的力学性能参数。     

模拟失重对雄性大鼠骨流变特性的测试

目的研究模拟失重对大鼠承重骨流变特性的影响,为航天医学提供模拟失重动物骨流变参数。方法30只Wistar雄性大鼠,随机分为正常对照组15只和头低位30°尾吊组(失重模型组)15只。实验第28天时取两组动物股骨进行压缩应力松弛、蠕变实验。结果得出了正常对照组和失重模型组大鼠股骨压缩应力松弛、蠕变数据和曲线,得出了两组大鼠股骨的归一化应力松弛函数,归一化蠕变函数与曲线,以一元线性回归分析的方法处理实验数据,得出了回归系数a、b与c、d值和归一化应力松弛函数G(t)、归一化蠕变函数J(t)表达式,还得出了两组大鼠股骨应力松弛、蠕变与时间的变化规律。结论失重模型组大鼠股骨应力松弛、蠕变量低于正常对照组。     

振动对骨重建影响的三维有限元分析

目的观察不同振动频率刺激下股骨表观密度的变化情况,从而确定何种振动参数能对骨骼系统产生最有益影响。方法先获得兔股骨扫描图像,再利用UG软件对图像进行三维重建得到股骨的实体模型,最后导入ANSYS软件中,利用ANSYS软件布尔操作中的减操作,得到带有空腔的兔股骨生物力学模型。结果通过有限元仿真分析,发现添加振动激励后骨骼的应力分布和骨密度发生了变化,股骨部分部位骨密度增加。结论有限元分析不但为分析振动对骨重建的动物和人体实验打下基础,还为进一步深入了解骨骼结构与力学环境之间的关系、为进一步研究对抗航天失重引起的骨丢失和治疗骨质疏松症提供了帮助。     

不同应力环境下生长期大鼠股骨的生物力学试验研究

在同一动物个体中创造两种应力环境,对不同受力条件下生长的大鼠股骨进行三点弯曲试验和压缩试验,研究应力对骨力学性能的影响。切断大鼠右侧坐骨神经,使其右后肢废用,为废用组;其左后肢处于过度负荷状态,为过载组;正常大鼠为对照组。每天早、午、晚鼓励动物运动各0.5h,4周时结束实验观察,测试股骨干的生物力学参数。结果显示:应力环境引起大鼠股骨若干力学参数的改变。本研究表明,活骨组织可以通过改变其力学性能来适应环境,本实验模型实用可靠。     

应力环境对大鼠股骨生长与重建和力学性能的影响

通过创建一种新的动物模型，研究应力环境对生长期大鼠股骨生长与重建，以及对其力学性能的影响，并探讨其作用机理。切断6周大SD大鼠右后肢的坐骨神经，致使其右后肢残废，为废用组；左后肢过度负重，为过载组；正常大鼠为对照组。每天早午晚鼓励动物运动半小时，4周后结束实验观测。测量股骨中段的宏观几何学参数、物理学参数和生物力学参数。实验发现：与对照组相比，实验组股骨的若干几何及物理参数发生了明显变化，表明应力环境可以改变活骨组织的成份和结构并逐渐改变其力学性能。实验结果表明，本研究提出的实验模型实用且可靠。     

低应力环境对大鼠股骨的骨密度和几何形态学的影响

切断6周大鼠的坐骨神经,使其右后肢处于低应力环境中。测量股骨不同部位的骨密度和几何形态学参数。结果发现,低应力环境下大鼠股骨的直径、皮质骨面积和骨矿密度的增加明显受抑制。但不同部位的骨密度对低应力环境的敏感性不同,表现为早期富于松质骨的股骨干骺端骨密度增加幅度的受抑,接着是富于皮质骨的骨干部的骨密度增长幅度的降低。几何形态学结果提示,早期干骺端骨密度增长幅度的降低是由于骨吸收增强,而皮质骨的骨量和尺寸的增长受抑制是骨膜骨形成持续减少的结果。     

骨质疏松对骨的粘弹性性质影响的实验研究

目的研究正常大鼠股骨和维甲酸所致大鼠骨质疏松股骨的压缩粘弹性性质,为临床提供生物粘弹性力学参数。方法选用175～245g,6月龄Wistar大鼠30只,随机分为正常对照组15只,模型组15只。对模型组大鼠每日灌服维甲酸(70mg·kg-1·d-1),实验动物于第12周末处死。取股骨进行压缩应力松弛、蠕变实验。结果得出了正常对照组和模型组股骨应力松弛,蠕变数据和曲线。对应力松弛蠕变实验数据进行归一化处理,得出归一化应力松弛函数、蠕变函数及曲线。结论模型组的7200s应力松弛、蠕变量指标显著低于正常对照组(P<0.05)。     

X-Ray Image Review of the Bone Remodeling Around an Osseointegrated Trans-femoral Implant and a Finite Element Simulation Case Study

The insertion of an implant into a bone leads to stress/strain redistribution, hence bone remodeling occurs adjacent to the implant. The study of the bone remodeling around the osseointegration implants can predict the long-term clinical success of the implant. The clinical medial–lateral X-rays of 11 patients were reviewed. To eliminate geometrical distortion of different X-rays, they were converted into a digital format and geometrical correction was carried out. Furthermore, the finite element (FE) method was used to investigate how the bone remodeling was affected by the stress/strain distribution in the femur. The review of clinical X-rays showed cortical bone growth around the proximal end of the implant and absorbtion at the distal end of the femur. The FE simulation revealed the stress/strain distribution in the femur of a selected patient. This provided a biomechanical interpretation of the bone remodeling. The existing bone remodeling theories such as minimal strain and strain rate theories were unable to offer satisfactory explanation for the cortical bone growth at the implant side of the proximal femur, where the stress/strain level was much lower than the one in the intact side of the femur. The study established the correlation between stress/strain distribution obtained from FE simulations and the bone remodeling of the clinical review. The cortical bone growth was initiated by the stress/strain gradient in the bone. Through the review of clinical X-rays and FE simulations, the study confirmed that the bone remodeling in a femur with an implant was influenced by the stress/strain redistribution. The strain level and stress gradient hypothesis is presented to offer an explanation for the implanted cortical bone remodeling observed in this study.     

基于损伤修复的骨重建数值模拟

目的 研究不同损伤情况下的骨重建行为。方法 提出一种疲劳机制作用下的骨重建模型,通过建立股骨近端三维有限元模型,并结合有限元法,分别模拟3种载荷工况下的骨重建情况,分析股骨近端的力学性能及密度变化。结果 通过增加载荷循环次数,使损伤不断增加。在不同损伤情况下,骨展现出不同的骨重建行为。骨重建作为一种修复机制,在一定范围内可以弥补由于疲劳损伤造成的骨量丢失。结论 提出的损伤自适应重建模型可以模拟不同损伤情况下的骨重建行为,以及由于载荷循环次数过大引起的过载吸收。研究疲劳损伤作用下的骨重建行为,可以为骨折预防以及术后康复治疗提供参考。     

Microanatomical Record of Cortical Bone Remodeling and High Vascularity in a Fossil Giant Rat Midshaft Femur

Rat cortical bone does not typically undergo secondary (Haversian) remodeling. Haversian organization of rat bone has been mainly observed in experimental settings following biomechanical or dietary manipulation. Here, we report an observation of cortical secondary osteons within a histological femur cross-section from an extinct (late Quaternary) form of Timorese giant rat (Murinae gen. et sp. indet). The medio-lateral midshaft diameter of its femur, used as a measure of bone size, is 6.15 mm and indicates a heavier than normal skeletal frame. We compare this sample to bone histology in a small rat's midshaft femur of 2.33 mm diameter. A complete lack of Haversian bone remodeling characteristics is noted for the smaller sample, which is dominated by radial vascular canals. The giant rat shows clear secondary osteons and diffuse vascularity mainly composed of tightly packed longitudinal canals across its cortex. It appears that rat cortical bone can undergo bone remodeling, and is organized in a highly vascularized manner, in insular giant cases. Our findings from Timor align with results reported in experimental rat model skeletal biology literature and other insular fossil rat material. Where macroanatomical examination is limited, histological observations on fossil rat limb bones have the potential to aid reconstructions of life history and skeletal growth aspects in these rodents. Anat Rec, 302:1934–1940, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy     

基于骨骼自适应理论优化模型的骨重建数值模拟

我们根据骨重建的自适应理论以及结构优化方法,建立了骨重建数值模拟的反问题求解模型和算法.由材料密度分布描述骨内部重建,材料密度的变化通过优化方法求解.股骨、长骨干和腰椎体冠状面(外部形状和内部结构)重建模拟的计算结果,符合实际情况,反映了骨结构对荷载环境的自适应特征,表明本文方法是骨重建研究的一种有效数值方法.     

Static magnetic field effects on bone formation of rats with an ischemic bone model

Effects of a static magnetic field were studied on bone formation using an ischemic rat femur model. Metal rods were prepared from magnetized and unmagnetized samariun cobalt to have tapered structure, both with the same geometrical dimension, and were implanted transcortically into the middle diaphysis of 88 rat femurs. Both sides of the rat femoral artery were ligated to create an ischemic bone model, followed by implantation of the tapered rod to the femur. The bone mineral density (BMD) and weight of the femurs were measured at 1st and 3rd week after implantation.The result at the 3rd week post-implantation revealed that the BMD and weight of the ischemic bone model rats were significantly reduced, compared with that of non-operated femur. It was also found that the magnetized group had significantly higher bone weights than the unmagnetized (p<0.05). The BMD of the rats implanted with the magnetized rods were similar to those of the non-operated (p>0.05). This enhancement of the femoral bone formation of the ischemic rat model by the static magnetic field seems to be due to the improved blood circulation of the femur.     

骨表面再造数值模拟在人工股骨头假体优化设计中的应用

人工股骨头假体植入技术目前存在的主要问题之一是：植入假体存在远期等工发症,从而导致手术失败。对于引起松动的主要原因,通常人们认为是磨损磨屑和应力遮挡所造成的骨质吸收。因此,对人工股骨头假体植入物的结构进行优化是具有特别重要的意义,本文采用骨再造理论与有限元结合的方法,用计算机模拟人工股骨头假体植入股骨的再造行为,用截面吸收率和抗弯截面模量损失率定量分析假体所产生的应力遮挡效应,骨再造理论采用变能密度作控制变量的表面再造理论,有限单元采用二十节点等参数等单元。结果表明：在所讨论的假体模型中,三种围领形式的假体产生的骨吸收仅相差4％。三种长度直柄的假体所产生的骨吸收相差近30％,直柄长度的变化对应力遮挡效应有更显著的影响。