离体热暴露大鼠心肌细胞内钙及Ca^2＋—ATP酶活力的变化

观察了离体成年大鼠心室肌肌质网、线粒体Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性和钙含量及培养乳鼠心肌细胞内游离钙浓度在不同温度热暴露４０ｍｉｎ后的变化。结果表明：热暴露后，心肌匀浆、肌质网及线粒体中的Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力有所下降，心肌肌质网及线粒体中的钙含量亦有降低趋势，心肌显著升高。提示：热暴露后心肌细胞钙超载是导致机体心功能损害的重要原因之一。     

离体热暴露大鼠心肌细胞内钙及Ca~（2＋）－ATP酶活力的变化

观察了离体成年大鼠心室肌肌质网、线粒体Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性和钙含量及培养乳鼠心肌细胞内游离钙浓度（心肌［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ）在不同温度热暴露４０ｍｉｎ后的变化。结果表明：热暴露后，心肌匀浆、肌质网及线粒体中的Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力有所下降，心肌肌质网及线粒体中的钙含量亦有降低趋势，心肌［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ显著升高。提示：热暴露后心肌细胞钙超载是导致机体心功能损害的重要原因之一。     

微波辐照对离体淋巴细胞Ca^2＋浓度及Ca^2＋,Mg^2＋—ATP酶活力…

以２４５０ＭＨｚ连续微波辐照ＢＡＢＬ／Ｃ小鼠离体淋巴细胞１５ｍｉｎ、３０ｍｉｎ、６０ｍｉｎ。结果发现０．５ｍＷ．ｃｍ＾－２组细胞内Ｃａ浓度明显下降；５和５０ｍＷ．ｃｍ＾－２组辐照３０ｍｉｎ后，细胞内Ｃａ＾２＋明显超载，并且现质膜Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋－Ｍｇ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性变化明显相关。ＤＮＡ合成结果提示，细胞内高Ｃａ＾２＋可抑制细胞ＤＮＡ合成。     

热应激大白鼠心肌钙调素含理与钙代谢的研究

观察了热应激在鼠心肌钙调素及钙代谢的变化。结果表明，当热应激大鼠肛温达３９度时，心肌ＣａＭ含量升高，之后则随肛温升高而下降，呈抛物线型，至肛温４２度以上时，较对照下降３７．５％。热应激大鼠心肌和细胞内质网、线粒体Ｃａ＾＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力随肛温升高逐步下降，至肛温４２度以上时，分别下降３６．５％，３５．５％和３８．４％。心肌细胞内质网Ｃａ＾２＋主动转运速率和Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力变化密切相关。热应激     

亚硒酸钠与细胞的作用

通过测定巨噬细胞的存活率、脂质过氧化、细胞内游离Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋的浓度和红细胞膜Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶和Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶的活性，研究了亚硒酸钠与细胞的作用。结果表明高浓度的Ｎａ２ＳｅＯ３（≥１０－４ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）有明显的细胞毒性；Ｎａ２ＳｅＯ３对巨噬细胞的毒性作用引起细胞内游离Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋浓度升高；但Ｍｇ２＋浓度升高比Ｃａ２＋慢；较高浓度的Ｎａ２ＳｅＯ３（≥１０－５ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）能抑制红细胞膜Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶和Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶的活性，但对Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性的抑制作用要低于对Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性的抑制作用。     

乌贼墨对H22癌细胞内Ca2+浓度、核膜Ca2+/Mg2+-ATP 酶活性及c-jun表达的影响

利用荧光探针和免疫组织化学方法,研究了乌贼墨对Ｈ２２癌细胞内ＣＡ＾２＋浓度,核膜Ｃａ＾２＋／Ｍｇ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性及ｃ－ｊｕｎ表达的影响。结果发现,乌贼墨使Ｈ２２癌细胞内Ｃａ＾２＋浓度分别降低了６９％和７９％,核膜Ｃａ＾２＋／Ｍｇ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性分别降低了２１％和３７％,ｃ－ｊｕｎ表达明显减少。     

热应激大白鼠心肌钙调素含量与钙代谢的研究

观察了热应激大鼠心肌钙调素（ＣａＭ）及钙代谢的变化。结果表明，当热应激大鼠肛温达３９℃时，心肌ＣａＭ含量升高，之后则随肛温升高而下降，呈抛物线型，至肛温４２℃以上时，较对照下降３７．５％。热应激大鼠心肌和细胞内质网、线粒体Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力随肛温升高逐步下降，至肛温４２℃以上时，分别下降３６．５％，３５．５％和３８．４％。心肌细胞内质网Ｃａ２＋主动转运速率和Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力变化密切相关。热应激大鼠心肌组织及细胞内质网、线粒体钙含量随肛温升高呈二次函数曲线型下降。提示，过热机体心肌ＣａＭ含量下降，心肌细胞内钙代谢紊乱是导致心功能紊乱甚至心力衰竭的重要原因。     

氯氰菊酯对大鼠肝脏磷酸化酶a,Ca^2＋—ATP酶活力的影响

采用整体和离体相结合方法，观察了氯氰菊酯对大鼠肝脏磷化酶ａ，Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活力的影响。整体实验表明，氯氰菊酯染毒后可使大鼠肝脏磷酸化酶ａ明显升高，Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶含量明显下降，与对照组相比有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１），且存在明显的剂量－效应关系。而离体实验表明，氯氰菊酯也可引起大鼠肝线粒体、微粒体Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶显著下降，也存在明显的剂量－效应关系。     

高原红细胞增多症患者红细胞膜ATP酶活性及离子转运功能

目的：了解高原红细胞增多症（ＨＡＰＣ）患者红细胞膜ＡＴＰ酶活性及红细胞内离子水平,探讨离子转运变化。方法：选择２６例ＨＡＰＣ患者,采用Ｓｈａｌｅｖ方法测定红细胞膜ＡＴＰ酶活性及细胞内相关离子浓度。结果患者红细胞膜Ｎａ＾＋－Ｋ＾＋－ＡＴＰ酶、Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶、Ｍｇ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性均明显低于正常人（Ｐ〈０．０１）;而红细胞内Ｎａ＾＋、Ｃａ＾２＋浓度却明显高于正常人（Ｐ〈０．０１,Ｐ〈０．０５）     

β-胡萝卜素拮抗促癌剂抑制细胞间隙连接通讯的机理探讨

运用荧光探针标记方法和放射免疫分析方法分别研究了细胞内游离Ｃａ２＋（［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ）和ｃＡＭＰ的变化与促癌剂ＴＰＡ抑制细胞间隙连接通讯（ＧａｐＪｕｎｃ－ｔｉｏｎａｌＩｎｔｅｒｃｅｌｕｌａｒＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ，ＧＪＩＣ）功能的关系，以及β－胡萝卜素对这些变化的影响。结果表明：ＴＰＡ使［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ显著升高，ｃＡＭＰ水平显著降低，与对照组均有显著差异；β－胡萝卜素对［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ和ｃＡＭＰ的作用分别表现为降低和升高趋势，并对ＴＰＡ升高［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ、降低ｃＡＭＰ有一定的拮抗作用。提示：ＴＰＡ升高〔Ｃａ２＋〕ｉ、降低ｃＡＭＰ，影响间隙连接通道蛋白质磷酸化，这可能是其抑制细胞ＧＪＩＣ功能的重要原因之一，而β－胡萝卜素对［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ和ｃＡＭＰ的影响可能是其拮抗促癌剂抑制ＧＪＩＣ的部分作用机制。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.