带膜支架置入术治疗晚期食管癌的临床观察

目的 探讨带膜支架置入术治疗晚期食管癌引起的管腔狭窄及食管气管瘘患者97例的临床效果.方法 在内镜直视下根据狭窄部位及瘘口长度、形态的不同,置入不同型号的带膜镍钛记忆合金支架进行治疗.结果 本组97例患者,均1次置入支架成功.术后患者吞咽困难、呛咳症状迅速缓解消失.结论 食管内带膜支架置入治疗晚期食管癌狭窄.能迅速缓解吞咽困难,使食管气管瘘呛咳现象消失,改善摄食状况,提高了患者的生活质量.     

内镜下金属支架置人术治疗中晚期食管癌食管狭窄和食管气管瘘56例体会

目的探讨食管支架置人术对中晚期食管癌食管恶性狭窄和食管气管瘘的疗效。方法对56例中晚期食管癌恶性食管狭窄和食管气管瘘患者采用食管金属支架置入术。结果56例患者治疗后食管狭窄的主要症状如吞咽困难、呛咳均得到改善。该治疗方法出现的并发症主要为疼痛，其余依次为胃食管反流、出血、食管再狭窄、支架移位，经过治疗后以上并发症均获缓解或消失。结论金属支架置入术是治疗中晚期食管癌恶性狭窄及食管气管瘘的安全有效方法。     

内镜下覆膜食管支架治疗食管癌性狭窄及食管气管瘘的临床应用价值

目的探讨内镜下覆膜食管支架治疗食管癌性狭窄及食管气管瘘的临床价值及食管支架置入术并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析163例晚期食管癌患者内镜下覆膜食管支架治疗食管癌性狭窄及食管气管瘘的临床资料,其中7例患者为食管癌性狭窄并食管-支气管瘘伴双下肺感染,19例患者为食管癌术后复发吻合口狭窄置入镍钛记忆合金覆膜支架。102例患者由于食管过于狭窄先行食管扩张,再进行内镜下放置食管支架,35例患者直接内镜下置入食管支架。结果 163例患者先后放置174个支架,均一次性置入成功,成功率为100%。163例患者均有不同程度胸痛不适,有32例支架再狭窄,其中19例单纯行支架内球囊扩张,11例于原支架上端内部分重叠再放置一支架,有26例行氩气刀再通治疗。7例患者出现支架移位,有2例支架进入食管瘘管内于次日在内镜下取出支架重新放置。所有病例均未出现食管破裂、食管血肿或出血等严重并发症,术后患者进食能力提高,食管气管瘘闭合。结论内镜下覆膜食管支架置入术是中晚期食管癌性狭窄简单、安全、有效的姑息治疗方法,能提高患者的生活质量,延长患者的生存期。     

经不同途径置入覆膜支架封堵气管瘘的临床分析

目的探讨经气管或食管置入覆膜支架封堵气管瘘的疗效。方法13例气管瘘患者,男9例,女4例,年龄55～83岁,平均60．3岁,其中食管癌性狭窄伴气管瘘8例,食管癌术后胃吻合口伴气管瘘3例,食管癌术后胸腔胃气管隆突瘘1例,肺癌术后左主支气管残端胸膜瘘1例。根据原发病变的性质、狭窄范围、瘘口部位的不同,在数字减影血管造影（DSA）监视下经食管或气管途径置入个体化设计覆膜支架封堵瘘口。结果10例经食管置入覆膜支架10枚,其中管状覆膜支架8枚,下端大喇叭口覆膜支架2枚;3例经气管置入覆膜支架4枚,其中管状覆膜支架2枚,倒“Y”型覆膜支架1枚,“子弹头”残端瘘支架1枚。所有患者呛咳、呼吸困难和憋喘等症状迅速缓解,碘水造影显示瘘口封堵完全,CT检查显示支架贴壁良好。结论经气管或食管置入个体化覆膜支架治疗气管瘘,能迅速封堵瘘口和解除临床症状,简单、安全,值得推广。     

可回收支架用于良性气管狭窄患者24例效果观察

目的探讨可回收全覆膜金属支架用于良性气管狭窄的临床效果。方法对24例良性气管狭窄患者于透视引导下置入可回收全覆膜金属支架,支架完全覆盖狭窄段,两端分别超出狭窄段10～15mm。术后根据CT、气管镜检查和临床症状的缓解情况于4—8个月取出支架,观察支架置入前和取出后气管直径、气促评分、第一秒用力呼气量（FEV1）,统计并发症（分泌物滞留、肉芽组织增生、支架移位及咳出）发生情况。结果24例患者共置入31个气管支架,置入后支架膨胀完全,患者呼吸道梗阻症状立即缓解。支架取出后气管直径及FEV1明显高于、气促评分明显低于置人前（P均〈0．05）,临床症状均明显缓解。3例复发性多软骨炎患者支架未取出,出现分泌物滞留24例,肉芽组织增生21例,支架移位及咳出3例。结论可回收全覆膜金属支架用于良性气管狭窄效果确切,且较为安全。     

全覆膜可取出金属支架治疗难治性食管良性狭窄

目的评价全覆膜可取出金属支架治疗难治性食管良性狭窄的疗效和安全性。方法选择经内镜扩张治疗失败的难治性食管良性狭窄病例6例，其中化学性烧伤3例，食管胃吻合口狭窄2例，吻合口狭窄、金属支架置入术再再狭窄1例，按病例不同情况设计全覆膜可取出金属支架的形状，置入食管狭窄段，定期观察症状的变化、支架两端黏膜增生情况及支架取出后症状的变化情况。结果所有病例均成功置入支架，支架置入后吞咽困难症状均得到持续改善，能进食软食。支架置入3～6个月后均经内镜成功取出，无1例发生支架端口黏膜增生、支架再狭窄：其中4例支架取出后随访2～12个月，症状持续改善，无需阿治疗；另2例发生支架移位，支架取出后1个月内再次出现吞咽困难。1例支架置入术后出现胸骨后疼痛，无其它并发症发生．结论个体化设计的全覆膜可取出金属支架足治疗难治性食管良性狭窄的一种安全、有效的方法。     

食管癌晚期患者行食管内支架置入术的护理

目的总结食管癌晚期病人行食管内支架置入术的护理措施。方法回顾性分析25例食管癌晚期病人行食管内支架置入术的临床资料。结果全组病人支架置入后狭窄解除,梗阻症状明显缓解,恢复进食;合并食管瘘者,支架置入后瘘口完全封闭,肺部及纵隔感染得以控制;2例于继续放疗后,发生了支架移位,于内镜直视下重新调整位置;18例术后出现不同程度胸骨后疼痛及异物感。结论加强食管癌晚期病人行食管内支架置入术的护理有利于预后。     

经纤支镜同时置入气管支架和食管支架治疗气管和食管狭窄

气管金属支架和食管金属支架近年逐步应用于临床，对呼吸困难和吞咽困难症状均能起到缓解症状，解除患者痛苦的作用。但经纤支镜单独置入气管支架和胃镜置入食管支架报道颇多，经纤支镜同时置入气管支架和食管支架的报道少见。2002年6月至2003年10月，我们用此方法治疗晚期癌症所致气管食管双狭窄患者10例。现报告如下。     

带膜支架治疗食管-气管瘘九例

记忆合金支架置入术治疗各种食管癌致食管狭窄、食管癌致食管-气管瘘均较理想。我院于1998年3月至2002年5月共收治食管癌致食管-气管瘘患者9例,采用内镜直视下置入带膜记忆合金支架,疗效较好,报告如下。     

食管金属支架治疗125例食管狭窄和食管气管瘘临床分析

背景：食管狭窄和食管气管瘘是临床常见疾病，近年来食管金属支架逐渐成为其治疗的重要手段，并取得了良好的疗效。目的：探讨食管金属支架治疗食管狭窄和食管气管瘘的临床疗效。方法：选择125例良恶性食管狭窄和食管气管瘘患者，行内镜和x线检查以明确狭窄或瘘口的部位和性质。在x线引导下置入食管金属支架，术后密切随访观察临床疗效和并发症。结果：支架术后2周内，所有患者的吞咽困难均显著改善；食管气管瘘患者的呛咳均显著缓解，仪5例患者进流质时仍有轻微呛咳：86例(68．8％)患者术后出现胸痛，8例(6.4％)发生消化道出血，4例(3.2％)出现支架移位。术后半均随访时间为18个月。吞咽困难的平均缓解时间为7.4个月，27例恶性食管狭窄患者平均于术后6.4个月因肿瘤组织增生而导致再狭窄，8例良性食管狭窄患者平均于术后12．8个月因肉芽组织增生而导致再狭窄。38例患者有胃(或肠)食管反流表现，大多为吻合口支架或食管下段支架。7例患者出现支架移位。恶性食管狭窄患者支架术后平均存活时间为11．8个月。结论：食管金属支架能有效治疗良恶性食管狭窄和食管气管瘘，提高患者的生活质量。但支架术后再狭窄、食管功能紊乱和支架移位等并发症目前仍无法避免，且可能对支架的临床应用产生一定影响。     

肿瘤病人弓形虫感染分析

在肿瘤的发生和发展进程中 ,多伴有免疫功能低下或缺陷 ,从而极易遭受各种感染。弓形虫是机会感染因子 ,当患者免疫功能受损时 ,易于感染 ,还会使隐性感染激活 ,引起低热不退、淋巴结肿和脑神经系统的反应 ,此现象尚未引起临床医师的重视。近年来 ,我们对 4 0 9例肿瘤病人进行了弓形虫感染及弓形虫病的分析观察 ,报告如下 :1　材料与方法1 1　材料　 30 4例病人血清取自江西省肿瘤医院住院或门诊病人 ,随机抽样后低温保存待检 ,10 5例取自其他医院送检样品 ,有急性症状者随到随检 ,以便及时做病原学检测。1 2　弓形虫病诊断方法1 2 1　免疫…     

A patient with rectal ulcer with severe stenosis presenting with perforated peritonitis

We report a patient with rectal ulcer with severe stenosis, who underwent urgent surgical treatment for perforated peritonitis. The 54-year-old man suddenly developed cramping abdominal pain and fever while hospitalized, with signs of peritoneal irritation. An emergency laparotomy was performed, and severe stenosis of the rectum and a perforated lesion on the oral side approximately 10 cm distant from the stenosis were found, with massive abdominal purulent fluid. He was treated by rectosigmoid colon resection with transverse colon loop colostomy. Histopathologically, the stenosis was caused by ulceration extending to all muscular layers of the rectum, with inflammatory changes. Benign rectal stenosis is so rare that differential diagnosis from malignancy may be difficult when there are inflammatory changes in the surrounding tissues. However, it is necessary to keep in mind the likelihood of this disease in differentiation from rectal cancer. Received: December 21, 1998 / Accepted: May 28, 1999     

Infection with Rhodococcus equi in a patient with sarcoidosis treated with corticosteroids

A 51-year-old female farmer was diagnosed as having sarcoidosis. During 4 years of observation, slow radiological progression was observed. Cough then developed, necessitating treatment with corticosteroids. After 28 months of continuous treatment with prednisolone in low doses (5-7.5 mg daily), she suffered fever episodes, recurrent haemoptyses, general malaise and loss of weight. A chest roentgenogram showed a left upper lobe infiltrate, which progressed and finally cavitated, and rib destruction. Despite efforts, including a thoracotomy, 22 months passed before a diagnosis could be made. Blood and sputum cultures and cultures from the destroyed rib showed growth of Rhodococcus equi, a common soil organism which can cause infections in foals and other animals. Treatment with rifampicin and erythromycin was successful. R. equi has been reported to cause infection in patients with neoplastic disease and/or immunosuppression, but the disease might be more common than is suggested by the sparse case reports in the literature, owing to lack of familiarity with the organism, which will tend to be overlooked as a contaminant.     

Evaluation of atrial vulnerability with transoesophageal stimulation in patients with atrioventricular junctional: Comparison with patients with ventricular pre-excitation and with normal subjects

The aim of our work was to evaluate the inducibility of atrialfibrillation in a group of patients with atrioventricular junctionalreentrant tachycardia and to compare it with that of patientswith a Kent-type ventricular pre-excitation (Wolff-Parkinson-Whitesyndrome) and a control group. One hundred and twenty-five subjects were separated into groups.Group 1 comprised 49 Wolff-Parkinson-White patients, with amean age of 26.4, range 10.66 years; group 2, 51 patients withatrioventricular junctional reentrant tachycardia inducibleby transoesophageal atrial stimulation andlor clinically documented,with a mean age of 43.4, range 16–78 years; group 3, 25control subjects with a mean age of2.64, range 13–76 years. Each subject underwent atrial transoesophageal stimulation withthe following protocol: programmed atrial stimulation with 1and 2 stimuli during atrial pacing of 100. min^–1 and 150.min^–1; atrial stimulation for 10 s at a rate of 200–300–400–500–600.min^–1 with intervals of 10 s between stimulations, fivesuccessive ‘ramp-up’ atrial stimulations for 9 swith the rate increasing from 100 to 800. min^–1 with intervalsof 10 s between stimulations. The end point was the completionof the protocol or induction of sustained atrial fibrillation(>1 min). The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Our resultsshowed that in group 1 atrial fibrillation was induced in 27149patients (55.1%); this was sustained in 13149 (26.5%) and non-sustainedin 14149 (28.5%); in group 2, atrial fibrillation was inducedin 22151 patients (43.0%); it was sustained in 7151 (13.7%)and non-sustained in 15151 (29.4%); in group 3, sustained atrialfibrillation was not induced in any subject and in only onesubject was a non-sustained atrial fibrillation (4 s) induced. The chi-square test showed that group 2 vs group 1 were non-significant,while group 2 vs group 3 and group 1 vs group 3 were significant(P<0.003 and P<0.0007, respectively). Therefore group 2 patients showed a greater atrial vulnerabilityin comparison to the control subjects and a similar vulnerabilityto group 1 patients. It is possible that the greater atrialvulnerability in the patients of group 2 was due to the doublenodal pathway.     

Treating patients with lupus with B-cell depletion

A new era in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus has dawned with the increasing introduction of monoclonal antibodies and other approaches, that target the key molecules involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. At present the ability to block the CD20 molecule on those B cells that carry this marker has proved the most effective way to treat patients resistant to conventional immunosuppressive drugs. However, these studies have all been open label and the results of double blind controlled studies are eagerly awaited.