自体冷氧合血含钾停搏液在心内直视手术中的应用

应用间断灌注自体冷氧合血含钾停搏液进行心内直视手术９３例，心肌保护效果较好。术中冷血灌注流量３００－３５０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，冷血温度１４℃，钾离子浓度平均１７．４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。心脏复跳后搏动有力，很少需要循环支持。     

温氧合自体血高钾持续灌注对心肌保护作用的临床观察

为观察全身浅低温 (30～ 32℃ )体外循环 (CPB)下温氧合自体血加高钾经主动脉根部持续灌注对心肌的保护效果 ,用该法对 30例心脏手术患者进行心肌保护 (WBC组 ) ,并与 30例用冷晶体间断灌注行心肌保护者(CCC组 )进行对比 ,观察两组围术期血清心肌酶、心肌超微结构及相关临床变化。结果显示 ,术后各时点 WBC组肌酸磷酸激酶 (CK)、肌酸磷酸激酶同工酶 (CK- MB)均显著低于 CCC组 ,P<0 .0 5 ;WBC组心肌超微结构改变轻微 ,术后自动复跳率高 ,正性肌力药物用量少 ,且未发现术后高血钾。提示浅低温 CPB温氧合血高钾持续灌注对心肌有明显保护作用 ,且晶体液用量较少 ,可避免血液过度稀释     

老年人长时间心内直视手术的体外循环管理

目的总结老年人长时间心内直视手术体外循环的管理经验。方法2003年9月至2005年9月老年人长时间体外循环(CPB)心内直视手术36例,其中采用深低温停循环2例、中度低温34例。使用主动脉球囊反搏(IABP)辅助7例,离心泵左心辅助循环4例,应用改良超滤(MUF)8例,心肌保护应用氧合血心肌停搏液。根据病情选用顺灌、逆灌、桥灌及顺灌逆灌间断灌注的灌注方法。实施血液保护、脑保护、心肌保护、肺保护、肾保护。结果1例冠状动脉移植合并室壁瘤切除术患者,术后因多脏器功能衰竭死亡,其余均顺利康复出院。结论体外循环中采用综合性措施是老年人长时间心内直视手术成功的保证。     

稀释氧合血心脏停搏液连续逆灌注保护心肌的临床应用

稀释氧合血心脏停搏液连续逆灌注保护心肌的临床应用中国人民解放军南京军区南京总医院胸心外科花春兰，张石江，周采璋我院自１９９３年７月起，在体外循环心内直视手术中，应用稀释氧合血心脏停博液经冠状窦连续逆灌（简称连续逆灌，下同）保护心肌，为了观察对比这种方...     

温血诱导停搏加末次温血灌注心肌保护在瓣膜置换术中的应用(附50例报告)

在体外循环心内直视手术中,采用温血灌注保护心肌是近十几年来应用于临床的一种心肌保护方法,较之传统的冷晶体液灌注心肌保护有较好的效果。我院自1993年来,采用温血诱导停搏加末次温血灌注心肌,应用于风湿性瓣膜病瓣膜置换术50例,包括各种瓣膜置换。其中心功能Ⅱ级8例,Ⅲ级26例,Ⅳ级16例,停跳液配方为改良托马斯配方,温血灌注液为33℃左右氧合机血加1单位的含钾停跳液。阻断主动脉后,于主动脉根部或冠状动脉窦灌入氧合温血,灌注量为每千克体重10mL,于2～3min内灌完,开放主动脉前再灌入含半量钾的氧合温血,结果全组自动复跳率为86％,无一例复跳失败,均较传统的冷晶体灌注液法高,心率失常为4％,提示温血灌注保护心肌技术较冷晶体灌注保护心肌的效果更好,但强调在灌注过程中严格执行无菌操作,杜绝污染。     

常温体外循环温氧合血停搏液持续灌注对肺损伤的影响

常温体外循环(CPB)温氧合血停搏液持续灌注对CPB心内直视手术心肌保护的改善已有较多的临床及实验支持[1,2],但其对CPB肺损伤有何影响还未有定论.我们选用一组临床患者,检测CPB过程中右房血/左房血白细胞比值及血浆MAD,以探讨常温CPB温氧合血停搏液持续灌注对CPB肺损伤的影响.现报告如下.     

温氧合血诱导停搏及终末再灌注心肌保护的临床观察

在体外循环手术中,传统的心肌保护方法是采用4℃冷晶体液间断灌注,未能解决心脏停搏期间氧的供需矛盾及再灌注损伤问题。我院自1993年6月以来,常规采用温氧合血诱导停搏及终末再灌注,心肌保护效果良好,现将两种灌注方法的资料报告如下。 临床资料 1．一般资料 40例心脏瓣膜置换术病人随机分成两组,每组20例。常规冷晶体停搏液灌注为对照组,温氧合血灌注为温血组。对照组20例中,男9例,女11例,年龄(41.7±8.0)岁,术前心功能     

小量晶体含血冷停跳液在“温心”手术中的应用

我们连续在３０例心内直视手术中采用常温下体外循环，小量晶体含血（红血胞比容２５％左右）冷停跳液（８～１０℃）连续灌注保护心肌。体外循环不降温。阻断主动脉期间，冠状循环用８～１０℃氧合机血连续灌注，同时用少量停跳液持续注入冠状灌注的氧合机血中，以氧合机血为停跳药物稀释剂，既保持心脏持续完全停跳又不断供应心肌血氧。阻断主动脉后心脏迅速停跳且始终呈鲜红色。开放主动脉后，心脏复苏快，自动复跳率高，血容量补足后血液动力学稳定。此法灌注装置简单，操作容易，停跳液配方药物少，停跳迅速，容量负荷低，手术野不受血液模糊影响，心脏复苏块，血液动力学稳定，效果满意。     

复跳前控制性温血停跳液灌注的心肌保护作用

目的探讨复跳前自体氧合温血停跳液控制性灌注在体外循环手术中对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用.方法选择256例复杂或重症患者,随机分为对照组128例,实验组128例.常规在体外循环下进行各种手术,均采用4℃ThomasⅡ号液间断顺灌行心肌保护.实验组在主动脉开放前约5min,用4:1自体氧合温血停跳液控制性灌注(压力:50mmHg,量:10ml/kg,流量:100～200ml/min,温度:35℃).分别在阻断主动脉前和开放主动脉后0,1,6,24h测定心肌酶,比较二组自动复跳率、复跳后血流动力学、围术期升压药应用、心律失常发生率、病死率、术后心功能等指标.结果实验组心肌酶含量低于对照组(P＜0.05),其余各指标优于对照组(P＜0.05).结论复跳前控制性温血灌注对心肌缺血有良好保护作用,方法简单、可行,值得临床应用.     

持续心肌逆行灌注下双瓣膜置换加改良迷宫术的临床应用

目的探讨采用中低温体外循环经冠状静脉窦持续逆行灌注自体氧合机血的方法,进行双瓣膜置换术加改良迷宫术的临床效果。方法全组27例均在低温体外循环心内直视下施行手术。鼻咽温度降至中低温(26～27℃)维持,术中阻断升主动脉并经冠状静脉窦持续逆行灌注,通过压力和容量控制的冠状静脉窦灌注氧合机血,不使用心脏停搏液;完成心内主要操作后复温,心脏手术完毕即可停机。结果 27例全部存活,术中出血量少,未发生严重的房室传导阻滞及脑栓塞。随访4～26个月,其中22例维持窦性心律,心房颤动复发3例,偶发房扑2例,经服用乙胺碘呋酮后恢复窦性心律。结论中低温体外循环经冠状静脉窦持续逆行灌注下的双瓣膜置换加改良迷宫术操作简单,疗效确切,历时缩短,安全性高。     

Myocardium utilizes more oxygen and glucose during tepid blood cardioplegic infusion in arrested heart

The aims of this study were to evaluate myocardial metabolic activity during tepid blood cardioplegic infusion in the arrested heart in comparison with cold blood cardioplegia and to assess the early clinical outcomes of these patients. Thirty patients undergoing first elective coronary artery bypass grafting surgery were included and randomized to two groups (T for tepid and C for cold), 15 patients in each. Myocardial protection was similar in both groups except for the reinfusion of blood cardioplegia, which was 6 degrees C in group C and 28 degrees C in group T (same temperature as the body perfusion). The route of cardioplegic reinfusion was antegrade during the first reinfusion and retrograde during the second reinfusion. In order to assess myocardial metabolic activity, myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), myocardial glucose uptake, and myocardial lactate and acid production were all calculated. Arterial and coronary venous blood samples were obtained from the aortic root cannula and coronary sinus. During cardioplegic re-infusions in the ischemic period, the calculated values of myocardial oxygen extraction, oxygen consumption, and glucose uptake were higher in group T than in group C (P < 0.05). This difference was observed during both antegrade and retrograde delivery of cardioplegic solution. Myocardial lactate production was greater in group C than in group T during cardioplegic reinfusion, both antegradely and retrogradely (P < 0.05). In all patients, cardiopulmonary bypass was terminated in the first attempt. The clinical outcome was similar in both groups. The results of this study indicate that globally ischemic myocardium is able to utilize more oxygen and glucose during cardioplegic re-infusions at a tepid temperature in comparison to cold. In addition, the data showed evidence of less myocardial injury and better left ventricular function throughout the critical period of recovery from global ischemia for the heart protected by tepid cardioplegia.     

持续低温心肌灌注体外循环不降温在心脏外科中的应用研究

目的探讨心脏持续低温灌注体外循环（CPB）不降温在心脏外科手术中的应用价值。方法将60例心脏病手术患者随机分为两组,即常温组和低温组各30例,对比研究两组CPB时间、主动脉阻断时间、手术时间、术后体温、多巴胺使用情况、血尿、心包纵隔总引流量、血细胞水平等检测指标间的差别。结果常温组CPB时间较低温组短（P〈0．05）,术后总引流量、使用多巴胺的量和时间以及血尿的发生较低温组低（P〈0．05）,手术时间较低温组明显缩短（P〈0．01）。结论心脏持续低温自体氧合血灌注体外循环不降温明显缩短了手术时间,心肌保护良好,值得在临床上推广运用。     

Pediatric myocardial protection

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Myocardial protection has contributed greatly to significant advances in pediatric cardiac surgery. New refinements in perfusion techniques and cardioplegia are under evaluation. Genetic factors are also promising tools to assess and improve myocardial protection. RECENT FINDINGS: There is increasing doubt about the efficiency of hypothermia in preventing postoperative complications. Pediatric perfusion is progressively moving towards warm perfusion, and avoiding the negative side effects of hypothermia. There is also a large body of evidence of blood cardioplegia superiority over crystalloid cardioplegia. Heat shock protein upregulation could be a relevant factor in the improvement of myocardial protection. The efficiency and safety of intermittent warm blood cardioplegia have been demonstrated in Europe in large studies. Validation of the benefit of small bypass circuit and blood-free surgery is in progress. SUMMARY: Cardioplegia is the most important factor in myocardial protection, but all the facets of the procedure must be concerned with the protection of the heart. There is emerging evidence that warm surgery with low prime bypass and intermittent warm blood cardioplegia is a valid alternative to hypothermic perfusion with cold cardioplegia using a larger priming volume.     

Intermittent tepid blood cardioplegia improves clinical outcome

Intermittent antegrade cold blood cardioplegia is the predominant method of myocardial protection, but recent studies suggest that warm or tepid blood cardioplegia may improve the return of myocardial metabolic and contractile function. Data were collected prospectively on 1,533 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass in a single surgeon's practice. The use of intermittent antegrade cold (4 degrees C) blood cardioplegia in 951 consecutive patients from September 1994 to November 1997 was compared with intermittent antegrade tepid (28 degrees C) blood cardioplegia in 582 consecutive patients from July 1998 to July 2000. The two groups were similar, but the symptom class was more severe and there were more redo and combined procedures and more operations within 7 days of myocardial infarction in the tepid group. Significant clinical benefits identified in the tepid group included reduced usage of intraaortic balloon pumping postoperatively (4.4% versus 2.2%) and reduced incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation (25.7% versus 20.6%). There was no significant difference in mortality, perioperative myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular events, or use of inotropics between the groups. Intermittent tepid blood cardioplegia is clinically appropriate and safe to use in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.     

Minimal dissection and continuous retrograde cardioplegia for aortic valve replacement in patients with a patent left internal mammary artery bypass graft

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Aortic valve replacement (AVR) in patients with previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and a patent pedicled internal mammary artery (IMA) is often complicated by a need to dissect and clamp the IMA to achieve optimal myocardial protection. Eliminating this need may simplify and facilitate surgery; hence, a new surgical technique for use in these patients is described. METHODS: Five patients with previous CABG and functioning IMA who required AVR between January 1998 and October 2002 were studied. In all patients, the IMA was neither dissected nor clamped. Myocardial protection comprised an initial bolus of antegrade cardioplegia, followed by continuous retrograde infusion of tepid non-diluted oxygenated blood, supplemented with cardioplegic drugs to maintain cardiac arrest. The systemic and myocardial temperature was 30-32 degrees C. RESULTS: All patients underwent surgery as planned, and there was no operative mortality or myocardial infarction. One patient sustained a minor stroke. None of the IMA was injured. CONCLUSION: In patients requiring AVR, it is both possible and reasonable to leave the IMA undissected and unclamped. Limited experience suggests that this new technique provides adequate myocardial protection, while keeping surgery both simple and safe.     

温氧合血连灌与冷晶体液间灌的血清cTnI变化比较

为探索温血连灌的心肌保护机制,对温血连灌与冷晶体液间灌的血清肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)变化进行了对比研究,将风心瓣膜病患者20例,随机分为冷晶体液组(冷晶组)及温血组。冷晶组采用含钾冷晶体液主动脉根部间断灌注,首次剂量15ml/kg,每30分钟重复灌注一次,剂量减半。温血组采用氧合温血含钾停搏液连续灌注,开始剂量为8ml/(kg·min),心脏停搏后按0.2ml/(min·kg)持续灌注。分别于麻醉前、主动脉开放、术后6、12、24、72小时采集静脉血,用双抗体固相夹心放免法测定血清cTnI浓度。结果两组麻醉前cTnI无明显差异(P>0.05),以后各时间点冷晶组均较温血组含量增高(P<0.01)。认为温血组与冷晶组比较,能明显减轻体外循环过程中的心肌损伤,起到保护心肌的作用。     

Antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia with different reperfusion techniques in patients with multiple coronary artery lesions.

To evaluate the effectiveness of retrograde cardioplegia and reperfusion, a total of 266 patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery between Nov 1987 to Dec 1989 were divided into three groups depending on the method of cardioplegic fluid delivery and reperfusion. In group I (80 patients) antegrade cardioplegia and reperfusion was used. In group II (98 patients) antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia and antegrade reperfusion was used while in group III antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia and retrograde reperfusion was used. Myocardial functions were studied with the help of an on-line computer on the basis of mathematical model of heart before and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Biopsy specimens were collected before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass in order to study myocardial structural changes. In group I patients there was decrease in myocardial function in the immediate post perfusion period while group II patients had considerable improvement in their myocardial function and groups III patients showed further improvement in it. Ultrastructural myocardial study revealed considerable detrimental changes in group I, minimal changes in group II and no change in group III patients. Thus in our experience retrograde cardioplegia and retrograde reperfusion with warm oxygenated blood provide maximum myocardial protection in patients with multiple coronary artery lesions.     

磁共振心肌灌注成像对老年冠心病的诊断价值

目的　探讨磁共振心肌灌注成像对老年冠心病的诊断价值。方法　对临床确诊的 35例冠心病患者 ,利用磁共振心肌灌注成像方法得到心肌灌注时间 -信号强度曲线 ,观察曲线的上升斜率和信号强度的峰值。并同期作了冠脉造影 ,确定心肌异常改变与冠脉病变血管分布相对应关系。结果　 33例经心肌灌注成像有 41个病灶呈低灌注区为心肌缺血 ,其中 5例出现延迟强化为心肌梗死 ,经冠脉造影证实 35例均有不同程度的冠脉狭窄。结论　磁共振心肌灌注成像与冠脉造影检查结果无明显差异 ,具有高度的一致性。而磁共振心肌灌注成像是一种无创性测定心肌血流的检查方法 ,为及时诊断及恰当治疗冠心病提供可靠的依据     

持续温血停搏液心肌保护方法的改良

在３６例重症患者的心脏手术中,对经典的温血停搏液心肌保护方法进行了改良。根据术中监测的血清钾浓度,以容积输液泵精确控制和灵活调节血停搏液中高钾液入量。本法心肌保护效果满意,与经典法相比,无高血钾倾向和液体潴留,操作简便。     

A new technique of myocardial protection during aortic root replacement: antegrade/retrograde coronary perfusion

Aortic root surgery has traditionally been performed with an arrested and cooled heart using cardioplegia. A new technique of myocardial protection was utilized in the treatment of ascending aortic aneurysm with severe aortic valve regurgitation requiring aortic root replacement with the Cabrol technique. Retrograde and antegrade perfusion of the heart with blood allowed the surgical operation to be performed safely while the heart was beating and eliminated the ischemic reperfusion injury which occurs during cardioplegic arrest and reinstitution of blood perfusion after removal of the aortic cross-clamping required in traditional techniques.